Journal Description
Dairy
Dairy
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on dairy science published quarterly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within ESCI (Web of Science), Scopus, FSTA, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: CiteScore - Q2 (Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous))
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 24.6 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: APC discount vouchers, optional signed peer review, and reviewer names published annually in the journal.
Latest Articles
Good Handling Practices Have Positive Impacts on Dairy Calf Welfare
Dairy 2024, 5(2), 295-307; https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy5020024 - 15 May 2024
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the effects of good handling practices on dairy calf welfare. Forty-eight crossbred dairy calves were assigned to two treatments: conventional handling (CH): calves kept in individual pens, fed milk replacer in buckets without nipples and abruptly weaned; or
[...] Read more.
The objective was to evaluate the effects of good handling practices on dairy calf welfare. Forty-eight crossbred dairy calves were assigned to two treatments: conventional handling (CH): calves kept in individual pens, fed milk replacer in buckets without nipples and abruptly weaned; or good handling practices (GHP): calves kept in group pens, fed milk replacer in buckets with nipples, given daily tactile stimulation during feeding, and progressive weaning. Calf welfare was assessed from birth to 120 days of age, based on: health (plasma concentrations of glucose and IgG, and occurrences of diarrhea, pneumonia, tick-borne disease, or death); physiology (heart rate [HR], respiratory rate [RR], and rectal temperature [RT]); behavior (flight distance [FD], latencies for first movement [LM] and to hold the calf in a pen corner [LH], and total time a calf allowed touching [TTT]); and performance indicators (body weight, average daily gain, and weaning success at 70 days of age). Calves in the GHP treatment had a lower HR at 30 days of age, shorter FD and LH, longer TTT, and lower RR and RT than CH (p < 0.05). However, health, deaths and performance indicators did not differ (p > 0.05) between treatments. Based on various indicators, GHP improved dairy calf welfare.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Dairy Animal Health)
►
Show Figures
Open AccessCommunication
Chlorate and Trichloromethane Residues in Bulk Tank Milk Produced in the Republic of Ireland before and after Chlorine was Prohibited as a Cleaning Agent on Farms
by
Lorna Twomey, Ambrose Furey, Bernadette O’Brien, Tom Beresford, Paula Reid, Martin Danaher and David Gleeson
Dairy 2024, 5(2), 287-294; https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy5020023 - 9 May 2024
Abstract
In an effort to reduce the occurrence of chlorine derived residues such as chlorate and trichloromethane (TCM) in milk and ultimately in dairy products, ‘chlorine-free’ cleaning of milking equipment became compulsory in the Republic of Ireland (ROI) from January 2021. While data exists
[...] Read more.
In an effort to reduce the occurrence of chlorine derived residues such as chlorate and trichloromethane (TCM) in milk and ultimately in dairy products, ‘chlorine-free’ cleaning of milking equipment became compulsory in the Republic of Ireland (ROI) from January 2021. While data exists on TCM levels in bulk tank milk, little is known about the prominence and typical levels (mg/kg) of chlorate residue in bulk tank milk. To address this, 3625 bulk milk samples were collected from six milk processors and were analysed for chlorate and TCM residues across 2020 and 2021, with 2020 representing a period before chlorine-free cleaning was introduced and 2021 being the period after chlorine removal. In 2020, 15% of the samples analysed had detectable levels of chlorate (0.0020–1.6 mg/kg), but this reduced to 8% in 2021 (0.0020–3.9 mg/kg), following the introduction of ‘chlorine-free’ cleaning. Chlorate and TCM residues have not been totally eliminated because sources of residue other than cleaning chemicals exist, i.e., chlorinated water.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Dairy Microbiota)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Nutritional Composition and Chemical Safety of Wagashi Gassirè Cheese Sold in the Southern Benin Markets
by
Alphonse Wanignon Dossou, Baké Marie Thérèse Seko Orou, Gwladys Komagbe, Philippe Sessou, Abdou Karim Issaka Youssao, Souaïbou Farougou, Joseph Djidjoho Hounhouigan, Jacques Mahillon, Roch Mongbo, Marc Poncelet, Samiha Boutaleb, Sylvie Gobert, Yann Eméric Madode, Paulin Azokpota, Antoine Clinquart, Marie-Louise Scippo and Caroline Douny
Dairy 2024, 5(2), 271-286; https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy5020022 - 30 Apr 2024
Abstract
In this study, the nutritional composition and the chemical safety of Wagashi Gassirè (WG) cheese sold in southern Benin markets were assessed. For this purpose, 15 WG were analysed for fatty acids, essential minerals, and chemical hazards (dioxins, aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), biogenic amines,
[...] Read more.
In this study, the nutritional composition and the chemical safety of Wagashi Gassirè (WG) cheese sold in southern Benin markets were assessed. For this purpose, 15 WG were analysed for fatty acids, essential minerals, and chemical hazards (dioxins, aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), biogenic amines, metals, antibiotic and pesticide residues). The risks related to arsenic, lead, aluminium, AFM1, histamine, and tyramine were calculated using the methods recommended by the European Food Safety Authority. Oleic, palmitic and stearic acids, calcium, and phosphorus were the main fatty acids and minerals detected. Lead (0.08 ± 0.06 mg/kg) and AFM1 (0.3 ± 0.0 µg/kg) were detected in all samples and exceeded the maximum level set by the international standard. Cadaverine and tyramine were the main biogenic amines found. No pesticide residues were detected using a multi-residue method targeting compounds. Residues of quinolones, tetracyclines, and colistin antibiotics were also detected. The calculated chronic exposure indicated no public health concern for the chemical contaminants targeted. Moreover, the average cancer risk related to AFM1 intake was 3 × 10−4 cases/105 persons/year for the Benin population through WG consumption. This study contributes to the nutritional characterization of WG and identifies lead and AFM1 as the most relevant chemical hazards of this product.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Milk and Human Health)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Integration of Sensor Fusion to Enhance Quality Assessment of White Brine Cheeses
by
Zlatin Zlatev, Tatjana Spahiu, Ira Taneva, Milen Dimov and Miroslav Vasilev
Dairy 2024, 5(2), 249-270; https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy5020021 - 30 Apr 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
The article examines the main characteristics of white brine cheeses from different manufacturers and changes in their quality indicators. These characteristics include the active acidity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, oxidation–reduction potential, and organoleptic assessment. In this context, the connection to biomimetics lies
[...] Read more.
The article examines the main characteristics of white brine cheeses from different manufacturers and changes in their quality indicators. These characteristics include the active acidity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, oxidation–reduction potential, and organoleptic assessment. In this context, the connection to biomimetics lies in the approach of integrating multiple sensory modalities, similar to how biological systems often use multiple senses to perceive and understand their environment. For this purpose, spectral, ultrasonic, and gas characteristics were used, from which informative indices were extracted, united at a later stage in a vector of features. Based on the classification, it was found that the optical characteristics of cheeses from different manufacturers overlap, thus making it possible to predict the main indicators for each type of cheese. The results show that the use of a multimodal approach combining features from different sensors contributes to a better understanding of the variations in cheese properties, while improving the predictive abilities of the created models. The obtained results give a clear idea of the quality of the cheese, thus enabling adequate decisions to be made during the production process.
Full article
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
First Lactation Milk Yield Predicted by the Heifer’s Growth Curve Derivatives
by
Aurelio Guevara-Escobar, Mónica Cervantes-Jiménez, Vicente Lemus-Ramírez, José Guadalupe García-Muñiz and Adolfo Kunio Yabuta Osorio
Dairy 2024, 5(2), 239-248; https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy5020020 - 28 Apr 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Replacement heifers are regularly weighed to assess their health. These data also predict the milk yield in their first lactation (L). The first derivative of the growth curve represents the weight change rate at a given time. It is interesting to use the
[...] Read more.
Replacement heifers are regularly weighed to assess their health. These data also predict the milk yield in their first lactation (L). The first derivative of the growth curve represents the weight change rate at a given time. It is interesting to use the higher-order derivatives of one biological process, such as growth, to predict the outcome of another process, like lactation. With 78 records of grazing heifers, machine learning was used to predict the L based on variables calculated during the rearing period, from 3 to 21 months of age, every 3 months: body weight (P), first (1D), and second derivative (2D) of an individually modeled Fourier function. Other variables were the age at effective insemination (AI) and the season of the year when the heifer was born (E). The average deviance of the fitted models represented the goodness of fit. The models were trained using 85% of the records, and the fit was evaluated using the remaining data. The deviance was lower for the models including both derivatives in comparison to the models where the derivatives were not included (p = 0.022). The best models predicted the L using data of heifers at six months of age (r2 = 0.62) and the importance of the variables in the model was 35, 28, 21, and 16% for 1D, AI, 2D, and P, respectively. By utilizing this type of model, it would be possible to select and eliminate excess heifers early on, thereby reducing the financial and environmental costs.
Full article
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Assessing Serum Vaspin Dynamics in Dairy Cows during Late Pregnancy and Early Lactation in Relation to Negative Energy Balance
by
Hala Abbas Naji, Atiaf Ghanim Rhyaf, Noora Khadhim Hadi ALyasari and Hassan Al-Karagoly
Dairy 2024, 5(1), 229-238; https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy5010019 - 21 Mar 2024
Abstract
The periparturient period, which spans late pregnancy to early lactation in dairy cows, is a crucial phase characterized by complex metabolic and endocrine adjustments necessary for sustained milk production. This research focused on the relationship between serum vaspin, inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, TNF), and
[...] Read more.
The periparturient period, which spans late pregnancy to early lactation in dairy cows, is a crucial phase characterized by complex metabolic and endocrine adjustments necessary for sustained milk production. This research focused on the relationship between serum vaspin, inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, TNF), and markers of negative energy balance (NEB) in 100 primiparous and multiparous Holstein dairy cows. The results demonstrated that one month post-calving, both groups had a significant decrease in serum vaspin levels but increased NEFA levels, indicating possible consequences for lipid metabolism and energy balance. Multiparous cows showed significant elevations in cholesterol, IL-1, and TNF concentrations after calving, indicating increased inflammatory responses. Primiparous cows, on the other hand, responded differently, indicating the role of parity in metabolic adjustments. The study acknowledges limitations such as sample size and its observational nature. Future research should investigate the long-term effects of these metabolic changes on herd health and lactational performance, using advanced technologies to gain a molecular understanding. Despite limitations, this study provides valuable insights into how adipokines, inflammatory markers, and energy balance interact during the periparturient period, offering the potential for improved dairy cow management and productivity while ensuring animal welfare.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Dairy Animal Health)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Effect of Calving Season on Productive Performance of Dairy Cows
by
Martin Stojnov, Toncho Penev, Dimo Dimov and Ivaylo Marinov
Dairy 2024, 5(1), 217-228; https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy5010018 - 7 Mar 2024
Abstract
The aim of the present research was to study the influence of the calving season in conditions of the upcoming climate changes on the productive traits of dairy cows in Bulgaria. The study was conducted on a cattle farm with a capacity of
[...] Read more.
The aim of the present research was to study the influence of the calving season in conditions of the upcoming climate changes on the productive traits of dairy cows in Bulgaria. The study was conducted on a cattle farm with a capacity of 500 dairy cows, which were loose-housed in open free-stall barns (shed-type). In the research, 286 lactations of 199 Holstein cattle from the studied farm were included. The cows with the highest average milk yield for lactation—8522.2 kg—calved in the spring, while the cows with the lowest milk yield—8082.7 kg—calved in the summer. Cows that calved in the spring had the highest maximum daily milk yield (lactation peak)—38 kg—whereas cows that calved in the summer had the lowest—35.7 kg. Regarding the composition indicators of milk, fat, and protein content, no significant effect of the calving season was found, but there was a tendency for the lowest values for the percentage of fat in milk to be reported for cows that calved in the summer—3.68%—and the highest for those calved in the spring—3.71%. Regarding the percentage of protein in the milk, the lowest values were observed for cows that calved in autumn—3.19%—and the highest for cows that calved in summer—3.27%.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Dairy Animal Nutrition and Welfare)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Carbon Footprint and Carbon Sink of a Local Italian Dairy Supply Chain
by
Chiara Rossi, Giampiero Grossi, Nicola Lacetera and Andrea Vitali
Dairy 2024, 5(1), 201-216; https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy5010017 - 5 Mar 2024
Abstract
The dairy industry’s contribution to global warming has been thoroughly examined. However, it is important to raise public awareness of emission hotspots and the possibility of mitigation in dairy supply chains. This study assessed the Carbon Footprint (CF) of five dairy products through
[...] Read more.
The dairy industry’s contribution to global warming has been thoroughly examined. However, it is important to raise public awareness of emission hotspots and the possibility of mitigation in dairy supply chains. This study assessed the Carbon Footprint (CF) of five dairy products through a cradle-to-grave Life Cycle Assessment approach and evaluated the carbon sink potential of some practices. The functional units were 1 kg of fresh raw milk, yogurt, fresh cheese, mozzarella cheese, and aged cheese. The data collected were related to an extensive dairy farm, a cheese-factory, two markets, a delivery service, and a court of consumers. The CFs were 4.39, 5.10, 9.82, 8.40, and 15.34 kg CO2 eq. for fresh raw milk, yogurt, mozzarella cheese, fresh cheese, and aged cheese, respectively. The hotspots of the dairy supply chain considered herein refer to farm activities and energy consumption, whereas conservative agriculture practices and rotational grazing sequestered 1.60 ± 0.80 kg CO2 eq. per kg of dairy product consumed. The CF was reduced by 0.14 kg CO2 eq. for 1 kg of dairy product delivered at home compared to direct purchasing at a market. The carbon sink capacity of dairy farms appeared as a primary mean for mitigating climate change in the dairy supply chain.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Dairy Farm System and Management)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
The Season and Decade of Birth Affect Dairy Cow Longevity
by
Pablo Ernesto Bobadilla, Nicolás López-Villalobos, Fernando Sotelo and Juan Pablo Damián
Dairy 2024, 5(1), 189-200; https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy5010016 - 1 Mar 2024
Abstract
Dairy cow longevity is associated with three key areas: animal welfare, the economy, and the environment. In pastoral dairy systems, cows are exposed to environmental hardships and variations in feed supply associated with the seasonal growth of pastures. The objectives of this study
[...] Read more.
Dairy cow longevity is associated with three key areas: animal welfare, the economy, and the environment. In pastoral dairy systems, cows are exposed to environmental hardships and variations in feed supply associated with the seasonal growth of pastures. The objectives of this study were to generate base parameters for longevity and evaluate the effect of season and decade of birth on herd life (HL) and length of productive life (LPL) for dairy cows in pasture-based production. Records from the Dairy Herd Improvement Database at the Instituto Nacional para el Control y Mejoramiento Lechero (Uruguay) were extracted. The dataset contained 313,146 cows born between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2019, classified by decade and season of birth. HL and LPL were calculated for each cow. The effects of season of birth, decade of birth, and the interaction between them on HL and LPL were evaluated using a generalized mixed model. The mean HL was 73.4 and mean LPL was 42.0 months. Cows born in spring had longer LPL and HL (p < 0.001). Cows born in the 2010s had significantly shorter HL (12.8 months) and LPL (9.14 months) (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the season and decade of birth have an impact on the longevity of cows in pastoral-based systems. This study is the first to demonstrate the effect of season of birth on long-term longevity.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Dairy Farm System and Management)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessEditorial
The Successful Journey of the Journal Dairy: A Recapitulation
by
Burim N. Ametaj
Dairy 2024, 5(1), 180-188; https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy5010015 - 1 Mar 2024
Abstract
Dairy science research is essential in deepening our understanding of milk production and processing and their profound impacts on human health and animal care [...]
Full article
Open AccessOpinion
Potential Effect of Bovine Colostrum on Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Regenerative Therapy
by
Emanuela Chiarella, Carlotta Ceniti, Fabio Castagna and Domenico Britti
Dairy 2024, 5(1), 173-179; https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy5010014 - 20 Feb 2024
Abstract
Bovine colostrum is the first mammary secretion after parturition; it is rich in Igs and bioactive compounds and could play a role in the development of naturally based products with positive effects on human health. In this discussion, we critically examine the effect
[...] Read more.
Bovine colostrum is the first mammary secretion after parturition; it is rich in Igs and bioactive compounds and could play a role in the development of naturally based products with positive effects on human health. In this discussion, we critically examine the effect of bovine colostrum on the properties of mesenchymal stem cells. Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a heterogeneous subset of fibroblast-like cells that can be isolated from various biological tissues, such as bone marrow, umbilical cord, and adipose tissues. They are characterized by their ability to self-renew and differentiate into cells of the mesodermal lineage, including adipocytes, osteocytes, and chondrocytes. Additionally, MSCs display an immunomodulatory capacity due to their ability to interact with effector cells typical of both innate and adaptive immune responses. Considering these important properties, MSCs have gained increasing attention in the field of regenerative medicine in recent decades. To date, most experimental protocols are based on cell culture media supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS) to promote the ex vivo expansion of MSCs while preserving their differentiative and immunomodulatory capacities. Future trends could involve the application of bovine colostrum in regenerative medicine.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Milk and Human Health)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Particles in Raw Sheep Milk Can Modulate the Inflammatory Response in THP-1, a Human Monocyte Cell Line, In Vitro
by
Bigboy Simbi, Ryan C. Pink, Louise Whatford and Charlotte Lawson
Dairy 2024, 5(1), 161-172; https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy5010013 - 8 Feb 2024
Abstract
Background: The UK dairy sheep industry is relatively small but growing, particularly for cheese and yogurt products. Anecdotally, sheep milk (SM) may be better tolerated by humans than cows’ milk and could have environmental as well as health benefits. All milk contains sub-micron
[...] Read more.
Background: The UK dairy sheep industry is relatively small but growing, particularly for cheese and yogurt products. Anecdotally, sheep milk (SM) may be better tolerated by humans than cows’ milk and could have environmental as well as health benefits. All milk contains sub-micron particles called extracellular vesicles (EVs) which are mainly derived from the mammary epithelium. Physiologically, milk-derived EVs are thought to aid in the development of infant immunity and the microbiome, but may also have health benefits to adult humans. The purpose of this study was to determine whether EVs could be isolated from raw sheep milk and whether they have any effect on inflammatory responses in THP-1, a human monocyte cell line, in vitro. Methods: Using sequential ultracentrifugation, vesicles of <1 µm (LEV) followed by <200 nm (sEVs) were isolated from six individual sheep during mid-lactation. RNA was extracted and microRNA analyzed by RTqPCR for sequences previously identified in cows’ milk. Human THP-1 monocytes were differentiated into macrophages and incubated with SM-derived LEVs and sEVs in the presence of pro-inflammatory LPS to measure the effects on the secretion of the chemokine CCL-2 or in the presence of DMNQ and fluorescent dihydrorhodamine-1,2,3 to measure reactive oxygen species. Results: LEVs induced an increase in ROS in both monocytes and macrophages, whilst sEVs decreased DMNQ-mediated ROS in macrophages but not monocytes. Interestingly, the LEVs did not induce CCL2 release; however, they increased LPS-induced CCL2 secretion in monocytes but not macrophages. miR26a, miR92a, miR125b, miR155 and miR223 were identified in both sEVs and LEVs by RT-qPCR and could be responsible for the modulation of ROS and CCL2 expression. Conclusions: These findings suggest that like cows’ milk, sheep milk contains EVs, and they can influence human monocyte/macrophage responses, and so is worthy of further investigation for its potential human- and non-human-animal health benefits.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Animal-Derived Non-Cow Milk and Milk Products)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessCommunication
A Comparison between Crossbred (Holstein × Local Cattle) and Bangladeshi Local Cattle for Body and Milk Quality Traits
by
Sudeb Saha, Md. Nazmul Hasan, Md. Nazim Uddin, B. M. Masiur Rahman, Mohammad Mehedi Hasan Khan, Syed Sayeem Uddin Ahmed and Haruki Kitazawa
Dairy 2024, 5(1), 153-160; https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy5010012 - 2 Feb 2024
Abstract
Crossbreeding in dairy cattle with exotic breeds continues to be an appealing practice to the dairy farmers of Bangladesh. However, there is limited knowledge regarding the impact of crossbreeding on both the physical attributes and milk quality traits of crossbred cattle in Bangladesh.
[...] Read more.
Crossbreeding in dairy cattle with exotic breeds continues to be an appealing practice to the dairy farmers of Bangladesh. However, there is limited knowledge regarding the impact of crossbreeding on both the physical attributes and milk quality traits of crossbred cattle in Bangladesh. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of crossbreeding Bangladeshi local cattle with the exotic Holstein breed on their body characteristics and milk quality. To achieve the goal, data pertaining to body traits and milk samples were gathered from a total of 981 cows from 19 dairy farms located in the northwestern region of Bangladesh. A trained evaluator measured body condition score (BCS), udder score, locomotion score, and body conformation traits. Milk yield information was acquired from official records, while milk composition details were determined through milk analysis. Notably, crossbred cows (Holstein × Local cattle) exhibited greater values for wither height (141 vs. 135, cm), body length (157 vs. 153, cm), heart girth (211 vs. 204, cm), BCS (3.69 vs. 3.27), and udder score (3.29 vs. 2.08) than their Bangladeshi local counterparts. Furthermore, crossbred cows produced 42.4% and 35.3% more milk (10.89 vs. 7.65, kg/d) and fat-corrected milk (10.35 vs. 7.54, kg/d) than Bangladeshi local cattle. However, milk from crossbred cows displayed lower fat and protein content, although their somatic cell score (SCS) and energy-corrected milk remained similar. Additionally, milk from crossbred cows exhibited a longer coagulation time when compared to that of Bangladeshi local cattle. In conclusion, crossbred cows (Holstein × Local cattle) had improved body characteristics with greater milk yield than Bangladeshi local cattle; however, lower fat and protein contents in milk with longer coagulation time were noted.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Dairy Animal Health)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessTechnical Note
Development and Characterization of a Functional Ice Cream from Sheep Milk Enriched with Microparticulated Whey Proteins, Inulin, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Bifidobacterium BB-12®
by
Giacomo Lai, Margherita Addis, Marco Caredda, Myriam Fiori, Alessio Silvio Dedola, Stefano Furesi and Massimo Pes
Dairy 2024, 5(1), 134-152; https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy5010011 - 1 Feb 2024
Cited by 1
Abstract
The aim of this work was develop a technological process for the manufacturing of an ice cream from sheep milk, enriched with both functional ingredients and probiotic bacteria. The studied process involved the use of an enriched milk (EM) obtained by mixing predetermined
[...] Read more.
The aim of this work was develop a technological process for the manufacturing of an ice cream from sheep milk, enriched with both functional ingredients and probiotic bacteria. The studied process involved the use of an enriched milk (EM) obtained by mixing predetermined amounts of sheep skimmed milk concentrated by ultrafiltration (retentate), cream from sheep’s milk and whey, microparticulated whey proteins (MWP), obtained by ultrafiltration of sweet sheep whey as a source of whey proteins, marine algal oil from Schizochytrium spp. as a source of the omega-3 fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), inulin as a prebiotic fiber, and locust bean gum as a stabilizer. The resulting EM was inoculated with starter and aroma cultures together with the probiotic culture of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (BB-12®) in order to obtain a fermented functional product (FFP) with a physico-chemical composition similar to that of EM. FFP was the main ingredient (~80%, w/w) in the ice cream mixture. Two sucrose-alternative sweeteners (trehalose and erythritol), together with dextrose, were subsequently added to obtain the final ice cream formulation. The resulting ice cream met three nutritional claims: “Source of protein”, “Source of fiber” and “High in omega-3 fatty acids” listed in Regulations (EC) No 1924/2006 and (EU) No 116/2010. Furthermore, the ice cream satisfied the requirement of “probiotic food” according to the Italian Ministry of Health’s guidelines for probiotics. The nutritional characteristics of the ice cream, including the concentration of the probiotic culture, remained stable up to 120 days of storage at −20 ± 2 °C.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Milk Processing)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Egyptian Jallab as Sugar Substitute, Antioxidant, and Colorant Agent in the Manufacturing of Functional Ice Cream
by
Mohamed F. Y. Hassan, Khaled H. Salman, Khaled G. Zaki, Noha A. Hassan, Hanadi Saleh S. Alahaideb and Abd-Ellah A. Abd-Alla
Dairy 2024, 5(1), 118-133; https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy5010010 - 15 Jan 2024
Abstract
Egyptian Jallab (EJ) is a conical candy (light to dark brown), manufactured from a part of sugar cane juice, that is used in the black honey industry. EJ is considered an unrefined sugar or a non-centrifugal form of sugar. The traditional use of
[...] Read more.
Egyptian Jallab (EJ) is a conical candy (light to dark brown), manufactured from a part of sugar cane juice, that is used in the black honey industry. EJ is considered an unrefined sugar or a non-centrifugal form of sugar. The traditional use of Jallab is as candy, but it can also be used for making ice cream, cupcakes, biscuits, and toffee, as well as being used in other food applications. In this study, EJ was used as a sugar substitute in ice cream at 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%. Total solids, titratable acidity, pH, protein, ash, fat, specific gravity, weight per gallon, viscosity, color attributes, total antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid contents, as well as microbiological analyses, were tested. The total solids, protein, and ash in the Egyptian Jallab ice cream (EJIC) increased from 39.30, 4.85, and 0.87 to 41.19, 6.36, and 1.42, respectively. The gradual sugar substitution led to a significant increase in specific gravity and weight per gallon in pounds. The lightness (L*) of the ice cream decreased significantly due to the substitution of EJ for sugar. Moreover, there was a significant increase in a* (from 0.147 in control samples to 5.52 in treatment 4, which had 100% EJ). The changes in the b* values of Jallab ice cream samples were significantly increased due to the substitution of EJ for sugar. The control samples had a low value of antioxidant activity (21.53%) when compared with the treatment, which has EJ (88.82, 89.96, 91.98, and 92.14%) for EJIC1, EJIC2, EJIC3, and EJIC4, respectively. The total phenolic contents are 2.07, 3.03, 4.14, and 4.68 fold higher in the treatments with EJ substituted for sugar than in the control samples. Total flavonoid contents increased from 5.73 mg QE g−1 in control samples (TC) to 14.68, 21.54, 30.48, and 34.15 mg QE g−1 in EJIC1, EJIC2, EJIC3, and EJIC4 mg QE g−1 in ice cream samples, respectively.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Milk Processing)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Particle Size Distribution and Feed Sorting of Hay-Based and Silage-Based Total Mixed Ration of Calabrian Dairy Herds
by
Anna Antonella Spina, Piera Iommelli, Anna Rita Morello, Domenico Britti, Nicola Pelle, Giusi Poerio and Valeria Maria Morittu
Dairy 2024, 5(1), 106-117; https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy5010009 - 15 Jan 2024
Abstract
Dietary particle size is one of the most relevant factors influencing rumen function and the selection of the most palatable components of the total mixed ration (TMR) by cows. The aim of this study was to evaluate the particle size distribution (PSD), homogeneity,
[...] Read more.
Dietary particle size is one of the most relevant factors influencing rumen function and the selection of the most palatable components of the total mixed ration (TMR) by cows. The aim of this study was to evaluate the particle size distribution (PSD), homogeneity, sorting level, physically effective NDF (peNDF) content of TMRs, and production performances in Calabrian commercial dairy herds in southern Italy. The research was conducted in 13 farms, including 8 with hay-based TMR and 5 with silage-based TMR. All herds delivered fresh feed once a day. At each farm, the TMRs were examined with the Penn State Particle Separator (PSPS) to determine PSD, homogeneity, and feed sorting at two time points (i.e., at fresh feed delivery = T0 and 24 h after feed delivery = Tf). None of the diets that were evaluated met the recommended PSD, showing an excess of long fraction, very short fraction, or both. The homogeneity was good except for three diets, but particle selection raised some concerns in 85% of the farms due to the preferential consumption of the very short fraction by the cows, with rejection of the long fractions. All the diets analyzed met the Penn State University recommended neutral detergent fiber (NDF) values (>28%) except for one farm’s diet. In three of the TMRs observed, however, the content of peNDF > 8 mm was less than 15%. NDF and peNDF > 8 mm values of TMRs showed statistically significant correlations with milk fat content. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the chemical and physical properties of TMR to provide a consistent diet and prevent feed sorting.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Dairy Animal Nutrition and Welfare)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Influence of Salting on Physicochemical and Sensory Parameters of Blue-Veined Cheeses
by
Noemí López González, Daniel Abarquero, Patricia Combarros-Fuertes, Bernardo Prieto, José María Fresno and María Eugenia Tornadijo
Dairy 2024, 5(1), 93-105; https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy5010008 - 12 Jan 2024
Abstract
Salting influences microbial growth, enzymatic activity, and biochemical reactions during ripening, thus contributing to the final quality of cheese. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different salting methods (dry salting at 12, 24, and 48 h; salting in
[...] Read more.
Salting influences microbial growth, enzymatic activity, and biochemical reactions during ripening, thus contributing to the final quality of cheese. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different salting methods (dry salting at 12, 24, and 48 h; salting in brine; and salting of partially drained curd, before moulding) on the chemical (moisture and salt content), physicochemical (pH, titratable acidity, and water activity), and sensory characteristics (texture profile analysis, colour, and sensory attributes) of industrial blue-veined cheese. Dry-salted cheeses had lower moisture content and water activity, and higher salt/moisture content and acidity than those salted in brine and in the partially drained curd. Dry-salted cheeses were also characterised by higher values for hardness, fracturability, and instrumental gumminess. Dry-salted cheeses showed differences only in the red/green colour component (a*), with the cheeses salted in the partially drained curd being less greenish. All cheeses scored high (around 7) in the tasters’ overall impression, with the dry-salted cheeses at 12 and 24 h showing optimal growth and distribution of mould, as well as better flavour and texture.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Milk Processing)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Cheese and Yogurt By-Products as Valuable Ingredients for the Production of Prebiotic Oligosaccharides
by
Athanasios Limnaios, Maria Tsevdou, Eirini Zafeiri, Evangelos Topakas and Petros Taoukis
Dairy 2024, 5(1), 78-92; https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy5010007 - 12 Jan 2024
Abstract
The growing global market of dairy products has led to the need for alternative approaches regarding whey valorization, which is the primary by-product of cheese and strained yogurt production. In this context, prebiotic galactooligosaccharides can be produced enzymatically from whey using commercially available
[...] Read more.
The growing global market of dairy products has led to the need for alternative approaches regarding whey valorization, which is the primary by-product of cheese and strained yogurt production. In this context, prebiotic galactooligosaccharides can be produced enzymatically from whey using commercially available β-galactosidases. A comparative study was conducted to assess the production of galactooligosaccharides from sweet and acid whey, thereby employing two commercial β-galactosidases from Aspergillus oryzae and Kluyveromyces lactis. The study considered the initial lactose content and enzyme load as variables. The maximum yields of galactooligosaccharides in concentrated sweet whey (15% w/v initial lactose) and raw acid whey (3.1% w/v initial lactose) reached 34.4 and 14.7% with lactase from Kluyveromyces lactis (0.13 U/mL), respectively. The corresponding galactooligosaccharide yields for lactase from Aspergillus oryzae were equal to 27.4 and 24.8% in the most concentrated sweet and acid whey, respectively, using enzyme loads of 2 U/mL in sweet whey and 1 U/mL in acid whey. Concerning the profile of the produced galactooligosaccharides, the Kluyveromyces lactis lactase hydrolyzed lactose more rapidly and resulted in higher levels of allolactose and lower levels of 6-galactosyl-lactose, compared to the lactase from Aspergillus oryzae, and achieved in both cases a polymerization degree of up to six.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Delivering Sustainable Dairy Products with Added Value)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
2-Hydroxy-4-(Methylthio)-Mutanoate Supplementation Affects Production, Milk Fatty Acid Profile, and Blood Metabolites of High-Producing Holstein Cows
by
Jean C. S. Lourenço, Isabela F. Carrari, Georgia C. de Aguiar, Huibert P. Janssen, Dante P. D. Lanna, Izabelle A. M. A. Teixeira and Rodrigo de Almeida
Dairy 2024, 5(1), 66-77; https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy5010006 - 9 Jan 2024
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of supplementing the diet of high-producing Holstein cows with 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoate (HMTBa) on their milk production and composition, milk fatty acid profile, blood metabolites, and body parameters. The study was conducted in a commercial
[...] Read more.
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of supplementing the diet of high-producing Holstein cows with 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoate (HMTBa) on their milk production and composition, milk fatty acid profile, blood metabolites, and body parameters. The study was conducted in a commercial dairy herd in Paraná State, Southern Brazil. One hundred and fifty-eight multiparous cows were used in a randomized block design during 42 experimental days. Cows were distributed into two treatments: the control treatment cows received 100 g/cow/day of corn meal, while the HMTBa-supplemented cows received 35 g of HMTBa + 65 g/cow/day of corn meal. HMTBa supplementation did not alter milk production but improved milk fat content. Cows receiving HMTBa supplementation showed an increase in the concentration of milk medium-chain fatty acids. Serum levels of blood urea and aspartate aminotransferase were lower in HMTBa-supplemented cows. Cows supplemented with HMTBa increased their body condition score. In summary, HMTB supplementation in high-producing Holstein cows improved productive performance, particularly increased milk fat content, altered milk fatty acid profile, and changed some blood metabolites. Our findings contribute to our understanding of using a methionine analogue as a dietary strategy for optimizing milk quality in high-producing Holstein cows.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Dairy Cattle Feeding and Nutrition)
Open AccessArticle
Antimicrobial Activity of Selected Essential Oils against Staphylococcus aureus from Bovine Mastitis
by
Karen Vanessa Munive Nuñez, Anderson Clayton da Silva Abreu, Jaqueline Milagres de Almeida, Juliano Leonel Gonçalves, Érika Carolina Romão Bonsaglia, Marcos Veiga dos Santos and Nathália Cristina Cirone Silva
Dairy 2024, 5(1), 54-65; https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy5010005 - 5 Jan 2024
Cited by 1
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of subclinical mastitis in dairy cows, and its development of antibiotic resistance has limited treatment efficacy. Essential oils (EOs) are natural products with a wide range of antimicrobial properties that could be used to treat bovine mastitis.
[...] Read more.
Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of subclinical mastitis in dairy cows, and its development of antibiotic resistance has limited treatment efficacy. Essential oils (EOs) are natural products with a wide range of antimicrobial properties that could be used to treat bovine mastitis. This study aims to investigate the antimicrobial activity of EOs against S. aureus isolated from subclinical bovine mastitis cases in the State of São Paulo—Brazil. A total of 14 S. aureus isolates were selected, based on the presence of biofilm-forming genes (icaA, icaD, and bap), and were cultured to a final concentration of 103 CFU.mL−1 for the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) analysis of five EOs (Citrus aurantium bergamia—bergamot, Copaifera reticulata—copaiba, Foeniculum vulgare—fennel, Zingiber officinale—ginger, and Ocimum basilicum—basil). The chemical compositions of the EOs were characterized using gas chromatography coupled with a mass-selective detector (GC/MSD). Basil and bergamot EOs exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity against S. aureus strains, with mean MIC/MBC values of 1.561 ± 0.223/2.806 ± 0.255 mg.mL−1 and 2.782 ± 0.228/4.396 ± 0.198 mg.mL−1, respectively. The primary compounds in basil EO were methyl-chavicol, linalool, and α-humulene, while bergamot EO predominantly contained linalyl acetate, limonene, and linalool. This research highlights the potential of basil and bergamot EOs as natural antimicrobial agents for treating bovine mastitis caused by S. aureus, offering a potential alternative to traditional antibiotics and contributing to animal welfare and public health. In addition, it emphasizes the need for further studies to validate the long-term effects, optimal dosages, and application methods.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbial Safety of Milk and Dairy Products)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Highly Accessed Articles
Latest Books
E-Mail Alert
News
Topics
Topic in
Agriculture, Animals, Dairy, Ruminants, Veterinary Sciences
Practical Methods for Accommodating Behavioral Needs and Improving the Wellbeing of Both Farm Animals
Topic Editors: Temple Grandin, Kurt VogelDeadline: 20 June 2024
Topic in
Beverages, Dairy, Foods, IJERPH, Nutrients
Ways to Achieve Healthy and Sustainable Diets
Topic Editors: Verônica Cortez Ginani, Renata Puppin ZandonadiDeadline: 16 October 2024
Topic in
Agriculture, Animals, Dairy, Toxins
Effects of Dietary Interventions on Farm Animal Welfare and Production
Topic Editors: Regiane Rodrigues Dos Santos, Francesc MolistDeadline: 30 November 2024
Topic in
Agriculture, Animals, Dairy, Foods, Nutrients
Advances in Animal-Derived Non-Cow Milk and Milk Products
Topic Editors: Jacek Antoni Wójtowski, Jan Pikul, Maria Markiewicz-KęszyckaDeadline: 20 December 2024
Conferences
16–18 October 2024
IECN2024: The 4th International Electronic Conference on Nutrients—Plant-Based Nutrition Focusing on Innovation, Health, and Sustainable Food Systems
Special Issues
Special Issue in
Dairy
Detoxification Approaches of Mycotoxins in Milk and Dairy Product
Guest Editor: Carlos Humberto CorassinDeadline: 31 August 2024
Special Issue in
Dairy
How Dietary Feeding Nutrients Effect Reproduction, Health, and Milk Production
Guest Editor: José Felipe Warmling SprícigoDeadline: 30 September 2024