ACTIVITIES IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT International Journal of Scientific and Professional Issues in Physical Education and Sport Editor-in-Chief: Aleksandar Naumovski, Macedonia Editors: Serjoža Gontarev and Strašo Gligorov, Macedonia Publisher: FEDERATIN OF THE SPORTS PEDAGOGUES OF THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA Editorial Board Editorial Council Vulnet Ameti (Macedonia) Vladimir Cvetkov (Bulgaria) Branka Protić-Gava (Serbia) Branislav Antala (Slovak Republic) Heinz Recla (Austria) Marjeta Kovač (Slovenia) Dimitar Mihailov (Bulgaria) Dimitar Obreškov (Bulgaria) Elena Nikolova (Bulgaria) Đorđe Nićin (Serbia) Nicolae Ochiana (Romania) Antoaneta Momčilova (Bulgaria) Nenad Rogulj (Croatia) Dušan Ristevski (Macedonia) Ratko Stanković (Serbia) Reni Damjanova (Bulgaria) Robert Hristovski (Macedonia) Ljerka Srhoj (Croatia) Janko Strel (Slovenia) Gregor Starc (Slovenia) Vladimir Findak (Croatia) Lence Aleksovska-Veličkovska (Macedonia) Nenad Živanović (Serbia) Tomislav Andonovski (Macedonia) Josip Babin (Croatia) Radoslav Bubanj (Serbia) Nebojša Čokorilo (Serbia) Angel Đambazovski (Macedonia) Vladimir Findak (Croatia) Visar Ganiu (Macedonia) Stojan Ivanov (Bulgaria) Simeon Jankov (Macedonia) Marjeta Kovač (Slovenia) Živorad Marković (Serbia) Enver Međedović (Serbia) Menan Memeti (Macedonia) Aco Minovski (Macedonia) Dimitar Pecov (Macedonia) Bojanka Peneva (Bulgaria) Petre Petruševski (Macedonia) Patrik Popovski (Macedonia) Ivan Prskalo (Croatia) Daniela Tomova (Bulgaria) Gordančo Stojčevski (Macedonia) Janko Strel (Slovenia) Proofreading: (English, Macedonian): Negica Glasnović Secretary: Duško Sačkarski Technical Editing/ Layout: Serjoža Gontarev The Journal Activities in Physical Education and Sport (ISSN 1857-7687) published twice a year Account No. 300000001971367 Tax. No. 4030995161010 Komercijalna banka AD Skopje, Macedonia Editorial Office: Activities in Physical Education and Sport Federation of the Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia Bul. “Sv. Kliment Ohridski” n.n. 1000, Skopje, Macedonia Phone: + 389 2 3122 340; Telefax:+ 389 2 3122 340 e-mail fsprm@yahoo.com URL: http://www.fsprm.mk UDC 796 ISSN 1857-7687 ACTIVITIES IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT International Journal of Scientific and Professional Issues in Physical Education and Sport APES Vol. 1 No. 2 pp. 109-264 Skopje, 2011 CONTENS FOREWORD by Aleksandar Naumovski, Prof. Sc. Dr. President of the Federation of Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia to the main topic: SPORTS AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN FUNCTION OF NEEDS FOR CERTAIN SOCIAL ACTIVITIES (EDUCATION, CULTURE, SECURITY, DEFENSE, LEGISLATION, TOURISM, ECONOMY, URBANISM ETC.) ………………………………………………………………………………….……113-115 Borislav Cicović, Danko Pržulj, Dejan Stojiljković and Jelena Kocić (Original scientific paper) THE INFLUENCE OF BASIC PREPARATIONS ON THE DEVELOPMENTOF THE MOTOR AND FUNCTIONAL ABILITIES OF JUDOISTS……………………...117-122 Mladen Živković and Vuk Lazarević (Original scientific paper) INFLUENCE OF THE FLEXIBILITY AND EXPLOSIVE POWER ON THE RESULTS IN SPRINT DISCIPLINES……………………………………...…123-127 Katerina Spasovska (Original scientific paper) THE CONNECTION OF MOTORIST ABILITIES FOR ASSESSMENT THE COORDINATION AND EXPLOSIVE POWER WITH SUCCESSFUL PERFORM TO GYMNASTIC ELEMENT, MOTOR IN FRONT LOOM ON PARALLEL BARS………………………………………………………………………..129-134 Dragan Nejić and Saša Marković (Original scientific paper) ANTHROPOMETRIC FEATURES – THE IMPORTANT FACTOR OF VOLLEYBALL SELECTION…………………………………………………………....135-144 Živorad Marković, Zoran Bogradnović, Aleksandar Ignjatoviić and Sandra Milanović (Original scientific paper) EFFECTS OF TWO MODES OF PLANNING OF TEACHING PHYSICAL EDUCATION ON ANTHROPOMETRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SECONDARY SCHOOL AGE FEMALE STUDENTS…………………………………145-150 Branka Protić – Gava, Tijana Šćepanović, Nikola Jevtić and Velimir (Original scientific paper) FREQUENCY OF POSTURAL DISORDERS IN SAGITAL PLANE OF YOUNGER-AGED SCHOOL CHILDREN……………………………………………...151-156 Ruždija Kalač, Serjoža Gontarev and Slobodan Stojčevski (Original scientific paper) MEASUREMENT FEATURES OF SOME SPECIFICALLY MOTOR TESTS ON BOXERS……………………………………………………………………157-162 Mladen Živković, Jelena Radičević and Milica Petković (Original scientific paper) ADAPTIVE CHANGES OF MOTOR AND FUNCTIONAL ABILITIES OF SCHOOL CHILDREN UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION.......................163-168 Radomir Arsić, Nevenka Zrnzević and Jelena Krulj-Drašković (Review) COMPARASION SPORTS RESULTS DEAF STUDENTS REACHED AT THE SCHOOL SHAMPIONSHIPS....................................................................................169-178 Aleksandar Joksimović (Professional paper) METHODOLOGICAL SHAPING OF SKI TRAINING..........................................................................................................................179-182 Rade Stefanović and Ljubiša Lilić (Professional paper) THE INFLUENCE ON PHYSICAL EXERCISES AND AGE CHARACTERISTICS ON THE YOUNG SCHOOL-AGE RUNNERS …………...…....183-186 Irena Stanišić and Milan Stanišić (Professional paper) THE INFLUENCE OF DAMAGED EYESIGHT ON MOTOR DEVELOPMENT…......187-191 Ivana Hadzivanova (Professional paper) THE FUNCTION AND IMPORTANCE OF A PSYCHOLOGIST-PSYCHOTHERAPIST IN TRAINING PROCESS ,COMPETITIVE CYCLE OF LEADING SPORTSMAN I AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE HOLISTIC GESTALTAPPROACH IN DEVELOPING (PROGRESSING) OF THEIR POTENTIALS ………………...…….…193-196 Danilo Aćimović, Aleksandar Joksimović and Omer Špirtović (Professional paper) SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL ACHIEVEMENTS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE IN SPORT…………………………………………………………...…197-199 Rade Stefanović and Ljubiša Lilić (Professional paper) PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS, RESOURCES, DEVELOPMENT AND TRAINING TASKS FOR THE STEEPLECHASE RUNNER……………………………………...…201-204 Nenad Živanović and Nebojša Ranđelović (Professional paper) REGISTERED FORMS OF VIOLENCE IN SPORT …………………………..….……205-209 Vasko Vangelov (Professional paper) DUST – HARMFUL AGENT TO HEALTH OF TEACHING AND COACHING STAFF…………………………………………………………………...…211-213 Jelena-Krulj Drašković, Sladjana Vidosavljević and Radomir Arsić (Professional paper) THE COACHES THE PEDAGOGUE…………………………………………………....215-219 Aleksandar Joksimović (Professional paper) SPORTS FORM OF ALPINE SKIERS……………………………………..……………221-223 Violeta Šiljak and Vesna Boškan (Professional paper) MULTI-SPORT COMPETITIONS ………………………………………………………225-227 Vesna Boškan and Violeta Šiljak (Professional paper) THE NEEDS AND WAYS OF ENGAGEMENT OF PR IN SPORTS EDUCATIONOF THE YOUNGSTERS …………………………………………………229-233 Aleksandar Joksimović, Danilo Aćimović and Emilija Petković (Professional paper) NATURAL FORMS OF MOVEMENTS IN SKIING AS RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY………………………………………………………235-237 Danilo Aćimović, Aleksandar Joksimović and Omer Špirtović (Professional paper) SIGNIFICANCE OF INFORMATION AND ADVERTISING SYSTEMS IN THE FUNCTION OF SPORT COMPETITIONS…………………………………………...…239-242 Aleksandar Raković, Daniel Stanković and Aleksandar Joksimović (Proffesional paper) MODEL OF SPECIFIC EXERCISES IN RACE WALKING……………………………243-247 Jadran Kalkovski (Preliminary communication ) DETECTION OF DIFFERENCES – THE BASIS FOR A QUALITATIVE CORRECTION OF PRACTICAL TEACHING OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION FOR SPECIAL STUDENTS OF THE FACULTY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND DETECTIVE ……………………………………………249-256 th At the 14 SYMPOSIUM ON SPORTS AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF YOUTH ………………………………………………………………………………………257-257 GUIDELINES FOR CONTRIBUTORS …………………………………..………….259-264 FOREWORD by Aleksandar Naumovski, Prof. Sc. Dr. President of the Federation of Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia to the main topic: SPORTS AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN FUNCTION OF NEEDS FOR CERTAIN SOCIAL ACTIVITIES (EDUCATION, CULTURE, SECURITY, DEFENSE, LEGISLATION, TOURISM, ECONOMY, URBANISM ETC.) At the 14th SYMPOSIUM ON SPORTS AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF YOUTH The premise for setting the main topic of the Symposium is perceiving the function of sports and physical education of youth for inter-disciplinary integration and implementation in development of other related social activities. The premise is based on existence of sports and physical education as inter-disciplinary and supra-summation social activities.The development stage of the sports and physical education functions is determined by scientific knowledge arising from researches in a number of social, natural, bio-medicinal and deve-lopment sciences. In this sense, kinesiology has a dominant, independent and inter-disciplinary role with a knowledge acquired through its methods, providing significant realization of sports and physical education functions. This enables satisfaction of personal interests of youth and other age categories of citizens. Furthermore, it is not coincidence that sports and physical education have belonged to different social and economic conditions over the past period. Also, in current events they are very often defined as activities of a special social interest. Analogously, scientific and social functions of sports, with physical education as its integral part, are implemented independently, or together with other administrative body (usually ministry) of other social activity in governments of many countries worldwide. this clearly points to the convenient status and evaluation of sports and physical education that are in function of realizing social interests of youth, and to some extent state interests of any country. Over the past period have been achieved significant results in implementation of this sports and physical education function. They are noticeable within their program tasks and commonly manifested through tasks of some other related scientific social activities. Physical education and sports activities of primary and secondary school students are organized and conducted within real frameworks. Their program tasks and number of classes in regular teaching, as well as free activities as a way of their realization, are legally regulated. In this way regular teaching and free activities of physical education and its sports activities are implemented with maximal and full coverage of students. At the same time, realization of these activities correlates to some extent with some program activities of other social activities conducted in schools. This is especially fact in education generally, health, culture, tourism and other related social activities. 113 This situation by all means should be continually intensified and expanded, because it is integral realization of the main function of physical education in the context of general education and other social activities within the upbringing and education process of students. Physical education and sports activities of fun character in pre-school institutions are characterized with similar achievements. They are often conducted through various integrated forms of body movements with cultural, fun, musical, visual art and other similar activities. In this way, main program tasks in physical education and fun sports activities, as an interdisciplinary function together with other related activities of students, are conveniently implemented. However, further affirmation and improvement of this situation is required in the forthcoming period. Having in mind existing conditions, situation with these activities implementation among university students can also be defined as convenient. The main representative of this state is the “St. Cyril and Methodius” University in Skopje, and the Faculty of Physical Culture which makes efforts for implementing physical education and sports activities in teaching and free learning process for students through the Center of Physical Education and Sports. In order to improve this situation, appropriate measures are necessary to be undertaken for introducing and expanding teaching in physical education and sports activities for students of other universities. Realization of these activities should be achieved to a greater extent through program contents compatible with contents of other social activities such as health, tourism, culture etc. Contents of such a character (body movements with proper nutrition, fitness activities, sports and recreation activities and appropriate summer and winter sports-tourist activities, visit to cultural and historical monuments, folklore activities etc.), would especially contribute for improving capabilities and features of the anthropological status of youth. Under this condition, special relationship can be noted of sports and physical education with program activities in the field of health. It is indicated by the definition of physical education in existing practice as “physical and health education”. So, the need for more pronounced integrated designing of program contents in the field of sports, physical education and health in a preventive and curative sense, particularly when poor posture and physical deformities with young people are concerned, is becoming increasingly topical. Also, there is implementation of sports and physical education in activities such as security and defense. Applicative program contents for defense and security members require application of physical education and appropriate sports activities for increasing the level of their physical fitness. Therefore, work of adequate organizational bodies and organs, and particularly work of special forces in the field of security and defense, include program contents for improving psycho-physical and other abilities of people involved in these fields. Having in mind the importance of physical education and sports activities implementation for fulfilling tasks in security and defense and achieving social interests, there is a need for further actualization of this successful implementation. Over the last few years professional and scientific knowledge about sports and physical education has been successfully applied in the field of urbanism with construction of over 100 sports facilities. That has been achieved, among other things, by conceiving functionality of sports facilities for the needs of physical education of school students and athletes. This very favorable situation has been improved by including this knowledge in regulating ownership, management, use and maintenance of these sports facilities. The function of sports and physical education has also been applied in legislation and integrated with it as sports legislation. Although legislation has special importance for efficient function of sports associations and convenient status of athletes activities, it is still not present enough in practice. Therefore, situation with this kind of legislation requires further intensive 114 improvement, so that legal solutions, among other things, derive adequately from the function of sports and physical education. Without going into analysis and further consideration of fulfilling sports and physical education function for the needs of other social activities, in order to improve it, it is necessary that adequate inter-disciplinary researches be conducted. Furthermore, researches need to be conducted with application of multi-variant regressive mathematical and statistical procedures, where certain parameters of sports and physical education function should be taken as predictors, and as criteria should be taken a number of parameters of other related social activities. Realization of this kind of research would provide generalization of their results, and conclusions, which would increase the level of inter-disciplinary implementation of sports and physical education for more efficient realization of needs in the sphere of other related social activities. Sports pedagogues, in cooperation with other professional and scientific cadres, are willing to make their contribution for projecting and realization of this kind of researches, as well as for their results and conclusions application in the practice and achieving more intensive realization of social interests of youth and other age categories of citizens. 115 116 APES 1(2011) 2:117-122 Cicović, B., et. al.: THE INFLUENCE OF BASIC... THE INFLUENCE OF BASIC PREPARATIONS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MOTOR AND FUNCTIONAL ABILITIES OF JUDOISTS UDC: 796.853.23.015.3 (Original scientific paper) Borislav Cicović1, Danko Pržulj1, Dejan Stojiljković2 and Jelena Kocić1 1University of East Sarajevo, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina 2University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Niš, Serbia Abstract The aim of our research was to determine the influence of a basic preparation model of training on the development of the motor and functional abilities of judoists. The sample of subjects consisted of 28 elementary school children, aged 14 and 15, who had been included in the training process for future judoists, and involved in the basic preparation training in the judo clubs of East Sarajevo. Their motor skills were evaluated with the following tests 1. segmentary speed: hand tapping (MTAP), foot tapping (MTAN) and foot tapping against a wall (MTPZ) and 2. explosive strength: the standing depth jump (MSDM), the triple standing jump (MTRS) and the quintuple standing jump (MPTS). Their functional abilities were evaluated by means of the following tests: heart rate after load (FPPOP), maximum anaerobic power (FMARG) and vital lung capacity (FVKPL). A discriminant analysis was used. The research results have indicated that the physical exercises involved in the basic preparation model of training had a statistically significant effect on the increase of the motor and functional abilities of judoists. Keywords: school children, training process, experiment, model, discriminant analysis the effects of training necessary (Anohin 1970, Bratić 2003, Pržulj 2007). Motor skills take part in the realization of all types of judo techniques and enable the strong, swift, long-term, precise or coordinated performance of various motor tasks (Bratić 1998). Functional abilities of judoists are connected to the effectiveness of the oxygen transport system (aerobic capacity), the effectiveness of anaerobic energy mechanisms, which enable high-intensity sports activity when oxygen uptake is smaller than necessary (Gajić 1985, Željaskov 2004, Pržulj 2006). The aim of our research was to determine the influence of basic preparation training on the development of the motor and functional abilities INTRODUCTION The sudden increase in sports achievements in judo the world over make it necessary for experts to constantly find new means and methods in their work with judoists (Gajić 1985, Gambetta & Winckler 2001). The effects of the work which are achieved in the training process depend on timely focus, selection and current trends (Bompa 2006, Milanović 2007). Educating and forming top judoists takes place systematically over several phases, and begins at the youngest competitive age. Each phase in the year-long development of judoists is characterized by various training content, extent and intensity, which makes scientific programming of the training process and control of 117 APES 1(2011) 2:117-122 Cicović, B., et. al.: THE INFLUENCE OF BASIC... of judoists. The subject matter of the research was to determine whether basic preparation can lead to any adaptation processes in the body so that in the final measuring, in comparison to the initial one, statistically significant changes in the motor and functional abilities of the subjects can be noted. METHODS The sample of subjects consisted of 28 elementary school students, aged 14 and 15, included in the training process for future judoists, and taking part in the basic preparation training in judo clubs in East Sarajevo. Their motor skills were evaluated with the help of segmentary speed tests (hand tapping MTAP, foot tapping MTAN, foot tapping against a wall MTPZ) and explosive strength (the standing depth jump MSDM, the standing triple jump MTRS, the standing quintuple jump MPTS). The tests used to evaluate their motor skills were taken from the research of Kurelić, Momirović, Stojanović, Šturm, Radojević & Viskić-Štalec, 1975. Their functional abilities were evaluated with the following tests: heart rate after load (FPPOP), maximum anaerobic power (FMARG) and vital lung capacity (FVKPL). The functional tests were taken from the model of Heimer, Mišogoj & Bosnar, 1989. To process the obtained results, the T-test and the canonical discriminant analysis were used. The experimental basic preparation model RESULTS The results of the T-test of the motor skills between the initial and final measuring of judoists are shown in Table 1. By analyzing the obtained results for the coefficients of the T-value and their significance (P), it can be concluded that there is a statistically significant difference in all of the motor tests at the final as compared to the initial measuring. By using a canonical discriminant analysis (Table 2), a significant discriminant function of mid-intensity was obtained (CR=69.4%), which indicates the correlation of the group of data on the basis of which the discriminant analysis of the obtained data was carried out. The results of the discriminant strength of the motor variables determined by means of the Wilks-Lambda were high Table 1. The significance of the differences between the motor tests of the subjectsat the initial and final measuring Motor tests MSDM MTRS MPTS MTAN MTAP MTAZ Mean IN 193.5 421.2 642.5 27.1 35.1 25.2 Mean FI 210.6 481.0 695.8 32.7 41.2 31.4 TValue 5.28 5.04 5.17 -4.26 -4.14 -3.87 df P 28 28 28 28 28 28 .001* .013* .011* .036* .040* .045* Table 2. The significance of the isolated discriminant function of the subjects’ motor skills The basic preparation of young judoists aimed at developing their motor and functional abilities lasted for a period of four weeks, with three hours of training per week. The basic preparation program realization included various activities focused on a particular goal: the harmonious and multifaceted processing of the locomotor apparatus and all its segments, the development of primary strength, flexibility, explosive strength, capacities for coordination and speed characteristics (the speed of motor reactions, movement speed, basic locomotor speed during various kinds of motion). As part of the methodology of the anaerobic training of judoists, three basic tasks were being carried out: the increase in functional abilities of the phosphocreatine mechanism, the improvement of energy mechanisms and the increase in the efficiency of nervous structures under the special conditions of oxygen debt. Eugenvalue .337 Canonical R .694 Wilks' Lambda .653 Chi-Sqr . 48.022 df P 6 .002* Table 3. The factor structure of the isolated discriminant function Variables MSDM MTRS MPTS MTAN MTAP MTAZ Root 1 –.529 –.502 –.470 –.433 .424 .358 Table 4. Measuring centriods of the subjects Measuring Initial Final 118 Root 1 1.460 –1.460 APES 1(2011) 2:117-122 Cicović, B., et. al.: THE INFLUENCE OF BASIC... Table 5. The significance of the changes in the functional tests of thesubjects between the initial and final measuring Functional tests FVKPL FMARG FPPOP Mean IN 3390 3.87 152 Mean FI 3685 3.12 141 TValue -4.46 -4.19 -5.18 df P 3 3 3 .031 .041 .011 Table 6. The significance of the isolated discriminant function Eugenvalue .321 Canonical R .680 Wilks' Lambda .708 ChiSqr . 40.631 df 3 PLevel .011* Table 7. The factor structure of the isolated discriminant function Variables FMARG FPUPO FVKPL Root 1 –.586 .562 .337 Table 8.Measuring centroids Measuring Initial Final Root 1 –.460 .460 (.653), and this indicates that the differences between the initial and final measuring in the space of motor skills of the subjects are statistically significant (P=.002), which is confirmed by the Chi square test, which has a high value (Shi-Sqr = 48.022). Table 3 presents the structure of the discriminant function of the involvement of the motor skills variables in the forming of significant discriminant functions. The results indicate that the following tests make the greatest contribution to the discriminant function: the standing depth jump (MSDM-.529) and the standing triple jump (MTRS-.502), and quintuple standing jump (MPTS -.470), while a somewhat smaller contribution is made by foot tapping (MTAN -.433), hand tapping (MTAP .424), while foot tapping against a wall (MTAZ .358) made the smallest contribution. The results in Table 4 present the discriminant function of the centroids on the basis of all the motor tests, with a value of 1.460 and -1.460. The 119 significance of the displayed measuring centroids, tested through the significance of the discriminant function, indicates that their distance (discrimination) is significant. The results of the disriminant analysis of the motor skills in the final measuring of the subjects, compared to the initial measuring, indicate that under the influence of the basic preparation training, significant changes in the motor skills of the subjects had taken place. The greatest contribution to this difference was made by the tests of explosive strength and to a lesser extent, repetitive strength. Table 5 contains the results of the T-test of the functional abilities between the initial and final measuring of the subjects in the control group. The analysis of the T-value coefficients and their significance (P) indicates that a statistically significant difference can be found in all of the tests of functional abilities, at the final, in comparison to the initial state. The canonical discriminant analysis indicates (Table 6) that a significant discriminant function of mid-intensity (CR=68.0%) was obtained, which indicates the correlation between the group of data on the basis of which the discriminant analysis of the obtained results was carried out. The results of the discriminant strength of the functional variables determined by Wilks’ Lambda are high (.708), which indicates that the differences between the initial and final measuring in the space of functional abilities of the subjects was significant (P= .011), as the value of the Chi square test is high (Chi-Sqr = 40.631). Table 5 shows the structure of the discriminant function regarding the influence of the variables of functional abilities in forming significant discriminant functions. The results indicate that the greatest contribution to the discriminant function is made by anaerobic strength (FMARG -.586) and heart rate frequency after load (FPUPO .562), and to a lesser extent, vital lung capacity (FVKPL .337). Table 6 shows the discriminant function of the centroids on the basis of all of the functional tests and it has a value of -.460 and .460. The significance of the presented measuring centroids which were tested through the significance of the discriminant function indicates that their distance (discrimination) is significant. APES 1(2011) 2:117-122 Cicović, B., et. al.: THE INFLUENCE OF BASIC... The results obtained from the discriminant analysis at the final in relation to the initial measuring of the subjects indicate that under the influence of the basic preparation training, significant changes in the functional abilities of the subjects had taken place. The greatest contribution to this difference was made by the following tests: maximum anaerobic power (FMARG) and heart rate after load (FPUPO). CONCLUSION The research was carried out with the aim of determining the influence of the basic preparation model of training on the development of the motor and functional abilities of judoists. The sample consisted of 28 subjects who took part in the training process in the judo clubs in East Sarajevo. The measuring instruments for motor skills consisted of three tests used to define explosive strength and segmentary speed. The functional abilities were determined with the help of tests of aerobic and anaerobic muscle potential. By using a canonical discriminant analysis, we determined that at the end of the experimental period, a statistically significant increase in explosive strength, segmentary speed and functional abilities had taken place among the judoists. DISCUSSION Motor skills have a direct effect on motor reactions, that is, the motor behavior of humans. One part of the motor skills is under the significant influence of the factor of genetics, while another is under the influence of various exogenic factors, especially sports activities. For the purpose of increasing the level of complex motor tasks, such as explosive strength and segmentary speed, it has been determined (Najšteter1997, Duraković 2008, Pržulj 2007) that the transformation processes are related to the energy component in a statistically significant manner. Bearing this in mind, in this research the application of physical exercise in the work process was under the control of not only the intensity or the extent of the load, but also the process of energy renewal, that is, the rest phase, during which most of the compensation of physiological changes caused by the exercise process take place (Anohin 1970, Milanović 2007). During the basic preparation, much care was taken that rest as a necessary phase in the process of energy renewal, that is, the process of reestablishing the balance which had been disrupted by the increased energy consumption, followed supraliminal load (the intensity of the exercise borders on the maximum abilities of the body). Special attention was paid to the fact that any further exercise involving supraliminal load followed at a precise phase of the energy renewal process. We can assume that such an approach in the process of basic preparation realization made a special contribution to the statistically significant increase in the studies anthropological features at the final, in comparison to the initial state of the subjects. REFERENCES Anohin. P.K (1970). Teoriя funkcionalnoй sisтemi. Oпштie vьoпrosi fizioloгiчeskim mehanizmov [The theory of functional systems. General questions physiological mechanism. In Russian.] Moskva: Nauka. Bompa, T. (2006). 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Sport specific speed [Brzina karakteristična za sport]. Sarasota, FL: Gambetta Sports Training Systems. 120 APES 1(2011) 2:117-122 Cicović, B., et. al.: THE INFLUENCE OF BASIC... Heimer, S., Mišogoj, M. i Bosnar, K. (1989). Faktorska struktura testova za procenu anaerobnog kapaciteta [The factor structure of the tests assessing anaerobic capacity. In Croatian.] Kineziologija, 22(2), 107-110. Kurelić, N., K. Momirović, M. Stojanović, J. Šturm, Đ. Radojević i N. Viskić-Štalec (1975). Struktura i razvoj morfoloških i motoričkih dimenzija omladine [The structure and development of the morphological and motor dimensions of the young. In Serbian.] Beograd: Institut za naučna straživanja Fakulteta za fizičko vaspitanje Univerziteta u Beogradu. Milanović, L. (2007): Metodika treninga brzinskoeksplozivnih svojstava kod djece i mladih, Kondiciona priprema sportaša [The methodology of training involving the speed-explosive features of children and the young, the condition training of athletes. In Croatian.]. Zagreb: Kineziološki fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Najšteter, Đ. (1997). Kineziološka didaktika [Kinesiological didactics . In Serbian]. Sarajevo: Bosna i Hercegovina, Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine, Federalno ministarstvo obrazovanja, nauke, kulture i sporta. Pržulj, D. (2006). Antropomotorika, udžbenik [Anthropomotorics, a handbook. In Serbian.] Istočno Sarajevo: Fakultet fizičke kulture. Pržulj, D. (2007): Kondiciona priprema sportista, udžbenik [The condition training of athletes, a handbook. In Serbian.] Pale: Fakultet fizičke kulture. Željaskov, C., (2004). Kondicioni trening vrhunskih sportista [The condition training of top athletes.] Beograd: Sportska akademija. Correspondence: Borislav Cicović University of East Sarajevo Faculty Physical Education and Sport East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Stambulčić bb, 71420 Pale, RS-BIH E-mail: familijacicovic@paleol.net 121 APES 1(2011) 2:117-122 Cicović, B., et. al.: THE INFLUENCE OF BASIC... VLIJANIETO NA BAZI^NATA PODGOTOVKA VRZ RAZVOJOT NA MOTORNITE I FUNKCIONALNITE SPOSOBNOSTI NA XUDISTITE UDK: 796.853.23.015.3 (Originalen nau~en trud) Borislav Cicovi}1, Danko Pr`uq1, Dejan Stojiqkovi}2 i Jelena Koci}1 1Univerzitet vo Isto~no Sarajevo, Fakultet za fizi~ko vospituvawe i sport, Isto~no Sarajevo, Bosna i Hercegovina 2Univerzitet vo Ni{, Fakultet za sport i fizi~ko vospituvawe, Ni{, Srbija Apstrakt Celta na istra`uvaweto be{e da se utvrdi vlijanieto na odreden model za razvojot na motornite i funkcionalnite sposobnosti kaj xudistite. Primerokot na ispitanicite go so~inuvaa 28 u~enici od osnovnite u~ili{ta, na vozrast od 14 i 15 godini. Tie bea naso~eni so trena`en proces na bazi~ni podgotovki za idni xudisti vo xudoklubovite na Isto~no Sarajevo. Motornite sposobnosti bea procenuvani so slednite testovi za procenuvawe na: segmentarnata brzina – taping so raka (MTAP), taping so noga (MTAN), taping so nozete na yid (MTAPZ); eksplozivnata snaga – skok vo dale~ina od mesto (MSDM), triskok od mesto (MTRS), i petskok od mesto (MPTS). Funkconalnite sposobnosti bea procenuvani so testovite: Frekvencija na pulsot po optovaruvawe, (FPPOP), maksimalna anaerobna mo} (FMARG), vitalen k-pacitet na belite drobovi (FVKPL). Podatocite se obraboteni so diskriminativna analiza. Rezultatite na istra`uvaweto poka`aa deka telesnite ve`bi na modelot za bazi~nata podgotovka, statisti~ki zna~ajno vlijaele vrz zgolemuvaweto na motrnite i funkcionalnite sposobnosti. Klu~ni zborovi: u~enici, trena`en proces, eksperiment, model, diskriminativna analiza 122 APES 1(2011) 2:123-127 Živković , M. and Lazarević. V.:INFLUENCE OF THE FLEXIBILITY... INFLUENCE OF THE FLEXIBILITY AND EXPLOSIVE POWER ON THE RESULTS IN SPRINT DISCIPLINES UDC: 796.422.12.012.11/.13-057.874 (Original scientific paper) Mladen Živković , PhD student and Vuk Lazarević, PhD student University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Niš, Serbia Abstract A sample was comprised of 30 subjects schoolboys from the elementary school population aged 14 (±6 months), having regular PE curricula and at the same time additional engagement in the sports section for the physical education in school. Measuring instruments for the estimation of motor abilities (as predicting system) make up dimension of flexibility: bench deep forward bent (mdpk), split -(mšpa), and bat dislocate -misp) and explosive power: standing long jump - MSDM, standing triple jump (MTRS) and standing five jump (MPTS). Sprint disciplines (as criterion system) comprise 100 meter running (SB100) and 200 meter running (SB200). The main aim of this research was to determine the influence of the flexibility and explosive power on the results in sprint disciplines in subjects. Software „Statistica“ 8.0 for Windows was used for the calculation of the following parameters: basic statistical parameters, discriminative measurements (skewniss and curtosis), and regression analysis. Research results showed that there is strong linear connection between the sets of dimensions of flexibility and explosive power as a predicting system and tests of 100 meter sprint running (SB100) and 200 meter running (SB200), as criterion variables. Keywords: schoolchildren, physical education, sports section, regression analysis INTRODUCTION Motor activity in sprint running is characterized by quick hand and leg movements to emphasize maximal speed. Speed of movement frequency according to some researchers (Babijak 1979, Malacko & Rađo 2004, Milanović 2007), is determined by the speed of muscle contractions which depends on the morphological and biochemical characteristics (inclusion of white and red fibers). It was found out that speed is genetically determined 90-95% and is in high correlation with flexibility, explosive power and specific endurance so as to enable an athlete to run the whole track in hight tempo (Koprivica 1998, Željaskov 2004, Bompa 2006). Therefore in sprint in the high intensity and overload conditions there are high demands of the anaerobic-aerobic endurance, for the top resistance of the organism to the oxigen long and swift recovery. Explosive power is vital within the motor activity of sprint running where explosive hand and leg movements are especially important when it is necessary in running to realize several narrow groupings of explosive movements tied to one unit. It is genetically conditioned with around 80%. Top results are achieved from 18-22, and from 28 decreases. Flexibility means ability to perform movements with great amplitude. Most representative measure of this ability is maximal amplitude of the body parts movements in some joints. Therefore it is important in sprint running to achieve flexibility in all parts of the loco-motor system. Bottom line of this ability comprises structural features of the muscle and ligaments and their elasticity and what is more important, structure and form of the joint bodies where the movement is executed. By increasing flexibility one remarkably decreases danger of harming the ligaments and muscles, general motor efficiency is improved and the loco-motor system stability is enhanced (Corbin & Noble 1980, Vuksanović 1999, Višnjić 2006). 123 APES 1(2011) 2:123-127 Živković , M. and Lazarević. V.:INFLUENCE OF THE FLEXIBILITY... Research subject is investigation of motor abilities dimensions of flexibility and explosive power and sprint speed of 100 and 200 meters running in in the subjects. The main aim of this research was to determine the influence of the flexibility and explosive power on the results in sprint disciplines in subjects. Research results of the influence of motor abilities on the results in sprint running have theoretical and practical values for the training process, because this research brings forward new scientific information on the value of the tests of flexibility and explosive power that mostly influence the results efficiency in sprint disciplines of short distances. Thus the training process and regular and additional PE teaching classes could be given more space for the especially emphasized development of the manifest variables and dimensions of flexibility and explosive power that have the biggest predictive values for the short tracks running speed, and this in turn would influence achievement of better sports results in sprint disciplines. displayed significant abberation from the normal distribution having in mind that the coefficients of skewness do not exceede 1.00. Results of the kurtosis are below the normal values of distribution 2.75, which makes distribution platicurtic or scattered Results shown in Table 2 in the area of sprint speed of the subjects indicate that none of the tests displayed significant abberation from the normal distribution having in mind that the coefficients of skewness do not exceede 1.00. Results of the kurtosis are below the normal values of distribution 2.75, which makes distribution platicurtic or scattered. Based on the value of the coefficient of multiple correlation (RO =.75) in Table 3, it can be stated that motor abilities (as predicting system), based on the coefficient F relation (4.52) and its significance (Q=.021), statistically significantly explains obtained results in sprint speed at 100 meter (SB 100). Coefficient of determination criterion variable (Delta) and the system of motor tests dimension of flexibility, and explosive power have 56% common relations. Other 44% common variability in the explanation of criterion variable is contained within other dimensions of the anthropological area that were not researched. Results of the partial regression (Beta) and its significance Q (Beta) on univariate level point out (Table 4), that statistically significant relations with criterion variable is atributed to all motor tests dimensions of flexibility, and explosive power. Obtained results of the partial regression coefficients (Beta) and its significance Q (Beta) show that the subjects will achieve better results in sprint speed at 100 meter (SB100) if they display higher level of flexibility and explosive power. Motor tests: bench deep forward bent (MDPK), split - (MŠPA), and bat dislocate (MISP), standing long jump - MSDM, standing triple jump (MTRS) and standing quint jump (MPTS) and hand ball throwing (MBLP)can be recommended as reliable measuring instruments for the prediction of the results in sprinter speed at 100 meters (SB100). Based on the value of the coefficient of multiple correlation (RO =.59) in Table 5, it can be stated that motor abilities (as predicting system), based on the coefficient F relation (3.53) and its significance (Q=.042), statistically significantly explains obtained results in sprint speed at 200 meter (SB 200). Coefficient of determination criterion variable (Delta) and the system of motor tests have 34% common relations. Other 66% common variabili- METHODS A sample was comprised of 30 subjects schoolboys from the elementary school population aged 14 (±6 months), having regular PE curricula and at the same time additional engagement in the sports section for the physical education in school. Measuring instruments for the estimation of motor abilities in this research (as predicting system) comprise dimension of flexibility: bench deep forward bent (mdpk), split -(mšpa), and bat dislocate -misp) and explosive power: standing long jump - MSDM, standing triple jump (MTRS) and standing quint jump (MPTS). Applied set of motor variables was taken from the research of Kurelić, Momirović, Stojanović, Šturm, Radojević, Viskić-.Štalec,1975. Measuring instruments for the estimation of sprint speed (as criterion system) comprise 100 meter running (SB100) and 200 meter running (SB200). Applied sets of sprint speed were taken from the research of Jovović, 2006. Software „Statistica“8.0 for Windows was used for the calculation of the following parameters: basic statistical parameters, discriminative measurements (skewniss and curtosis), and canonic discriminative analysis. RESULTS Results shown in Table 1 in subjects in the area of motor abilities dimension of flexibility, and explosive power indicate that none of the variables 124 APES 1(2011) 2:123-127 Živković , M. and Lazarević. V.:INFLUENCE OF THE FLEXIBILITY... Table 1. Basic statistical parameters of motor abilities Variable MDPR MISP MŠPA MSDM MTRS MBLP N 30 30 30 30 30 30 Mean Min Max SD Error Skewn. Kurtos. 22.19 84.30 166.66 211.74 596.44 46.14 16.00 57.00 144.00 194.00 486.00 35.00 37.00 110.00 195.00 290.00 691.00 53.00 9.28 3.84 3.54 9.50 5.03 4.67 0.385 0.219 0.291 0.363 0.265 0.531 0.039 -0.422 0.480 0.252 0.490 0.345 -1.305 2.228 2.109 2.412 1.067 -1.970 Table 2. Basic statistical parameters of sprint speed Variable N 30 Mean Min Max SD Error Skewn. Kurtos. SB100 12.54 11.98 13.47 2.09 0.710 0.123 1.445 SB200 30 25.44 24.39 27.54 5.05 2.203 0.120 2.590 ty in the explanation of criterion variable is contained within other dimensions of the anthropological area that were not researched. Results of the partial regression (Beta) and its significance Q (Beta) on univariate level point out (Table 6), that statistically significant relations with criterion variable is atributed to all motor tests bench deep forward bent (mdpk), .013), split (mšpa) .040), and bat dislocate -misp) .018 standing triple jump (MTRS) .006). Motor tests bench deep forward bent (mdpk), split (mšpa) and bat dislocate (misp), standing triple jump (MTRS) can be recommended as reliable measuring instruments for the prediction of results in sprint speed at 200 meters (SB200). Table 5. Regression analysis of motor abilities and criterion variable sprint speed in 200 meter(SB100) on a multivariate level Delta % .34 Table 3. Regression analysis of motor abilities and criterion variable sprint speed in 100 meter (SB100) on a multivariate level Delta % .56 RO . 75 F 4.52 R -0.54 0.38 0.28 -0.38 -0.22 0.23 Part - R -0.53 -0.32 0.24 -0.39 -0.04 0.23 Beta -4.06 -2.12 3.32 -3.14 -3.12 3.39 Q .042 Table 6. Regression analysis of predicting system andcriterionvariable sprint speed in 200 meter(SB200) on univariate level Q .021 Table 4. Regression analysis of predicting system and criterion variable sprint speed in 100 meter (SB100) on an univariate level Tests MDPR MISP MŠPA MSDM MTRS MBLP F 3.53 RO .59 Tests MDPR MISP MŠPA MSDM MTRS MBLP Q(Beta) .002 .030 .015 .025 .023 .013 R .32 -.33 .29 -.03 -.35 -.03 Part - R .30 -.22 .24 -.03 -.32 -.13 Beta 3.48 -2.56 2.34 -0.06 -4.19 -4.22 Q(Beta) .013 .018 .040 .828 .006 .186 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Results in sprint running speed are mostly determined by motor knowledge of the technique of sprint running, flexibility and explosive power and they all contribute to the maximal speed of running by activating maximal number of muscle fibers in the unit of time. Hence for the successful realization of the total structure of movements in sprint running and especially in the phase of take Obtained results of the partial regression coefficients (Beta) and its significance Q(Beta) show that the subjects will achieve better results in sprint speed at 200 meter (SB100) if they display higher level of flexibility and explosive power. 125 APES 1(2011) 2:123-127 Živković , M. and Lazarević. V.:INFLUENCE OF THE FLEXIBILITY... off, flight and landing with the most intensive forces exerted during swift and explosive leg and hand movements one needs reserves of energy potential the lower limbs muscles. Besides quick change of muscular activities of legs from the agonistic into antagonistic and vice versa during amortization in the take off phase shows that for the successful speed sprint running two elements are important explosive power and flexibility that stimulate speed of upper and lower limbs movements which was verified and confirmed in this paper. On the horizontal speed of 100 and 200 meter running according to or research results vital influence is attributed to the coordination of the flexibility and explosive power in the final phase of upper leg movement of the striding leg which perfects manifestation of the reactive force and thus simultaneously enables forward extension of the leg. Regression analysis in this research confirms that there is strong linear connection between the set of tests of dimensions of flexibility and explosive power as predicting system and criterion variable sprint speed at 100 and 200 meter running (SB200 as criterion variable. The obtained results of dimensions of flexibility and explosive power on one hand and 100 and 200 meter sprint running on the other hand will be used first of all for the individualized planning, programming and implementation of regular PE curricula and training work in extracurricular activities in PE teaching with this age subjects. Results are usable for more efficient direction process and selection in sports dominated by motor flexibility and explosive power. Corbin, C.B. i Noble, R.M. (1980). Flexibility. A major component of physical fitness. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation, 51(6), 23-24, 57-60. Jovović, V. (2006). Atletika (biomehanika, tehnika i metodika) [Athletcs (biomechanics, technique and methodics). In Montenegrin.] Nikšić: Filozofski fakultet. Koprivica, V. (1998). Osnovi sportskog treninga [Basics of sports training. In Serbian.] Beograd: SIA. Kurelić, N., K. Momirović, M. Stojanović, J. Šturm, Đ. Radojević i N. Viskić-Štalec (1975). Struktura i razvoj morfoloških i motoričkih dimenzija omladine [Structure and development of the morphological and motor dimensions of the youth. In Serbian.] Beograd: Institut za naučna istraživanja Fakulteta za fizičko vaspitanje Univerziteta u Beogradu. Malacko, J. Rađo, I.(2004). Tehnologija sporta i sportskog treninga [Technology of sports training. In Serbian.] Sarajevo: Fakultet sporta i tjelesnog odgoja. Milanović, D. (2007). Teorija treninga, Priručnik za studente sveučilišnog studija [Theory of training, Handbook for the students of the universities. In Croatian]. Zagreb: Kineziološki fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Vuksanović, M. (1999). Utvrđivanje efikasnosti nastave fizičkog vaspitanja u odnosu na postignute rezultate u atletici [Determination of PE curricula efficiency in relation the results in athletics. In Sebian.] (Doctoral dissertation). Novi Sad: Fakultet fizičke kulture. Višnjić, D. (2006). Nastava fizičkog vaspitanja: od V do VIII razreda osnovne škole: priručnik za studente, nastavnike i profesore [Physical education teaching process in grades V to VIII of the elementary school: handbook for the students, teachers and professors. In Serbian.] Beograd: Zavod za udžbenike i nastavna sredstva. Željaskov, C. (2004). Kondiciona priprema vrhunskih sportista [Conditional preparation of top athletes.In Serbian.] Beograd: Sportska akademija. REFERENCES Babiak, J. (1979). Relacije između motoričkih sposobnosti i uspjeha u atletici [Relation of motor abilities and success in athletics. In Serbian.] Fizička kultura, 3. 33(3), 261-266. Bompa, T.(2006).Teorija i metodologija treninga [Theory and methodology of training. In Croatian.] Zagreb: Gopal Correspondence: Mladen Živković University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Čarnojevićeva 10A, 18000, Niš, Serbia E-mail: profrile@gmail.com 126 APES 1(2011) 2:123-127 Živković , M. and Lazarević. V.:INFLUENCE OF THE FLEXIBILITY... VLIJANIETO NA FLEKSIBILNOSTA I EKSPLOZIVNATA SNAGA VRZ REZULTATITE NA SPRINTERSKITE DISCIPLINI UDK: 796.422.12.012.11/.13-057.874 (Originalen nau~en trud) Mladen @ivkovi} i Vuk Lazarevi} Univerzitet vo Ni{, Fakultet za sport i fizi~ko vospituvawe, Ni{, Srbija Apstrakt Primerokot na ispitanicite be{e so~inet od u~enici na osnovnite u~ili{ta so vozrast od 14 godini (± 6 meseci), koi pokraj redovnata nastava po fizi~ko vospituvawe, bea opfateni vo u~ili{na sportska sekcija. Bea primeneti prediktorski merni instrumenti za procenuvawe na fleksibilnosta: Dlabok pretsklon na klupa (MDPK), {paga (M[PA) i iskret so palka (MISP) i za eksplozivna snaga: skok vo dale~ina od mesto (MSDM), triskok od mesto (MTRS) i petskok od mesto (MPTS). Kako kriteriumski sitem bea primeneti sprinterskite disciplini: tra~awe na 100 metri (SB100) i na 200 metri (SB200). Celta na istra`uvaweto be{e da se utvrdi vlijanieto na fleksibilnosta i eksplozivnata snaga vrz sprinterskite disciplini kaj ispitanicite. Presmetani se osnovnite statisti~ki parametri, skjunisot i kurtozisot i regresivnata analiza. Pritoa, e koristena programata Statistika 8.0. Rezultatite poka`aa deka postoi statisti~ki zna~ajna povrzanost me|u testovite na fleksibilnosta i eksplozivnata snaga (kako prediktorski sistem) i testovite na sprinterskoto tr~awe na 100 i 200 metri (kako kriteriumski varijabli). Klu~ni zborovi: u~enici, fizi~ko vospituvawe, sportska sekcija, regresivna analiza 127 128 APES 1(2011) 2:129-134 Spasovska, K.: THE CONNECTION OF MOTORIST... THE CONNECTION OF MOTORIST ABILITIES FOR ASSESSMENT THE COORDINATION AND EXPLOSIVE POWER WITH SUCCESSFUL PERFORM TO GYMNASTIC ELEMENT, MOTOR IN FRONT LOOM ON PARALLEL BARS UDC: 796.414.4.012.11 (Original scientific paper) Katerina Spasovska Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Physical Culture, Skopje, Macedonia Abstract Aim of this studies was to establish connection of motor tests intended for assessment the coordination and explosive power with successful perform of gymnastic element ,,motors in front loom,,. On the sample of 68 subjects, male students from first year studies at Faculty of Physical Culture in Skopje Applied were a total of 20 manifest at motor variables of which twelve (12) for the assessment of the coordination (coordination of the whole body, coordination of the feet coordination of rapid complex movements and reorganization of the dynamic stereotype as well as eight (8) motor tests for estimation of explosive strength (jumping on the type and the type ejection). Assessment of the successful performance was evaluation on the technical performance of the selected gymnastic element on gymnastic parallel bars, have been done by the 4 qualified judges with the use of standardized criteria. The received results with the regression analysis showed statistically significant influence on the criterion. Keywords: coordination, explosive power, evaluation, regression analysis, students, testing sive power, I’ve decided to examine only certain segments of these two areas separately. Considering that in this sport of gymnastics are performed fast and complex motor tasks, forward and back, legs, hands or whole body in the survey decided to apply the following factors of coordination: coordination of whole body, coordination of legs, coordination to perform fast and complex movements and reorganization of the dynamic stereotype. Given this sport of gymnastics where are performed fast and complex motor tasks, forward and back, legs, hands or whole body I have decided to research the following factors apply to the coordination of whole body coordination, coordination of legs, coordination to perform all rapid and complex movements and reorganization of dynamic stereotype. When it came to the part of choosing a test to assess explosive power , I was conducted, according to the results, of the classification the Mila- INTRODUCTION The motorical abilities are one of the basic factors in determinating the motorical activites, in this case we are talking about sport gymnastics, and the determination of the structure on the motorical space as a segment of the anthropological space of the person is always in the focus of the interesting of many foreign and ours experts. From the review of previous research in this exertion is an attempt to study only one segment of the anthropological status of the person, motor space, but not entirely, only part of it which I think is the most important for reaching the successful performance of selected gymnastic elements . Knowing the complexity of the elements and specificity of gym machines , I decided to handle and explore the part of the motorical movements which includes coordination and explosive power, and the successful technical performance of the selected gymnastic elements. But here I did not analyze all the space of coordination and explo129 APES 1(2011) 2:129-134 Spasovska, K.: THE CONNECTION OF MOTORIST... novic D. (1981). The two factors that he asided of the explosive power are: absolute power of an explosive power, it means type of jumps, and the relative type of explosive power or type of jumps. So diagnoses of successing in sports gymnastics focused this exertion is the detection of the relations of space responsible for motor coordination and explosive power of some parts of the body and successful performance of gymnastics persistent element in front. Gimnastics assessment element is carried out with standardized criteria adapted and aligned with the way the assessment during regular classes and certain parts of this policy assessment in male sports gymnastics applied to games . 12.Climbing and getting down the stairs backwards (MRKSSN). For evaluation of the explosive POWER used in the following Power were used these tests: Types of jumps: 1.Jump from one place to some distance (MESSDM) 2.Jumps up-down-away (MESGDD) 3.Running 20m. from high start (MES20M). Type of disposal : 1.Throwing a medicinka from the lying on your back with arms forward (ESFMNR) 2. Throwing a medicinka from the lying back to back with legs (MESFMNN) 3. From some leverage there will be folded disposal bag with the legs and pushed forward , hands must be placed on person’s chests (MESPVNU) 4. From leverage there will be folded disposal bag with legs must be pushed forward , but this time student’s arms are pushed forward (MESPVNP) 5. From some leverage folded disposal Bag is pushed forward with feet, with hands holding on the ripstol (MESPVNR). In this case, the technical performance gymnastics loom persistent element in the front has been taken like a categoricall variability. For processing the obtained data are applied basic statistical indicators: the arithmetic mean (X), standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variability (KB%), lower and upper limit of the range in which the results range (Min-Max). Normality of distribution of the results of the applied variables is checked by the method of Kolmohgorov and Smirnov. The impact of system of the predictional categorical variable was determined by regression analysis. METHODS To achieve the objectives of our research is a research procedure conducted on a sample of 68 respondents, male students of first year of the Faculty of Physical Culture in Skopje, generation 2007/2008. The Predictional system consists 20 types motor variables of which twelve (12) are for evaluation of the coordination of certain body parts (the whole body coordination (3), coordination of legs (3), coordination of rapid complex movements (3) and reorganization dynamic stereotype (3) and eight (8) tests to assess the explosive power (type leaps 3) and type of discharge (5). In assessing the COORDINATION of the following tests were used: 1.Coordination of the whole body surface : 1.Movements on the floor (MKOPOD) 2.Movemenets in the air (MKOVOZ). 3 Crossing the parallel sticks (MKOPPP). 2.Coordination of legs : 4. Skip or reaproching horizontal rope (MKNPHJ) 5.Climbing and getting down Swedish scales (MKNKSS) 6.Side steps (MKNCVS). 3.Coordination of fast and complex movements: 7. Skiping and jumping over (MKBPIP), 8.Climbing and getting down a desk and jumping chair l (MKBKSKR) 9.Making an eight with tilting (MKBOSN). 4.Reorganization of dynamic stereotype: 10. Long-jump backwards (MKBKSKR), 11. Polygon backwards (MRPONA) RESULTS Table 1 provides basic statistical parameters of the motor variables for coordination and explosive strength (power). In the interest of space they are not further interpreted. The table 2 shows the results of regresive analysis of the impact of some variables for motor assessment and coordination system based on the predictional variable in front of the loom as a criterion. The predictional system of coordination is highly significant and is associated with the criteria RUPVP-persistent in the front (0.63). Changes 130 APES 1(2011) 2:129-134 Spasovska, K.: THE CONNECTION OF MOTORIST... Table 1. Results of basic statistical indicators of motor coordination variables and explosive power. 1 MKOPOD X 11,08 SD 1,34 KV 12,09 Min 7,65 Max 13,84 Skew 0,00 Kurt -0,22 2 3 MKOVOZ MKOPPP 4,14 10,40 0,50 3,45 12,07 33,17 2,31 5,26 5,27 21,65 -0,63 0,87 1,78 0,87 4 5 MKNPHJ MKNKSS 17,37 13,04 5,29 1,90 30,45 14,57 8,66 9,40 31,40 21,38 0,62 1,40 0,05 4,51 6 7 MKNCVS MKBPIP 18,20 15,78 1,46 2,61 8,02 16,53 15,35 11,05 21,53 24,08 0,17 0,86 -0,56 1,23 8 9 MKBKSKR MKBOSN 16,89 16,97 2,63 0,91 15,57 5,36 12,21 14,95 21,73 19,31 -0,08 0,33 -0,89 0,10 10 11 MRSDNA MRPONA 1,42 9,47 0,20 1,57 14,08 16,57 1,04 6,62 1,89 15,15 0,28 0,60 -0,65 1,30 12 13 MRKSSN MESSDM 6,61 2,39 1,79 0,15 27,08 6,27 3,90 2,02 14,91 2,68 1,95 0,08 7,32 -0,61 14 15 MESGDD MES20M 4,54 3,54 0,56 0,36 12,33 10,16 3,00 3,15 6,00 5,66 -0,28 3,92 0,38 19,84 16 17 MESFMNR MESFMNN 8,85 3,89 1,06 0,70 11,97 17,99 6,62 2,80 12,01 5,57 0,27 0,41 0,58 -0,70 18 19 MESPVNY MESPVNP 4,41 4,76 0,68 0,85 15,41 17,85 3,16 3,17 6,08 7,80 0,40 1,17 -0,36 2,41 20 MESPVNR 4,62 0,79 17.09 2,78 6,91 0,17 0,49 K-S * * with criteria (0.51). Variability of the criteria is explained with 26%. Such a relationship is significant at the level of the system 0.01. The connection between criterion and and the system allows the successful prediction of the performance the criterion RUPVP-persistent in the front. Significant partial regression coefficients 0.32 criterion variable has with the explosive power of the type of jumps MESGDD (0.53) - jumps updown-away. With this test can be performed a successful prediction of the performance criterion. In order to perform this element first must be mastered all technique to weave in leverage and technique of transferring the reactive swing. Obtained significant partial effects of predictional variables for assessment separate parts of coordination and explosive power to explain the analysis of the element. After swaying in the ultimate leverage final point in prices for the body is thrown or bit disposed and move down and forward. The moment when the body moves from front to backwards, we can perceive the impact of the reorganization test dynamic stereotype MRPONA (polygon back- in the successful performance of categorical variable can be explained with only 40%. With the predictional coordinate system that has been applied can be predicted the successful performance on this element (Table 2) Significant and low coefficients of partial regression with a criterion has an assess of coordination of the whole body MKOPPP (-0.47)-crossing parallel sticks (or beams) with rapid and complex movements MKBKSKR (-O.25) – climbing and getting down on the desk and jumping chair and with variable the reorganization of dynamic stereotype MRPONA (0.34) - polygon backwards. With these tests can be performed partial prediction of the criteria. The table 3 shows the results of regresive analysis of the impact of some motor variables to assess explosive power as predictonal i system based on persistent variable as a criterion in the front. Sign Inspection in the Table 3 you can see that the predictional system of motor skills assessment and high explosive power significant is associated 131 APES 1(2011) 2:129-134 Spasovska, K.: THE CONNECTION OF MOTORIST... Table 2. Results of analysis of the criterion regressive analysis RUPVP - persistent in the front with predictional system for coordination. Variables r Part-r BETA t-test Q MKOPOD MKOVOZ -0.45 -0.35 -0.03 -0.08 -0.04 -0.08 -0.22 -0.58 0.83 0.56 MKOPPP MKNPHJ -0.44 0.14 -0.36 -0.04 -0.47 -0.04 -2.87 -0.27 0.01 0.79 MKNKSS MKNCVS -0.28 -0.26 0.02 -0.15 0.02 -0.15 0.12 -1.13 0.91 0.26 MKBPIP MKBKSKR -0.37 -0.35 -0.11 -0.26 -0.13 -0.25 -0.84 -2.02 0.41 0.05 MKBOSN MRSDNA -0.16 0.25 0.16 0.12 0.16 0.12 1.23 0.90 0.22 0.37 MRPONA MRKSSN -0.10 -0.32 0.28 -0.03 0.34 -0.04 2.19 -0.26 0.03 0.80 Delta 0.40 RO 0.63 DF 1 12.00 DF 2 55.00 F 3.06 Q 0.00 Table 3. Results of regressive analysis of the criterion RUPVP – persistent in front with predictional system for explosive power. Variables MESSDM MESGDD MES20M MESFMNR MESFMNN MESPVNY MESPVNP MESPVNR Delta 0.26 r -0.06 0.31 -0.15 0.09 0.23 0.32 0.15 0.15 RO 0.51 Part-r -0.23 0.32 -0.17 0.02 0.21 0.19 0.02 -0.02 DF 1 8.00 BETA -0.25 0.32 -0.16 0.02 0.21 0.24 0.03 -0.03 DF 2 59.00 t-test -1.78 2.62 -1.31 0.16 1.69 1.50 0.15 -0.17 F 2.66 Q 0.08 0.01 0.19 0.87 0.10 0.14 0.88 0.87 Q 0.01 ward). The body is upright in vertical position and in some versions with higher amplitude can be bent backwards. This is followed with the swing of the legs, which allows rapid movement of the legs forward and up. When your, student’s feets (legs) will go faster and get vertical, somewhere around 45 degrees in front, the person must block i with legs. This is the moment when the test for the coordination of whole body MKOPPP (moving throw parallel stiks or beams) confirms its influence. The rapid movement of the legs is transmitted to the reactive part of the lower body, while his hands are pressed down towards the stic (or beam). Blocking with the legs (or feets) and hands pressure of the loom are two forces acting in the 132 APES 1(2011) 2:129-134 Spasovska, K.: THE CONNECTION OF MOTORIST... opposite direction and that allows the body as a system to move forward and up. When the body and feet will reach the highest position, arms are fully extended and the body is stretched and continues to move forward, that is persistent in front wobble. Analyzing the performance of the element of leverage (starting position) to persistent (final position), or from below to above, clearly indicates the positive impact of the explosive power test MESGDD - type jumps - jumps up - down - away. Rapid block feet and launching (uploading) the body from lower to higher position, clearly is confirming the rapid test for complex movements MKBKSKR (climbing and getting down on desk and jumpming chair). Given that small simply no time to be performed more movements with the hands, feet and body in difficult conditions requires a person to dispose all motor abilities of coordination and explosive power that showed its influence in regression analysis. Because of these motorical skills that has been explained, first they should be developed at the required level and then begin the process of learning and mastering the art. REFERENCES Viskić-Štalec, N. i Mejovšek, M. (1975). Kanoničke relacije prostora koordinacije i prostora motorike [Canonical relationships between coordination and motoric space. In Croatian.] Kineziologija, 5(1-2), 83-112. Hošek, A. (1976). Struktura koordinacije [The structure of motor coordination. In Croatian.] Kineziologija, 6(1-2), 151-192. Horga, S., Metikoš, D. Viskić-Štalec, N., Hošek, A., Gredelj,M., Marčelja, D., Metikoš, D. i Viskić-Štalec, N. (1973). Metrijske karakteristike mjernih instrumenata za procjenu faktora koordinacije ruku [Metrical characteristics of tests for estimating arm coordination factor. In Croatian.] Kineziologija, 3(2), 13-20. Marčelja, D., Hošek, A., Viskić-Štalec, N., Horga, S., Gredelj, M. i Metikoš, D. (1973). Metrijske karakteristike testova za procjenu faktora koordinacije tjela [Metrical characteristics of tests for the estimating cross body coordination factor. In Croatian.] Kineziologija, 3(2), 5-11. Mitevski, O. (1984). Zavisnost uspeha učenika u nastavi sportske gimnastike od nihovih biomotoričkih sposobnosti [Dependence of the performance of students in the teaching of gymnastics had their motor skills. In Serbian.] (Unpublished Master?s thesis, University of Belgrade). Beograd: Fakultet za fizičko vaspitanje. Mitevski, O. (2000). Latentna povrzanost na antropometriskite i motori~kite faktori so uspe{nata izvedba na gimnasti~kite elementi kaj u~enicite od 17 godi{na vozrast [Latent association of anthropometric and motor factors to the success of gymnastics elements performance of students of 17 years. In Macedonian.] (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje). Skopje: Fakultet za fizi~ka kultura. Petkovi}, R. (199). Struktura i relacii na morfolo{kite i motori~kite dimenzii kaj u~eni~kite i mladite gimnasti~arki [The structure and morphologic relations and dimensions of girls and young gymnasts. In Macedonian.] (Unpublished Master?s thesis, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje). Skopje: Fakultet za fizi~ka kultura. Pop-Petrovski, V. (1997). Relacii me|u antropometriskite karakteristiki, motori~kite sposobnosti sila i snaga i uspehot po gimnastika [The structure and morphologic relations and dimensions of girls and young gymnasts. In Macedonian.] (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Ss. Cyril and Methodius CONCLUSIONS According to all results that has been reached, we can conclude that the system of variables that has been applied to assess motor coordination and explosive power have a significant impact on the success of criterion persistent variable in front of the loom. To successfully perform these movements, it requires the respondents to have as I mentioned in coordination - the ability to perform complex motor tasks, performed as a complex element. To counter the negative influence of gravity and motion to direct in the required direction, it is necessary the person to dispose with explosive power of the type of jumps and throwing their hands and feet. The degree of independence from the technical performance can be expected to demonstrate significant impact and some of the tests of coordination, but not just the system that is obtained in our research, which indicates that it is necessary to master the technique in general. 133 APES 1(2011) 2:129-134 Spasovska, K.: THE CONNECTION OF MOTORIST... University in Skopje). Skopje: Fakultet za fizi~ka kultura. Šadura, T., Čaklec, I. i Živčić-Lanc, K. (1991). Situaciono-motorički testovi za mjerenje efekata gimnastičkog treninga [Situational-motort ests to measure the effects of gymnastics training . In Serbian.] Fizička kultura, 44-45(3),140-144. Todorovski, D. (1997). Jednacina specifikacije uspesnosti u sportskoj gimnastici [Equation speci- fication performance in gymnastics. In Serbian.] (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Niš). Niš: Fakultet fizičke kulture. Veličković, S., & Petković, E. (2005). The objectivity of situational-motor coordination measuring instruments in gymnastics. Facta Universitatis Series Physical Education Sport, 3(1), 69-80. Correspondence: Katerina Spasovska Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje Faculty of Physical Culture, Železnička b.b. 1000, Skopje, Macedonia POVRZANOSTA NA MOTORITE SPOSOBNOSTI ZA PROCENKA NA KOORDINACIJATA I EKSPLOZIVNATA SNAGA SO USPE[NATANA GIMNASTI^KIOT ELEMENT - UPOR VO PREDNO-NI[AWE NA RAZBOJ UDK: 796.414.4.012.11 (Originalen nau~en trud) Katerina Spasovska Univerzitet „Sv. Kiril i Metodij” vo Skopje, Fakultet za fizi~ka kultura, Skopje, Makedonija Apstrakt Celta na istra`uvaweto be{e da se utvrdi povrzanosta na motornite testovi nameneti za procenka na koordinacija i eksplozivna snaga so uspe{nata izvedba na gimnasti~kiot elementi - upor vo predno ni{awe na razboj. Na primerok od 68 ispitanici, studenti od ma{ki pol od prva godina od Fakultetot za fizi~ka kultura vo Skopje bea primeneti vkupno 20 manifesni motorni varijabli od koi dvanaeset (12) bea nameneti za procenka na koordinacijata (koordinacija na celoto telo, koordinacija na nozete, koordinacija na brzi kompleksni dvi`ewa i reorganizacija na dinami~kiot stereotip) kako i osum (8) motorni testovi za procenka na eksplozivnata snaga (tip na skokovi i tip na isfrlawe). Procenuvaweto na uspe{nata izvedba na gimnasti~kiot element be{e izvr{eno so ocenuvawe od 4 kvalifikuvani sudii so primena na standardiziran kriterium. Dobienite rezultati so primenata na regresivna analiza poka`aa statisti~ki zna~ajno vlijanie vrz kriteriumot. Klu~ni zborovi: koordinacija, eksplozivna snaga, ocenuvawe, regresivni analizi, studenti, testirawe 134 APES 1(2011) 2:135-144 Nejić, D. and Marković, S.: ANTHROPOMETRIC FEATURES... ANTHROPOMETRIC FEATURES – THE IMPORTANT FACTOR OF VOLLEYBALL SELECTION UDC: 796.325.015.83 (Original scientific paper) Dragan Nejić and Saša Marković University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Niš, Serbia, Abstract Previous achievements in contemporary sport and in volleyball as well pose huge demands on the coaches concerning selection and execution of training and competition activites. A sport selection problem is inherently tied to the question of anticipating sports achievements. Selection criteria are different and one very important criterium in some sports is somatic composition and especially definition of final body height and proportion of body composition. Already in the beginning of the sports career in some sports (basketball, volleyball, high jump, gymnastics) selection plays a vital role. The aim of this research was to determine anthropometric characteristics of the selected male volleyball players aged 15 who had already undergone some level of selection on the representation and club level, and to define the existance of some possible differences between them and also to determine differences between selected volleyball players and the pupils of the same age. The research was conducted on the sample of 18 male volleyball players aged 15 ±6 months being selected on the club level, 210 pupils of the same age and 114 male volleyball players of the representation selections. Measuruments have comprised 13 anthropometric variables. Basic parameters of the descriptive statistics were calculated and for the definition of the differences a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) on a multivariate level was used. On a univariate level univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used. The research results have shown that there is a statistically significant difference on a multivariate level between the groups (p< .05). Keywords: coaches, pupils, representation selections, MANOVA ments. Different sports disciplines have some specific demands concerning body posture, the level of development of motorics and functional abilities of the sportsmen.“Selection”, according to Vujaklia (1980), is by dictionary definition: a choice, in our case a choice of future volleyball players who could satisfy the basic requirements of volleyball, as far as anthropometric features are concerned. The criteria of selection in specific sport branches are different; one of the most important is physical posture, especially the process of determining the final height and body proportions. At the initial level of sport practice (in branches such as basketball, volleyball, high jump, etc), selection plays a crucial role. These sports demand INTRODUCTION Volleyball is considered to be one of the youngest sports that include ball, but despite that, the level of technical- tactical knowledge has been brought to perfection. Current accomplishments in the modern sport and in volleyball as well, face the trainers with high demands in selection and during the trainings and competition activities; demands are even higher when the physical condition of the sportsmen is concerned. The development of a sport branch depends on the process of talent seeking and also on the scientifically based selection; therefore, selection of the players by their height is very important. The problem in selection correlates with the prediction of sportsmen accomplish135 APES 1(2011) 2:135-144 Nejić, D. and Marković, S.: ANTHROPOMETRIC FEATURES... sportsmen with accelerating height, while other sports (gymnastics) demand sportsmen with impeded height. As far as practice is concerned, there are different types of selection. Types can differ in criteria. According to Volkov (1980) there are three types of selection: orientation that implies determining the spot discipline in which a sportsman could accomplish the highest achievements; selection which implies choosing sportsmen who could progress in various sport branches; completing the teams in collective sports, for the purposes of entering a competition. Stages in selection of young sportsmen, according to Sozanski (1981) could be graduated differently. The first stage starts with introductory selection, which is usually conducted for boys age 1011 and it orients future sportsmen towards miscellaneous development of their abilities. The second stage implies a proper selection which is conducted 2-3 years after the introductory selection; finally, a special selection is conducted after 4-5 years of training. There are other criteria of selection, such as club, municipal, regional, state and all of these selections are conducted till the end of the sportsmen career. Volleyball is a sport branch which demands a certain values of longitudinal skeleton dimension, as far as anthropometric criteria are concerned. Prediction of height, as one of the factors for selection, is very important at young volleyball players (Tomic, 1982). Due to this reason the predicted final body height is very important for the selection of young volleyball players. There are a great number of published papers that elaborate the theme of selection, point out the importance of heritage, biological age and optimal height necessary for a particular sport. Heritage as a factor (along with the partial influence of the social environment) plays a very important role in selection. It is well known that the body height, leg length, arm length, shoulder latitude, i.e. longitudinal and transversal skeleton dimensions, are genetically preconditioned (Malacko & Popovic, 2001), therefore the selection of the best players is the first condition for achieving top results in sport. Strahonja (1974) did a research on the influence of manifested and latent antropometric dimensions on the jump height and mahimum catching heinght at junior volleyball players, the ones who were members of the republic teams. The author came to the conclusion that longitudinal and circular dimensions contribute to the assessment of the jump results and the mahimum jump-catching height. Hose (1978) did a research with the aim of determining the correlation between the chosen antropometric and motoric variables, both of which being important for women volleyball as a sport. He conducted a research on a sample of 12 volleyball teams (total of 144 players) of women players whowere contestants of the European Junior Championship held 1977. in Belgrade.The author concluded that all of the players were selected properly, that there is a high correlation between the antropometric variables. He confirmed that the process of selection is of primary importance in volleyball. Vukovic (1980) conducted a research with the aim of comparing the antropometric and motoric variables at women volleyball players of the junior representation of Europe and the representation of the cities of Yugoslavia. The research included 11 antropometric and 7 motoric variables. The author concluded taht junior representatives of European team showed better results. Experience in playing and the level of competitiveness were higher at the representatives of the European team. Therefore, the author emphasizes that the selececion of young women volleyball players is very important (especially cosidering their height). Tomic (1982) studied the differences in antropometric and motoric features of the volleyball players, on different levels of contests. He used the sample of 90 players of different levels, and studied the relations of the chosen antropometric and motoric variables on the three levels of comeptition. The results showed a significant correlation between the antropometric variables and the levels of contest, i.e. the influence that the proper selection has on the volleyball achievements. Nemec (1988) explored the level of difference of motoric abilities and antropometric features , on the sample of volleyball players on three competition level. Based on these results, the author points out the importance of young volleyball players selection. He also states that the base of accomplishing high results are antropometric 136 APES 1(2011) 2:135-144 Nejić, D. and Marković, S.: ANTHROPOMETRIC FEATURES... features and motoric abilities, but that trainers do not pay enough attention to these factors. Nemec (1994) used a comparative analysis to compare the research results conducted on the Yugoslav volleyball players during the period 1976/77 (group A) and during 1986/87 (group B). The author explored 18 variables , out of which 11 refferered to the bodily features, and 7 to motoric variables relevant for volleyball players. The resullts showed that vollyball players from the group B have larger dimensions in relations to players from the group A, as far as the body height, body mass, feet length and upper arm circumference are concerned. The variables concerning leg length and arm legth were higher at volleyball players from the group A. Based on these results, the author concluded that, within the period of the past 10 years, body features have significantly changed. The parameters of body features should have an important role in further improvement of volleyball, i.e. that they should be the base for the selection of the players. Further research confirm the claim that a sportsman can reach his maximum due to contstant training; however, if a sportsman has weak genetic predispositions for the sport, then even the best trainer cannot help him in reaching top results. One cannot precisely determine which psychophysical feature has a dominant role for volleyball. However, the experience and practice showed that antropometric features have a significant influence in the realisation of the volleyball elements. The modern volleyball has few players of medium height, even the players on technical positions do not differ in height from the other players. Therefore, it is necessary to control and predict the proper develompent of antropometric features during the process of selection. The aim of the research is to study the anthropometric features of the selected volleyball players age 15 that underwent a certain level of selection on the club and representation level and to compare the differences between them. Also, it is important to see the difference between the selected players and the pupils of the same age. aim of this research. This enables the demonstration of the basic principles of this particular field of research. The research was conducted on the sample of 18 volleyball players age15 with ±6 months, who were selected on the club level (Volleyball Club ”Naisus” from Nis), 210 pupils of the same age (Grammar Schools Svetozar Markovic and Stevan Sremac from Nis) and 144 volleyball players of the representative selections. We calculated 13 anthropometric variables which are shown in the tables with the following abbreviations AMAST - body mass in kg, AVIST - body height in cm, ADUNOleg length in cm, ADURU - arm length in cm, AŠIRA-shoulder latitude in cm, AŠIKA - pelvis latitude in cm, AŠIKU - hips latitude in cm, AOGKS-average circumference of the chest in cm, AONAD - upper arm circumference in cm, AOBU - thigh circumference in cm, AKNNA - skin crease at upper arm triceps in mm, AKNLE - skin crease at the back region in mm, AKNTRB-abdomen skin crease in. GSTAR-the age, and APKOVI-predicted final height calculated by Walker formula (Walker, 1974). Anthropometric measurements were done by the standard instruments by the method the International Biological Programme (Weiner & Lourie, 1969). All the analysis were done with the help of the statistic package for data processing - STATISTCA 6.0. We calculated the basic parameters of the descriptive statistics. Mean – average value, St. Dev – standard deviation, Min – minimum value, Max – maximum value. In order to detrmine the difference in antropometric faetures between the players selected on the club level (age 15) who are selectional base for the chosen sport, the plauyers of the representative selections and the pupils of the same age, we applied the multi- possibility variable analysis (MANOVA) on the multi- possibility level. On the one - possibility level, we applied the variable analysis (ANOVA).We calculated the following parameters: Wilk’s Lambda – test, Rao’s R – Rao’s F aproximation, df – independence degree, p-level – level of difference significance. METHODS For the purposes of obtaining the relevant scientific information, we determined the adequate procedures that would be in correlation with the 137 APES 1(2011) 2:135-144 Nejić, D. and Marković, S.: ANTHROPOMETRIC FEATURES... multi possible level between the club selected players and pupils age 15 shows significance on the level 05 (p-level=.039). The determined difference on multi possible level between the club selected players and representation players shows significance on the level .01 (p-level = .000). The results of multi possible analysis of the variable shows significant difference of antropometric area between the representation selection and pupils age 15, on the level of significance .01 (p-level = .000). Tables 3, 4 and 5 show the results of one possibility analysis of variables of the measured anthropometric variables between the groups. If one inspects the results on the Table 3. which shows the results of one possibility analysis of variable between the club selected players and pupils age 15, it can be concluded that selected players have higher numerical values of variables: AMAST – body mass, AVIST – body height, APKOVI – predicted final height, ADUNO – leg length, ADURU – arm length, AŠIRA – shoulder latitude, AŠIKA – pelvis latitude, AŠIKU – hips latitude, AOGKS – average circumference of the chest, AONAD – upper arm circumference, AOBUT – thigh circumference, AKNNA – upper arm skin crease, AKNLE – back skin crease and AKNTRB – abdomen skin crease. Significant difference was noted at the following variables: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Tables 1 to 5 illustrate the results of the research. Table 1 shows the basic descriptive parameters of antropometric variables of the volleyball players of the club selection, of the pupils aged 15 and the volleyball players of representation selection. The results indicate that the average height of the club selected players age 15 was 183,50±6,144 cm, pupils’ height was 177,04±7,578 cm, while the representation selected players were 189,40±6,703 cm in average. The numeric values of body height of the club selected players, as well as the ones on the representation level were above the average of the population their age. The height of the pupils were within the limits of the average for their age (Gerver & De Bruin, 1996). The other anthropometric features that were analysed (except for the skin crease) are within the limits of their age for pupils; and above the average values at club selected volleyball players. The measured skin crease is less below the average at players of representation selections if compared to pupils who do not play volleyball and to club selected players. Table 2. indicates the results of the multi possible analysis of variable between the groups. Differences, important in the static level, were determined between all the groups. Statically important difference in measured antropometric features on Table 1.Basic descriptive parameters of the groups included in the research Variables GSTAR AMAST AVIST APKOVI ADUNO ADURU AŠIRA AŠIKA AŠIKU AOGKS AONAD AOBUT AKNNA AKNLE AKNTRB Volleyball players selected within the club Mean 15,2 73,5 183,0 188,6 105,4 79,6 40,8 28,1 32,4 89,2 26,5 55,0 9,97 9,5 13,0 SD 0,62 7,41 6,14 3,04 4,17 3,29 2,05 1,37 1,62 3,48 1,61 3,58 2,65 2,81 5,84 Min 14,0 62,0 173,2 183,0 99,1 75,2 37,0 26,0 30,0 82,0 24,0 50,6 6,40 6,2 6,0 Max 16,1 85,0 193,5 193,0 113,8 85,6 43,8 30,5 35,2 95,1 29,0 64,0 16,0 15,0 24,0 Pupils Mean 14,9 66,4 177,0 181,3 100,6 76,7 39,1 27,7 31,9 85,4 25,1 52,1 9,8 8,5 11,6 SD 0,44 11,28 7,57 4,85 5,12 3,96 2,09 1,80 2,09 7,20 3,13 5,95 5,01 4,45 7,26 138 Min 14,0 40,0 156,4 168,1 78,8 56,1 33,0 23,5 22,8 69,0 18,0 38,5 3,6 3,6 4,0 Representative selection Max 16,0 97,0 193,5 191,8 113,3 85,2 44,3 32,8 37,4 106,0 38,6 73,0 31,0 30,0 33,6 Mean 15,0 77,3 189,4 197,1 107,6 82,2 43,7 31,3 33,5 100,3 31,3 59,1 7,8 8,2 9,6 SD 0,22 4,94 6,70 6,97 3,80 2,73 1,54 1,10 1,18 3,55 1,10 2,09 ,27 ,29 ,34 Min 14,6 58,1 163,3 170,0 92,8 71,6 37,7 27,0 28,9 86,5 27,0 51,0 6,8 7,1 8,3 Max 15,5 91,4 208,5 217,0 118,4 90,0 48,1 34,5 36,8 110,4 34,50 65,1 8,6 9,1 10,6 APES 1(2011) 2:135-144 Nejić, D. and Marković, S.: ANTHROPOMETRIC FEATURES... Table 2. Multi possible analysis of variable (MANOVA) between the groups Group SEL I UÈEN SEL I REP REP I UÈEN WILKS' Lambda .889 .010 .110 Rao's R (F) 1.781 987.73 181.79 df 1 15 15 15 df 2 213 146 338 p-level .039 .000 .000 Table 3. One- possibility analysis of the variable, between the clubs selected players and pupils of the same age GSTAR AMAST AVIST APKOVI ADUNO ADURU ASIRA ASIKA ASIKU AOGKS AONAD AOBUT AKNNA AKNLE AKNTRB Volleyball Players 15,20 73,52 183,50 188,67 105,41 79,66 40,82 28,16 32,43 89,29 26,50 55,05 9,97 9,52 Pupils F(df1,2) p-level 14,99 66,35 176,89 186,28 100,59 76,69 39,13 27,76 31,74 85,32 25,15 52,11 9,85 8,55 3,79 6,84 12,03 ,02 14,53 8,94 10,32 ,80 1,00 5,25 3,24 4,17 ,01 ,83 ,053 ,010 ,001 ,891 ,000 ,003 ,002 ,372 ,317 ,023 ,073 ,042 ,924 ,364 13,06 11,63 ,66 ,418 Table 4. One- possibility analysis of the variable, between the clubs players and representative volleyball selections Athens 15 GSTAR AMAST AVIST APKOVI ADUNO ADURU ASIRA ASIKA ASIKU AOGKS AONAD AOBUT AKNNA AKNLE AKNTRB 15,05 77,38 189,40 197,16 107,65 82,28 43,77 31,34 33,51 100,35 31,34 59,15 7,88 8,28 9,66 Volleyball Players 15,20 73,52 183,50 188,67 105,41 79,66 40,82 28,16 32,43 89,29 26,50 55,05 9,97 8,55 11,63 139 F(df1,2) p-level 0,018 8,604 12,941 25,992 5,427 17,447 53,666 125,113 12,258 155,966 273,728 50,944 84,654 26,902 49,446 ,966 ,004 ,000 ,000 ,021 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,001 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 ,000 APES 1(2011) 2:135-144 Nejić, D. and Marković, S.: ANTHROPOMETRIC FEATURES... Table 5. One- possibility analysis of the variable between the representative players and pupils GSTAR AMAST AVIST APKOVI ADUNO ADURU ASIRA ASIKA ASIKU AOGKS AONAD AOBUT AKNNA AKNLE AKNTRB Athens15 Pupils F(df1,2) p-level 15,05 77,38 189,40 197,16 107,65 82,28 43,77 31,34 33,51 100,35 31,34 59,15 7,88 8,28 9,66 14,99 66,35 176,89 186,28 100,59 76,69 39,13 27,76 31,74 85,32 25,15 52,11 9,85 8,55 11,63 2.23 8.60 25.99 12.94 5.43 17.45 53.67 125.11 12.26 155.97 273.73 50.94 84.65 26.90 49.45 0.137 0.004 0.000 0.000 0.021 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Table 6. Number and percentage of volleyball players of the final and envisaged body height of the representative and club selections Frequeny of body height Body height 200 cm and higher Body height 190-199,9 cm Body height 180-189,9 cm Body height 170-179,9 cm Representative selection Number Percentage 54 33,33 80 49,38 27 16,66 1 0,62 AMAST – body mass (p-level= .010), AVIST – body height (p-level=.001), ADUNO – leg length (p-level=.000), ADURU – arm length (p-level= .003), AŠIRA – shoulder latitude (p-level=.002), on the level of significance .01 and at variables AOGKS – average chest circumference (p-level= .023), AOBUT – thigh circumference (p-level= .042) on the level of significance .05. Table 4. shows the results of one possibility analysis of the variable between the representation selections and club selected players age 15. It could be concluded that the volleyball players of the representation selections have higher numerical values at the following variables: AMAST – body mass, AVIST – body height, APKOVI – predicted final height, ADUNO – leg length, ADURU – arm length, AŠIRA – shoulder latitude, AŠIKA – pelvis latitude, AŠIKU – hips circumference, AOGKS – average chest circumference, AONAD – upper arm circumference and AOBUT – thigh circumference. The Club selection Number Percentage 0,00 0,00 8,00 44,44 10,00 55,55 0,00 0,00 representation selection had lower values compared to the club selected players’ at the following skin crease variables: AKNNA – skin crease at the region of upper arm triceps, AKNLEskin crease in the back region and AKNTRB – abdomen skin crease. Statically significant differences were determined at all measured variables, on the level of significance .01 at variables AMAST – body mass (p-level=.004), AVIST – body height (p-level= .000), APKOVI – predicted final height (p-level= .000), ADURU – arm length (p-level= .000), AŠIRA – shoulder latitude (p-level=.000), AŠIKA – pelvis latitude (p-level= .000), AŠIKU – hips latitude (p-level=.001), AOGKS – average chest circumference (p-level=.000), AONAD – upper arm circumference (p-level=.000), AOBUT – thigh circumference (p-level=.000), AKNNA – upper arm skin cearse (p-level=.000), AKNLE – back skin crease (p-level=.000) AKNTRB – abdomen skin crease (p-level=.000). At variable ADUNO – leg 140 APES 1(2011) 2:135-144 Nejić, D. and Marković, S.: ANTHROPOMETRIC FEATURES... length, we determined the significance on the level .05 (p-level=.021) The one possibility analysis of variables between the representation players and pupils age 15 (Tabela 5) brings us to conclusion that representation players have higher numerical values at the following variables: AMAST – body mass, AVIST – body height , APKOVI – predicted final height, ADUNO – leg length, ADURU – arm length, AŠIRA – shoulder latitude, AŠIKA – pelvis latitude, AŠIKU – hips latitude, AOGKS – average chest circumference, AONAD – upper arm circumference and AOBUT – thigh circumference. The lower values were determined at AKNNA – upper arm triceps skin crease, AKNLE- back skin crease and AKNTRB – abdomen skin crease. Atvariable ADUNO – leg length, we determined significance on the level .05 (p-level= .021), while the other measured variables showed statical significance at the level.01, AMAST – body mass (p-level= .004), AVIST – body height (p-level= .000), APKOVI – predicted final height (p-level= .000), ADURU – arm length (p-level= .000), AŠIRA – shoulder latitude (p-level= .000), AŠIKA – pelvis latitude (p-level= .000), AŠIKU – hips latitude (p-level= .001), AOGKS – average chest circumference (p-level= .000), AONAD – upper arm circumference (p-level= .000), AOBUT – thigh circumference (p-level= .000), AKNNA – upper arm skin crease (p-level= .000), AKNLE – skin crease at the back region (p-level= .000) AKNTRB – abdomen skin crease (p-level= .000). Enlisted values shown in Table 6 point to the fact that large number and high percentage of volleyball players of the representative selections whose height is larger than 200,0 cm, that is 54 basketball players or 33,33%. In a club selection according to the estimated final height there will not be volleyball players whose height is above 200,00 cm. Large number and percentage of volleyball players has body height above 190,0 cm that is 8 or 49,38%. In a club selection 8 volleyball players will have final height above 190,00 cm or 44,44%. In representative selections there is small number of such volleyball players 27 and the percentage is 16,66%. In a club selection largest number of 10 volleyball players of 55,55% belong to this group. So obtained results confirm a rule that in an elite volleyball tall volleyball players dominate the game (body height above 190 cm) taking the positions of smashing and blocking. Body height of 180-189,9 cm belong to a libero (receiver) numbering 1-2 in each team. The research results indicate that players of the club selection age 15 statically differ in antropometric features, in relation to pupils of the same age who do not play this sport. The body height at club selected players is above the average for that particular population. Body heights at pupils do not significantly differ from the average for that age (Gerver & De Bruin, 1996). As far as the skin crease is concerned, there is no significant difference because the training process does not have the intensity that would reduce the subcutaneous fat tissue which has a negative influence on the players’ accomplishment during the game (Apostolidis, Nassis, Bolatoglou, Geladas, 2001). The other analysed anthropometric variables (except for the skin crease) are within the limits for the pupils’ population; and high above the average at club selected players. These results could be ascribed to choice (selection) of body height accelerants within that particular population. However, although these values are much higher at club selected players, the predicted final body height is above the average values of the top volleyball players (Jankovic, Jankovic, Djurkovic, 2003). The results indicate that club selection does not satisfy the morphological criteria for reaching top results in volleyball. Table 4. shows the differences in antropometric features between the club selected players and the representation selected ones.We noted numerically and statically significant values at all variables. Representation selected players had lower values of predicted subcutaneous fat tissue. Longitudinal and transfersal skeleton dimensions are of higher values at the players of representation level; thus the result is purposeful selection with higher criteria, on the representation level (Hose, 1978; Vukovic, 1980; Nemec, 1994). These results completely correlate with the results received in the research of the women volleyball players of the same age (Matkovic, Huljak, Matkovic, 1999). The results of the predicted subcutaneous fat tissue level are as expected, and lower values can be ascribed to influence of the physical activities during the training process in volleyball. Physical activities are of greater intensity and extensity 141 APES 1(2011) 2:135-144 Nejić, D. and Marković, S.: ANTHROPOMETRIC FEATURES... reaching top sport results. The prediction of the final body height (based on the current measured height), as one of anthropometric measures for selection of the players, is very relevant. The conclusion can be that different levels of selection have different significance in determining which of the players can satisfy high criteria of volleyball. The determined differences between the volleyball players selected in clubs and players of representative selections demonstrates that the club selection encloses a smaller possibility of achieving top results. The analysis of the predicted final height of the pupils illustrates that the selection base for male volleyball is very limited, especially for the blockers and players for the smash position since there are no boys age 15 who could be higher than 200, 0 cm, and only 6, 19% will be 190-199, 9 cm high. during the trainings and competition preparation at representation players than at club selected players; this actually explains these differences and lower values of the skin crease level. The research results indicate that the representation players differ in anthropometric features when compared to pupils of the same age who do not train sports (Table 5). The selection and the intensity of physical activities during the training process and competition at representation players are the main reason for the differences in the researched segment of antropometric features (Apostolidis, Nassis, Bolatoglou, Geladas, 2001). The biggest number of players (56, 64%) at the 1988. World Championship in Japan and at the 2004. Olympic Games in Athens (49,30%) had a body height of 190 – 200 cm and above 200 cm (Japan - 29,64%; Athens – 37, 5%), so it is clear that club selection does not satisfy the needs for the future blockers and players for smash position. None of the club selected players will have the predicted final height above 200 cm. The results which indicate the percentage of the pupils whose final height will be 190,0 cm and more, is very low. If we consider height, only 6,19% of the players will be 190-199,9 cm, and none above 200,0 cm, which shows that Nis selectional base is very poor; moveover, earlier research confirms this (Djuraskovic, Milic, Nikolic, Lukic, 1986). This information confirms the results on the club level. The selection of blockers and plyers for smash position has to be conducted systematically and in the lonf run. REFERENCES Apostolidis, N., Nassis, GP, Bolatoglou, T., Geladas, ND. (2004). Physiological and technical characteristics of elite young basketball players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 44 (2), 157-63. Volkov, V. (1980). Sportska selekcija mladih [Sport Selection of the Young. In Serbian.] Savremeni trening, (1), 5-9. Vujaklilja, M. (1980). Leksikon stranih reči i izraza [Dictionary of Foreign Words and Expressions. In Serbian.] Beograd: Prosveta . Vuković, M. (1980). Komparativna analiza antropometrijskih i motoričkih variabli odbojkašica juniorskih reprezentacija gradova Jugoslavije [Comparative Analysis of Anthropometric and Motor Variables of Women Junior Volleyball Players in Yugoslavia [In Serbian.] (Unpublished , Master s thesis, University of Belgrade). Beograd: Fakultet za fizičko vaspitanje. Đurašković, R., Milić, R., Nikolić, M. i Lukić, R. (1986). Telesna visina kao prilog metodologiji selekcije za sportske igre [Body Height as Contribution to Selection Methodology of Sports. In Serbian.] Acta facultatis medicae naissensis, 6(1), 126-130. Eremija, M. (2001). Praćenje razvoja morfoloških osobina i funkcionalnih sposobnosti kardiovaskularnog sistema u selekciji sportista [Observation of Development of Morphological and Functional Abilities of the Cardiovascular System in Sport Selection. In Serbian.] (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Belgrade). Beograd: CONCLUSION For the past few years, sport medicine and anthropology accomplishments have found their deserved position in the daily sport practice. The basic issue is the role of the anthropometric calculations during the process of selection of young players, with one and the same aim- to reach top sport results. Longitudinal skeleton dimensions, especially the body height, represent the primary feature of selection (at specific sport branches, of course). Volleyball is the sport in which these features are important. The research conducted on the sample of 372 pupils age 15 (± 6 months confirmed the importance of proper selection as one of the basic conditions for 142 APES 1(2011) 2:135-144 Nejić, D. and Marković, S.: ANTHROPOMETRIC FEATURES... Fakultet sporta i fizičkog vaspitanja. Janković, V., Janković, G. i Đurković, T. (2003). Specifična fizička priprema vrhunskih odbojkaša [Specific Physical Training of Top Volleyball Players. In Croatian.]. U Zbornik radova (Proccedings) 2. godišnja međunarodna konferencija „Kondicijska priprema sportaa“ str. 442450). Zagreb: Kineziološki fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Udruga kondicijskih trenera Hrvatske. Malacko, J., i Popović, D. (2001). Metodologija kineziološko antropoloških istraživanja [Methodology of Kynesiological Anthropological Research. In Serbian.] Leposavić: Fakultet fizičke kulture. Matković, B.R., Huljak, A. i Matković, B. (1999). Antropološki profil perspektivnih odbojkašica [Anthropological Profile of Perspective Women Volleyball Players. In Croatian.] U Zbornik radova (Proccednngs) 2. međunarodna znanstvena konferencija „Kineziologija za 21. stoljeće“ (str. 408-411). Zagreb: Fakultet za fizičku kulturu sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Matto, M. (1981). Različite strane značajnog problema - putevi traganja i izbora talenata [Different Aspects of Significant Problems- ways to search and select talented players In Serbian.] Savremeni trening, (1), 39-41. Nemec, P. (1988). Utvrđivanje nivoa razlika telesnih karakteristika i motoričkih sposobnosti odbojkaša različitih nivoa takmičenja [Determining the Level of Difference at Body Features and Motor Skills of Volleyball Players of Different Competition Level. In Serbian.] , (Unpublished Master s thesis, University of Belgrade). Beograd: Fakultet za fizičko vaspitanje. Nemec, P. (1994). Procena perspektivnosti postignuća jugoslovenskih odbojkaša, Doktorska disertacija [Assessment of Achievements of Perspective Volleyball Players of Yugoslavia. In Serbian.] (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Belgrade). Beograd: Fakultet za fizičko vaspitanje. Sozanski, H. (1981). Selekcija - važan elemenat sistema sportskog treninga [Selection- the Important Element of the Sport System Training. In Serbian] Savremeni trening, (3), 34-37. Sinobad M. (2005). Comparing Anthropometric Features and Body Features between the Pupils and Basketball players of the Same Age. Sport Medicine, 5(2), 43-53. Strahonja, A. (1974). Utjecaj manifestnih i latentnih antropometriskih varijabli na visinu odraza i maksimalni dohvat kod odbojkaša juniora [The Influence of Manifest and Latent Anthropometric Characteristics on tne Jump Hignt and Maxsimal Hand Reach in Jump of Junior Volleyball Players. In Croatian.] Kineziologija, 4 (1), 5-15. Tomić, D. (1982). Relacije antropometrijskih i motoričkih karateristika odbojkaša u odnosu na njihov takmičarski nivo [Anthropometric and Motor Skills’ Influence upon Competition Level. In Serbian.] Beograd: Novinsko izdavačko propagandna RO Partizan, Savez za fizičku kulturu Jugoslavije. Hoše, H. (1978). Utvrđivanje odnosa odabranih antropometrijskih i motoričkih variabli ženskih juniorskih reprezentacija Evrope u odbojci [Determining the Relation of Selected Anthropometric and Motor Variables of Women Junior Volleyball Representations of Europe. In , Serbian.] (Unpublished Master s thesis, University of Belgrade). Beograd: Fakultet za fizičko vaspitanje. Walker, R.N. (1974). Standards for somatotipyng children: I. The prediction of young adult heighht from childre,s growth data. Annals of Human Biology 1, (2),149. Weiner, J., Lourie J. (1969). Human Biology, A Guide to Field methods, International Biological Programe. Oxford-Edinburgh: Blackwell Scientific Publications. Correspondence: Dragan Nejić University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education Čarnojevićeva 10A, 18000 Niš, Serbia E - mail: neja@fsfv.ni.ac.rs 143 APES 1(2011) 2:135-144 Nejić, D. and Marković, S.: ANTHROPOMETRIC FEATURES... ANTROPOMETRISKITE KARAKTERISTIKI – ZNA^AEN FAKTOR ZA SELEKCIJATA VO ODBOJKATA UDK: 796.325.015.83 (Originalen nau~en trud) Dragan Neji} i Sa{a Markovi} Univerzitet vo Ni{, Fakultet za sport i fizi~ko vospituvawe, Ni{, Srbija Apstrakt Vo poslednite dostignuvawata vo sovremeniot sport, vklu~uvaj}i ja i odbojkata, pred trenerite postavuvaat golemi barawa za selekcijata i vodeweto na trena`nite i natprevaruva~kite aktivnosti. Problemot na selektiraweto vo sportot e povrzano so pra{aweto na predviduvaweto na uspehot vo sportskite aktivnosti. Postojat razli~ni kriteriumi za selekcija, a eden od najva`nite vo odredeni sportski granki e somatskata gradba, a osobenio na kone~nata telesna viso~ina i proporciite na telesnata gradba. U{te na po~etnoto nivo na sportskiot sta` vo oddelni sportski granki (ko{arka, odbojka, skok vo viso~ina, gimnastika), selekcijata igra zna~ajna uloga. Celta na ovaa studija be{e da se utvrdat antropometriskite karakteristiki na odbojkari na vozrast od 15 godini koi se selektirani na reprezentativno i klubsko nivo. Posebna cel be{e da se utvrdi razlikata i me|u selektiranite odbojkari i u~enici od navedenata vozrast. Istra`uvaweto e sprovedeno na primerok od 18 odbojkari na vozrast od 15 godini +/- 6 meseci koi se selektirani na nivo na klub, na 210 u~enici od istata vozrast i 144 odbojka od reprezentativnite selekcii. Vo mereweto bea vklu~eni 13 antropometriski varijabli. Presmetani se osnovnite parametri na deskriptivnata statistika. Za utvrduvawe na razlikite,primeneta e multivarijantna analiza na varijansata (MANOVA) i vo nejzinite ramki i analiza na varijansata (ANOVA). Rezultatite od istra`uvaweto poka`aaa statisti~ki zna~ajni razliki me|u grupite ispitanici na nivoto od 0.05. Klu~ni zborovi: treneri, u~enici, reprezentativni selekcii, MANOVA 144 APES 1(2011) 2:145-150 Marković, Ž. et. al. : EFFECTS OF TWO MODES OF... EFFECTS OF TWO MODES OF PLANNING OF TEACHING PHYSICAL EDUCATION ON ANTHROPOMETRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SECONDARY SCHOOL AGE FEMALE STUDENTS UDC: 37.091.3:796-057.874 (Original scientific paper) Živorad Marković1, Zoran Bogradnović2, Aleksandar Ignjatoviić1 and Sandra Milanović1 1University 2State of Kraguevac, Faculty of Pedagogy, Jagodina, Serbia University in Novi Pazar, Department of Sport and Recreation, Abstract The subject of the research was the anthropometrical characteristic of secondary school age female students. The aim of the research was to determine the effects of two ways of planning of teaching physical education on the anthropometrical characteristics of the female students. The research - experimental treatment was conducted over 92 female students, divided into two separate subsamples – according to the criteria of planning of physical education as follows: experimental group of 50 students with continuous planning and control group of 42 students with planning of physical education per cycle. The research applied five anthropometrical characteristics for tracking: longitudinal dimensionality of the skeleton and circular dimensionality. The effects of experimental and control model of planning and implementation of physical education program content did not cause any statistically significant changes in anthropometric characteristics of female students. The results are logical, because the groups were formed by random criteria, and the students were of the same age and sex. Keywords: experimental group, control group, cycle, longitudinal dimensionality, circular dimensionality, MANOVA and earlier generations of youth, this increase is evident. However, not only that younger generations grow faster, but they also reach bigger height than previous generations. This is shown by researches of recruits in many countries. By monitoring of changes in height it can be stated that in the last few decades the average definitive height of adults increased by one centimeter per decade. The increase of height is followed by the increase of body mass. The appearance of “acceleration” some author consider as a positive biological adaptive feature. However, it is noted that each adaptation can lead to certain decrease of reactive potentials of organism, which are manifested in increased sensibility and liability. This can lead to different functional deformities, bad posture and body deformities. Factor of better diet is very INTRODUCTION During the last century it has been noticed that there has been an “acceleration” of development which implies faster process of growth and absolute increase in final growth, as well as acceleration of psycho functional development of new generations in comparison to earlier generations, together with faster sexual maturity and psychological maturity. These days new born children, pre school children and school children are on average taller, and bigger than children of the same age but a few decades before. Characteristic example which is usually quoted is that a fourteen year old boy from this time could not put an armor of a medieval knight. By comparing the results of contemporary 145 APES 1(2011) 2:145-150 Marković, Ž. et. al. : EFFECTS OF TWO MODES OF... METHODS The research was realized in Agricultural-veterinary school with boarding school “Svilajnac” in Svilajnac during the 2009/2010 school year. 92 female students were involved in this research by experimental treatment. They were divided into two sub samples – according to the criterion of planning of physical education: experimental group with 50 female students with continuous planning and control group with 42 female students with planning of physical education in cycles. The research was based on five anthropometric characteristics : body height – represents longitudinal dimension of a skeleton (TV), body weight – represents volume and body mass (TT), anthropometric circumference of stretched lower arm – represents curcular dimension (AOOP), anthropometric circumference of streshed upper arm – represents circular dimension (AOON), and anthropometric circumference of shin – represents circular dimension (AOPK). All needed measurements in control and experimental group were realized during regular physical education lessons. By the use of the method of International biological programme (Kurelic and associates, 1975) each anthropometric characteristic was “covered” by one person who measured and one person who recorded the results. The same variables were measured by the same person, which was done for the reason of lessening parasitary factors. After finishing initial measurements the treatment which lasted one year was initiated – 60 lessons during which planned contents of physical education were realized. Control groups were using standard plan of physical education (plan from the official physical education programme – in cycles). Experimental groups were working with the same programme content, but differently (continuously) planned. Experimental groups did all 60 lessons by the use of the system – one lesson of chosen sport with a ball (handball), one lesson of athletics, one lesson of handball, then again athletics as far as the cycle of fifteen lessons of athletics was finished. Then handball was combined with the gymnastics lessons by the use of the same principle – one lesson of handball, one lesson of gymnastics continuously while the cycle of fifteen lessons of gymnastics does not finish. During the whole school year important for “acceleration”. New generations which have “acceleration” have better diet” especially in qualitative way. On the other hand, quantitatively and qualitatively insufficient diet and bad life conditions lead to slowing of growth in body mass and height. Anthropometry deals with measure of anthropometric dimensions of a human body, as well as with processing and studying of the given measurements. Considering physical culture, anthropometry is considered in the field of biology of human physical development and sport medicine. Stojanovic (1977) quotes that anthropometry has the following tasks: to state the general growth of the body by examination which enables comparison of some anthropometric dimensions, to notice advance or stagnation by comparison of the results acquired by longitudinal measurements, i.e. negative trend in growth and on the basis of some anthropometric dimensions, i.e. their relation, direct sportsmen towards those sport disciplines in which they can achieve optimal results. Momirovic et al; (1969) have detected four anthropometric factors denoted as latent morphological dimensions: longitudinal dimension of a skeleton, transversal dimension of a skeleton, volume and subcutaneous fat tissue /4/. International biological programme contains standardized list of 39 anthropometric measures which are realized in uniform procedure. For analysis and evaluation of the anthropometric values we usually use methods of index and standards. Method of index is determined for determination of ideal proportions of the body for adult persons. Method of standard is very important for determination of constitutional types for certain sport disciplines. The knowledge of anthropometric characteristics is very important for planning of physical education lessons, choice of methods and organizational forms of work and in the choice of physical exercises. It was thought that experimental treatment would provoke the biggest growth in this field. Subject of the research is anthropometric characteristics of secondary school female students. Goal of the research was to determine the effects of two ways of planning of physical education lessons on anthropometric characteristics of female students. 146 APES 1(2011) 2:145-150 Marković, Ž. et. al. : EFFECTS OF TWO MODES OF... Table 1. Central and dispersive parameters for anthropometric characteristics of experimental and control group for female students on intial evaluation Varij. TLVS-1 TLVS-2 TLTZ-1 TLTZ-2 ÀÎ Î P-1 ÀÎ Î P-2 ÀÎ Î N-1 ÀÎ Î N-2 ÀÎ PÊ-1 ÀÎ PÊ-2 Ì SD Err Min 1634.3 1625.8 582.5 594.6 230.4 230.9 252.3 254.1 357.3 361.3 56.6 64.5 107.1 116.7 15.6 19.0 29.5 33.4 32.4 33.5 8.00 9.96 15.16 18.02 2.21 2.93 4.17 5.16 4.58 5.18 1495.0 1500.0 440.0 425.0 204.0 198.0 208.0 204.0 308.0 302.0 Ì àõ KV Int. Pov. Sê¼. Kur. KS 1760.0 1780.0 900.0 1040.0 260.0 276.0 327.0 353.0 458.0 433.0 3.46 3.97 18.40 19.64 6.78 8.22 11.69 13.16 9.07 9.29 1618.2 1605.0 552.3 558.4 225.6 225.3 243.7 243.8 348.1 350.6 1650.3 1645.9 612.9 631.0 234.8 236.8 260.7 264.5 366.5 371.8 -.09 .45 .89 1.41 .11 .14 .58 .50 1.15 -.14 -.00 -.39 .58 3.27 -.69 -.67 -.30 .16 1.44 -.78 .998 .746 .894 .931 .994 1.000 .996 .996 .983 .997 there was a positive influence of sport game (handball) which was not interrupted during the cycle. Descriptive statistics and multivariant analysis of a variance were used in the processing of the data which were acquired by empirical research. Descriptive statistics and multivariant analysis of a variance were used in the processing of the data which were acquired by empirical research. THE RESEARCH RESULTS Table 1 it can be seen that anthropometric characteristics of female examinees in control and experimental group on initial measure are in relatively expected limits. The biggest deviation from middle value which can be seen by the coefficient of variation with value of 18.40, for experimental and 19.64 for control group is for body weight. Standard deviation with a value of 107.18 for experimental group and 166.79 for control group also indicates the biggest deviation for body weight. Considering the values of scunis it can be seen that the results are normally distributed, Scunis has a negative pre sign for height of experimental group and anthropometric circumference of lower leg of control group which indicates larger number of good results. Values of kurtosis for body weight of control group are more than three, which indicates that the results of this variable are extremely heterogeneous with platicurtic curve. The values of Kolmogorov-Smirnoff test show that the distribution of values is in the same normal distribution for all five researched characteristics. The values of multivariant analysis of a variance indicate that there is no statistically signifi- cant difference between experimental and control group of female examinees on initial measure in relation to five researched anthropometric characteristics, since the level of statistical significance is p=.686. Homogeneity of female examinees of control group on initial measure is bigger and it is 61.90%. Defined characteristics of its group are present in 26 female examinees, and 16 female examinees have other characteristics and not of their group.(Table 3) Table 2. Significance of differences between experimental and control groupof female examinees on initial measure in relation to the stateof anthropometric characteristics. Analysis Manova n F ð 5 .619 .686 Table 3. Homogeneity of experimental and control group of female examinees on initial measure in relation to the state of anthropometric characteristics Groups Experimental Control m/n 27/50 26/42 % 54.00 61.90 Anthropometric characteristics of female examinees of experimental and control group on final measure are in relatively possible and expected limits. The biggest deviation from middle value, which is indicated by the coefficient of variation with a value 19.07 for experimental and 19.48 for control group is for body weight. Standard deviation with a value 113.15 for experimental group 147 APES 1(2011) 2:145-150 Marković, Ž. et. al. : EFFECTS OF TWO MODES OF... Table 4. Central and dispersive parameters of anthropometric characteristics of experimental and control group of female examinees on final measure Varij. Ì SD Err. Ì in Ì ah ÊV Int. Sur. Skj. Kur. TLVS-1 TLVS-2 TLTZ-1 TLTZ-2 ÀÎ Î P-1 ÀÎ Î P-2 ÀÎ Î N-1 ÀÎ Î N-2 1644.5 1634.5 593.30 600.0 234.4 230.0 255.7 262.2 58.4 65.3 113.5 116.6 15.5 37.9 30.8 38.2 8.27 10.05 16.00 18.03 2.20 5.86 4.36 5.90 1500.0 1510.0 435.0 420.0 205.0 220.0 208.0 211.0 1770.0 1800.0 880.0 1090.0 270.0 295.0 330.0 398.0 3.55 3.98 19.07 19.48 6.64 16.50 12.06 14.58 1627.8 1614.2 561.1 563.5 230.0 218.1 246.9 250.3 1661.1 1654.8 625.4 636.4 238.8 241.8 264.4 274.20 -.17 .52 .79 1.87 .21 -3.89 .57 1.16 .01 -.27 .08 5.63 -.52 19.85 -.26 2.31 KS-p .999 .601 .648 .987 1.000 .456 1.000 1.000 and 116.86 for control group indicates the biggest deviation of body weight. By the values of scunis it can be stated that the results are normally distributed. Scunis has a negative pre sign for body height of experimental group and anthropometric circumference of stretched lower arm and for anthropometric circumference of lower leg, which indicates larger number of good results. be stated that between experimental and controlgroup of female examinees on final measure in relation to five researched characteristics there is no statistically significant difference, since the level of statistical significance is p=.495. Homogeneity of female examinees in experimental group on final measure is bigger and it is 68.00%. 34 female examinees have defined characteristics of the group while 16 female examinees have other characteristics and not theirs. (Table 6.). Table 5. Significance of differences between experimental and control group of female examinees on final measure in relation to the state of anthropometric characteristics CONCLUSION Multivariant analysis of a variance indicates that between experimental and control group of female examinees on initial and final measure in relation to five researched anthropometric characteristics there is no statistically significant difference. The results are logical, because the groups were formed by random criteria, and they are examinees of the same age and sex. The differences are a product of coincidence and constitutional differences which were provoked by different influences of regional factors. Similar results were achieved in the research of secondary school students (Bala, 1977; Katic, 1985; Kljajevic, 2005 and Kralunovic, 2006). Annual raise of body height and body weight is similar to the results on Ivanic, 1987 research. A lack of statistically significant differences in anthropometric characteristics, is justified by the results in Radovanovic, 1992 research, in which the following statements were derived: the students who train have similar anthropometric characteristics which are common for a certain sport, the students who have only two lessons of physical education at school have similar characteristics Analysis Manova n 5 F .885 p .495 Table 6. Homogeneity of experimental and control groupof female examinees on final measure in relationto the state of anthropometric characteristics Groups Experimental Control m/n 34/50 21/42 % 68.00 50.00 The values of kurtosis for body weight and anthropometric circumference of stretched lower arm for control group are larger than three, which indicates that the results of these variables are extremely heterogeneous with platicurtic curve. The values of Kolmogorov- Smirnoff test indicate that the distribution of values is in the frame of normal distribution for all five researched characteristics. It can be stated that by analyzing Table 5. it can 148 APES 1(2011) 2:145-150 Marković, Ž. et. al. : EFFECTS OF TWO MODES OF... with the secondary school population in our country and there are significant differences between sportsmen and those who exercise only during physical education lessons at school. The third statements completely justifies the results of this research, in which two lessons of regular physical education teaching are not enough for more serious transformations of anthropometric characteristics. It is also supported by the research of Djuraskovic and associates 2001. The later was proved on the pre school population (Markovic, 2008a and Markovic and Sekeljic 2008b). morphological, motoric, and functional characteristics of students. In Serbian.] (Unpublished Master’s thesis). Novi Sad: Fakultet fizičke kulture. Kurelić, N., Momirović, K., Stojanović, M., Šturm, J., Radojević, Đ. Viskić-Štalec, N. (1975). Struktura i razvoj morfoloških i motoričkih dimenzija omladine [Structure and development of morphological and motoric dimensions of youth. In Serbian.] Beograd: Institut za naučna istraživanja Fakulteta za fizičko vaspitanje Univerziteta u Beogradu. Marković, Ž. (2008a). Uticaj celodnevnog i poludnevnog boravka na antropometrijske karakteristike i motoričke spososbnosti predškolskog uzrasta [The influence of u full day stay and half day stay on anthropometric characteristics and motor abilities of pre school children. In Serbian.] Uzdanica , (1), 104-117, Jagodina: Pedagoški fakultet. Marković, Ž. i Šekeljić, G. (2008b). Uticaj boravka u predškolskim ustanovamana fizički rayvoj i fizičke sposobnosti [The influence of stay in pre schools on physical development and physical abilities. In Serbian.] Zbornik radova (9), 79-94. Užice: Učiteljski fakultet.. Momirović, K., Medved, R., Horvat, V. i PavišićMedved, V. (1969). Normativi kompleta antropometrijskih varijabli školske omladine oba spola u dobi od 12-18 godina [Norms of a compilation of anthropometric variables of school youth for both sexes at the age between 12-18. In Serbian.] Fizička kultura, 23(9-10), 263-278. Radovanović, Dj. (1992). Morfološke karakteristike učenika srednjih škola s obzirom na vrstu i intenzitet telesne aktivnosti [Morphological characteristics of secondary school students in relation to the kind and intensity of body activity. In Serbian.] Fizička kultura, (3), 195-198. Stojanović, M. (1977). Biologija razvoja čoveka sa osnovama sportske medicine [Biologu of human development with the basis of sport medicine. In Serbian.] Beograd: Fakultet fizičke culture. REFERENCES Bala, G. (1977). Struktura antropometrijskih dimenzija kod osoba ženskog pola [Structure of anthropometric dimensions at females. In Croatian.] Kineziologija, 7(1-2), 13-22. Ivanić, S. (1987). Akceleracija rasta i telesne mase kod beogradskih učenika uzrasta od 11 do 19 godina [Acceleration of growth and body weight at students from Belgrade from the age of 11 to 19. In Serbian.] Fizička kultura, 41(4), 236-238. Katić, R. (1985). Relacije između morfoloških karakteristika i uspjeha u predmetu tjelesni odgoj u usmjerenom obrazovanju [Relations between morphological characteristics and successes in subject physical education in secondary school education. In Serbian.] Fizička kultura, 39(1), 1416. Kljajević, V. (2005). Efekti različitih programa nastave fizičkog vaspitanja na transformaciju dimenzija antropološkog statusa učenika završnih razreda srednje škole [Effects of different programmes of physical education teaching on transformation of dimensions of anthropological status of secondary school students. In Serbian.] (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Novi Sad: Fakultet fizičke kulture. Krulanović, R. (2006). Efekti razičitih programa vežbanja i njihov uticaj na morfološke, motoričke i funkcionalne karakteristike učenika [Effects of different exercise programmes and their effect on Correspondence: Živorad Marković University of Kraguevac, Faculty of Pedagogy Milana Mijalkovića 14, 35000, Jagodina, Serbia E - mail: zimarkovic@yahoo.com 149 APES 1(2011) 2:145-150 Marković, Ž. et. al. : EFFECTS OF TWO MODES OF... EFEKTITE NA DVA NA^INI NA PLANIRAWE NA NASTAVATA PO FIZI^KO VOSPITUVAWE VRZ ANTROPOMETRISKITE KARAKTERISTIKI NA U^ENI^KITE OD SREDNITE U^ILI[TA UDK: 37.091.3:796-057.874 (Originalen nau~en trud) @ivorad Markovi}1, Zoran Bogdanovi}2, Aleksandar Igwatovi}1 i Sandra Milanovi}1 1Univerzitet 2Dr`aven vo Kraguevac, Pedago{ki fakultet vo Jagodina, Srbija Univerzite vo Novi Pazar, Oddel za sport i rekreacija, Novi Pazar, Srbija Apstrakt Predmet na istra`uvaweto bea antropometriskite karakteristiki na u~eni~kite na vozrast od srednoto obrazovanie. Cela na istr`uvaweto be{e da se utvrdat efektite na dva na~ini na planirawe na nastavata po fizi~ko vospituvawe vrz antropometriskite karakteristiki na u~eni~kite. Vo istra`uvaweto so eksperimentalen tretman bea vklu~eni 92 u~eni~ki, podeleni vo dva oddelni podprimeroci - vo soglasnost so kriteriumite za planirawe na nastavata po fizi~koto vospituvawe: eksperimentalna grupa od 50 u~eni~ki so postojnoto planirawe, kako i kontrolna grupa od 42 u~eni~ki, so planirawe na nastava po fizi~ko vospituvawe vo ciklusi. Vo istra`uvaweto se primeneti pet antropometriski karakteristiki za sledewe na: longitudinalnata i cirkularnata dimenzionalnost na skeletot. Efektite na eksperimentalniot i kontrolniot model za planirawe i sproveduvawe na programskite sodr`ini na nastavata po fizi~ko vospituvawe, ne predizvikaa statisti~ki zna~ajni promeni na antropometriskite karakteristiki na u~eni~kite. Dobienite rezultati se logi~ni, bidej}i grupite koi bea formirani spored slu~ajni kriteriumi, bea od ista vozrast i ist pol. Klu~ni zborovi: eksperimentalna grupa, kontrolna grupa, ciklusi, logitudinalna dimenzionalnost, cirkularna dimenzionalnost, MANOVA 150 APES 1(2011) 2:151-156 Protić, G. B. et. al. : FREQUENCY OF POSTURAL... FREQUENCY OF POSTURAL DISORDERS IN SAGITAL PLANE OF YOUNGER-AGED SCHOOL CHILDREN UDC:796:616.711-007.5-084 (Original scientific paper) Branka Protić – Gava, Tijana Šćepanović, Nikola Jevtić and Velimir Kadović University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Novi Sad, Serbia Abstract Purpose of this research is determination of frequency of spinal deviations in sagital plane: kyphosis, lordosis, flat back in younger-school children, as well as eventual gender differences. Research included children from Novi Sad schools, at the age of 10-13 or 55 in total (20 boys and 35 girls). For assessment of postural status the method of somatoscopy was used (modified method by Napoleon Wolanski, according to Radisavljević). Data processing was performed as per descriptive statistics: numerical and percentage occurrence of postural disorders, whereas gender-bound differences were determined by Pearson’s χ2 - test. Results of research indicate that 67.3 % children have the following forms of bad postures: lordosis, 40 % kypho-lordosis, and 32.8 % kyphosis. Decreased neck lordosis is registered in 30.9 %, while increased one is found in 37.3 % children. Flat back was found in 5.5 %. Higher frequency of deviated segments of the spine in sagital plane was determined in girls, however these differences are not statistically significant. In case of these deformities, it is the question of functional stadia, so that they can be eliminated successfully with proper bodily exercises. Keywords: kyphosis, lordosis, flat back, χ2 - test, percentages, neck lordosis INTRODUCTION The number of school children with postural disorders is in growth (Koturović & Jeričević, 1996; Protić – Gava, 2008; Radisavljević, 2001) and it can lead to serious health problem unless eliminated on time (Milošević & Obradović, 2008). There are various causes for spinal deviations such as obesity, malnutrition and insufficient physical activity (which decreases when entering school). Social status of parents (Protić - Gava, Čokorilo, & Karanov, 2006) plays a significant role on children’s postural status because parents can involve their children in physical activities in their free time. The most sensitive period of children’s growth and development is surely the period of entering school, and that is the reason why it is important to pay attention to all external factors which can have ill-effects on spinal adaptation (Koturović & Jeričević 1996; Radisavljević, 2001). Working on elimination of these factors can lead to good results (Krsmanović, 2007). METHODS This research includes 55 children, 20 boys and 35 girls, age 10 to 13. All subjects are from territory of Novi Sad and were detected with postural status disorders and therefore posture correction exercises were conducted upon them with their parents’ permission. Posture correction excercises were conducted by the students of Faculty of Sport and Physical Education from Novi Sad whose major is in Kinesitherapy. For assesment of postural status the modified method of Napoleon Wolansky was used according to Radisavljevic, where grade 0 presents that all segments of the body are in normal position, Grade 1 presents slight discrepancy from normal position (1st degree of discrepancy), Grade 2 presents larger discrepancy from normal position (2nd 151 APES 1(2011) 2:151-156 Protić, G. B. et. al. : FREQUENCY OF POSTURAL... Table 1. Numerical and percentage occurrence of increased neck lordosis, as well as thesignificance of gender-bound differences Evaluation of postural status- increased neck lordosis Count % within increased neck 0 lordosis % within gender Count % within increased neck 1 lordosis % within gender Count % within increased neck 2 lordosis % within gender Count Total X2=0.510 Gender Total M 19 F 32 51 37,3% 62,7% 100,0% 95,0% 1 91,4% 2 36,4% 3 33,3% 66,7% 100,0% 5,0% 0 5,7% 1 1,8% 1 0% 100% 100,0% 0% 20 2,9% 35 2,9% 55 % within increased neck lordosis 36,4% 63,6% 100,0% % within gender 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% p=0.741 Table 2. Numerical and percentage occurrence of decreased neck lordosis, as well as the significance of gender-bound differences Evaluation of postural status- decreased neck lordosis Count % within decreased neck 0 lordosis % within gender Count % within decreased neck 1 lordosis % within gender Count Total X2=0.1514 Gender Total M 16 F 22 38 42,1% 57,9% 100,0% 80,0% 4 62,9% 13 69,1% 17 23,5% 76,5% 100,0% 20,0% 20 37,1% 35 30,9% 55 % within decreased neck l. 36,4% 63,6% 100,0% % within gender 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% p= 0.186 degree of discrepancy). The following body segments were tested: head posture, shoulder posture development of thorax, posture of shoulder blade and discrepancy of vertebral column in frontal and sagital plane, the shape of legs and feet arc. In this research authors used variables for evaluation of posture in sagital plane: decreased neck lordosis, increased neck lordosis, lordosis, kyphosis, kypho-lordosis and flat back. Numerical and percentage occurence of spinal deviations in sagital plane was deter- mined by descriptive statistics, whereas genderbound differences were determined by Pearson’s chi-square test on the level of significance p=0,05. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Chart 1 presents numerical and percentage occurance of increased neck lordosis, as well as the significance of gender-bound differences. Increased neck lordosis of 1st degree was present in 3 subjects, which makes 7,3% of total number, whereas 2nd degree of deformity was detect152 APES 1(2011) 2:151-156 Protić, G. B. et. al. : FREQUENCY OF POSTURAL... Table 3. Numerical and percentage occurrence of kyphosis, and the significance of gender-bound differences Count % within kyphosis % within gender Count % within kyphosis % within gender Count % within kyphosis % within gender Count Gender M F 12 25 32.4% 67.6% 60.0% 71.4% 7 7 50.0% 50.0% 35.0% 20.0% 1 3 25.0% 75.0% 5,0% 8.6% 20 35 37 100% 67.3% 14 100.0% 25.5% 4 100% 7.3% 55 % within kyphosis 36.4% 63.6% 100.0% % within gender 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% p=0.450 Evaluation of postural status- kyphosis 0 1 2 Total X2=0.655 Total Table 4. Numerical and percentage occurrence of lordotic posture, and the significance of gender-bound differences Count % within kypho-lordosis % within gender Count % within kypho-lordosis % within gender Count % within kypho-lordosis % within gender Count Gender M F 7 11 38,9% 61,1% 35% 31,4% 12 20 37,5% 62,5% 60% 57,1% 1 4 20,0% 80,0% 5,0% 11,4% 20 35 18 100,0% 32,7% 32 100,0% 58,2% 5 100,0% 9,1% 55 % within kypho-lordosis 36,4% 63,6% 100,0% % within gender 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% p=0.724 Evaluation of postural-lordosis 0 1 2 Total X2=0.557 ed in only one subject (1,8%). Bad neck posture with slight discrepancy from normal has one boy (1,8%) and 3,6% of girls. Significant discrepancy from normal neck posture was present in one girl which makes 1,8 %. Bad posture in cervical segment of vertebral column was detected more in girls than boys, but the gender difference results have no statistic significance. (p=0,714). Decreased neck lordosis of 1st degree (Chart 2) was present in 17 subjects , that is 30,9 % of total Total number, whereas bad posture of 2nd degree was not determined. Decreased neck lordosis occurs in both gender but just as slight discrepancy (1st degree). It is detectable that 4 boys have this disorder, which makes 7,3%, and 13 girls, 23,6%. In this case bad posture in cervical segment of vertebral column was detected more in girls than boys but the gender difference results have no statistic significance. (p=0,186). 153 APES 1(2011) 2:151-156 Protić, G. B. et. al. : FREQUENCY OF POSTURAL... Table 5. Numerical and percentage occurrence of kypho -lordotic posture, and the significance of gender-bound differences Evaluation of postural - kypho -lordosis 0 1 2 Total X2=0.375 Gender Total Count % within kypho -lordosis % within gender Count % within kypho -lordosis % within gender Count % within kypho -lordosis % within gender Count M 10 30,3% 50,0% 9 47,4% 45,0% 1 33,3% 5,0% 20 23 69,7% 65,7% 10 52,6% 28,6% 2 66,7% 5,7% 35 33 100,0% 60,0% 19 100,0% 34,5% 3 100,0% 5,5% 55 % within kypho -lordosis 36,4% 63,6% 100,0% % within gender 100,% 100,0% 100,0% p=0.465 Table 6. Numerical and percentage occurrence of flat back, and the significance of gender-bound differences Count % within flat back % within gender Count % within flat back % within gender Count Gender M F 20 32 38,5% 61,5% 100,0% 91,4% 0 3 0% 100,0% 0% 8,6% 20 35 52 100,0% 94,5% 3 100,0% 5,5% 55 % within flat back 36,4% 63,6% 100,0% % within gender 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% p=0.178 Evaluation of postural status-flat back 0 1 Total X2=0.249 Kyphotic bad posture is shown in Chart 3. Slight discrepancy from normal posture (1st degree), was found in 14 subjects which makes 25,5%. Significant discrepancy from good posture of thorocal spinal segment was found in 4 subjects, that is 7,3% of children. Analysis of the results implies that 67,3% of subjects have good posture of thorocal segment ofvertebral column. However, the fact that 32.7% of subjects have slight or greater discrepancy from normal status indicates a severe health problem that these children can have later in life. That was the reason why these children were subjected to programed posture correction excercise. Statist- Total ically important differences in kyphotic bad posture between girls and boys were not detected , although girls were found in 5,5% cases with greater discrepancy. Results of shoulder blade status, which are one of the indicators of good or bad status of torocal segment of spine , are 63,8% found in 7 year old boys and 58,8% found in 7 year old girls. These data indicate the difference in posture between this group and subjects from our research. However, sometimes the postural disorders can be mitigated due to maturation and age (Srzić, Kosinac, & Bučević-Nikšić, 2007) but to correct this disorder it is necessary to receive sistematic correction treatment. 154 APES 1(2011) 2:151-156 Protić, G. B. et. al. : FREQUENCY OF POSTURAL... this team. It is concluded that flat back disorder is the least frequent (5,5%) and present only with girls. The most frequent disorder is lordotic bad posture (58,2%) found in girls. These results coincide with other researches (Milošević and Obradović, 2008; Srzić, et al., 2007) which indicate more frequent lordotic bad posture with girls and overweight children. Physical activity, posture correction excercises and proper nutrition education would prevent spinal deviations in sagital plane and influence healthy life style. Also, it is important to establish good relationship with parents and teachers and involve them in work with children. Numerical and percentage occurance of lordotic posture, and the significance of gender-bound differences are shown in Chart 4. Lordotic posture with slight discrepancy from normal has 58,2% of subjects. This percentage is extremely smaller in lordotic bad posture with signifficant discrepancy from good status (Ugarković, 1999; Koturović & Jeričević, 1996). Good status of lumbal segment was present in 32,7% of subjects, 35% boys and 31,4% girls. The larger percentage is in the group of girls with 2nd degree of lordotic bad posture (11,4) than boys (5,0). Although the frequency in lordotic bad posture occurance is greater with girls (68.5%) than boys (65%), the difference between these is not statistically important (p=0,724). It is neseccary to treat occurance of lordosis side with the earlier physical exercise, and also with the right diet. Determination shows that obesity in preschool period has one of the most important impact on occurance of Los Lumber curve (Srzić et al., 2007). It is interesting, however in adolescent age that improper posture predominate in obese children. Results of kypho-lordotic posture are shown in Chart 5. From the total number of subjects, 19 of them (34,5) have slight discrepancy from good posture of thoroco lumbal segment of the spine and 3 of them,that is 5,5% have greater discrepancy of the same. Kypho-lordosis was more spread among boys 50% and 34,3% of girls were found with the same deformity. These differences are not statistically significant (0,465) but they are evident. Flat back, which are characterized by the lack of physiological spinal curves in sagital plane, are not so common. Results of the research prove this fact. Only 3 girls, that is 8,6% were found with flat back (Chart 6). Nevertheless, children with this disorder need to be involved in posture correction treatment in order to stop the progress. Genderbound difference with this disorder was found but has no statistic importance.(p=0,178). REFFERENCES Koturović, Lj., & Jeričević D. (1996). Korektivna gimnastika [Corrective Gimnastics. In Serbian.] Beograd: IGP , MIS SPORT. Krsmanović, T. (2007). Posturalni poremećaji i kako ih sprečiti [Postural disorders and how to prevent them. In Serbian.] Glasnik Antropološkog društva Srbije, 42, 345-351. Milošević, Z., & Obradović, B. (2008). Posturalni status dece novosadskih predškolskih ustanova uzrasta 7 godina [Postural status of preschool children in Novi Sad, aged 7 years.In Serbian.] Glasnik Antropološkog društva Srbije, 43, 301309. Protić-Gava, B., Čokorilo, R., & Karanov, B. (2006). Socijalni status roditelja i posturalni status predškolske dece Vojvodine [ The social status of parents and postural status of preschool children of Vojvodina. In Serbian.] In G. Bala (ur.) Antropološki status i fizička aktivnost dece i omladine (pp. 213-219). Novi Sad: Fakultet sporta i fizičkog vaspitanja. Protić – Gava, B., Bošković, K., Krsmanović, T., & Romanov, R. (2009). The relationship between pelvis posture and lower extremities in young schoolchildren. In M. Mikalački (ed.), Procceedings of 1st International Scientific Conference Exercise and Quality of Life (pp. 447452). Novi Sad: Faculty of Sport and Physical Education. Protić – Gava, B. (2008). Frequenccy of impaired bodily posture in the BMI categories and its share according to gender. Proceedings of the International Symposium Research and Education in Innovation Era (pp. 559-564). Arad: “Aurel Vlaicu” University. Radisavljević, M. (2001). Korektivna gimnastika sa osnovama kineziterapije [Corrective gimnastics CONCLUSION The research was conducted in order to determine the frequency of spinal deviations in sagital plane among boys and girls age 10 to 13, as well as the possible gender-bound differences. The subjects were 55 children (20 boys and 35 girls) who are involved in corrective treatment conducted by students of Faculty of Sport and Physical Education in Novi Sad. Authors of the paper are part of 155 APES 1(2011) 2:151-156 Protić, G. B. et. al. : FREQUENCY OF POSTURAL... sportu (str. 329-332). Sarajevo: Fakultet sporta i tjelesnog odgoja. Ugarković, J.A.(1999). Zavisnost posturalnih promena u odnosu na morfološki status učenika mladjeg školskog uzrasta [Dependence of postural changes in relation to the morphological status of junior school age. In Serbian.] (Unpublished Master’s thesis) .Novi Sad: Fakultet fizičke kulture. basics of kinesiotherapy. In Serbian.] Beograd: Fakultet za sport i fizičko vaspitanje. Srzić, M., Kosinac, Z., & Bučević-Nikšić, N. (2007). Utjecaj nekih relevantnih somatskih pokazatelja na slabinsku lordozu u djece juvenilne dobi [Influence of some relevant somatic indicators of lumbar lordosis in juvenile age children. In Croatian.] In N. Smajlović (ur.) Zbornik radova. II. Međunarodni simpozijum nove tehnologije u Correspondence: Branka Protić-Gava University of Novi Sad Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Lovćenska 16, 21000 Novi Sad, Srbija E-mail: brankapg@gmail.com ZASTAPENOSTA NA POSTURALNITE NARU[UVAWA VO SAGITALNA RAMNINA KAJ DECATA OD MLADATA U^ILI[NA VOZRAST UDK:796:616.711-007.5-084 (Originalen nau~en trud) Branka Proti}-Gava, Tijana [}epanpovi}, Nikola Jevti} i Velimir Kadovi} Univerzitet vo Novi Sad, Fakultet za sport i fizi~ko vospituvawe, Novi Sad, Srbija Apstrakt Celta na istra`uvaweto be{e da se utvrdi zastapenosta na devijaciite na rbetniot stolb: kifoza, lordoza i ramen grb, kaj decata od mladata u~ili{na vozrast, kako i eventualnite razliki spored polot. Vo istra`uvaweto bea opfateni 50 deca (20 ma{ki i 35 `enski) od u~ili{tata vo Novi Sad, na vozrast od 10 do13 godini. Za procenuvawe na posturalniot status koristena e somatoskopskata metoda (modificirana od Napoleon Volanski, spored Radisavqevi}). Obrabotkata na podatocite e izvr{ena so deskriptivnite statistici: broj~ana i procentualna zastapenost na posturalnite naru{uvawa, a za utvrduvawe na razlikite spored polot koristen e χ2 - test. Rezultatite na istra`uvaweto poka`aa deka 67,3% od decata imaat lordoti~no, 40,0% kifolordoti~no i 32,8% kifoti~no lo{o dr`ewe. Pomala loroza na vratot imaa 30,9%, a pogolema 37,3% deca. Ramen grb imaa 5,5% deca. Pogolema zastapenost na ovie otstapuvawa utvrdena e kaj devoj~iwata. Ovie otstapuvawa se definirani so funkcionalen stadium, taka {to uspe{no mo`at da se otstranat so soodvetno telesno ve`bawe. Klu~ni zborovi: lordoza, kifoza, ramen grb, loroza na vratot, χ2 – test, procenti 156 APES 1(2011) 2:157-162 Kalač, R. et. al.: MEASUREMENT FEATURES OF SOME... MEASUREMENT FEATURES OF SOME SPECIFICALLY MOTOR TESTS ON BOXERS UDC:796.83.012.1 (Original scientific paper) Ruždija Kalač1, Serjoža Gontarev1 and Slobodan Stojčevski2 1Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Faculty of Phisical Culture, Skopje, Center of Physical Education and Sport, Skopje, Macedonia 2Gimnasium “Goce Delchev”, Kumanovo, Macedonia Abstract On the 53 male boxers, aged 18-28 years, are given 8 multi-itemed specific motoric tests, with the objective of defining their measurement features. The results of the tests are analysed with many methodological statistic procedures. For defining the factor validity is used the Heling’s method for the main components, which in the further procedure are transformed into the Oblimin’s position. The reliability was defined based on a number of coefficients calculated on the basis of the classical theory. The results showed that most of the specifically motor tests have sufficient reliability and validity. The tests do not have a unique measurement purpose, actually two different factors were isolated. Keywords: reliability, validity, tests, factoratization national and international matches. To realize the research were given 8 specifically motor tests such as: ‘skip rope – 10 seconds’ (SKI10S), ‘measuring the speed of making 100 direct hits on a heavy bag’ (BR100D), ‘measuring the speed of making 10 combo punches on a heavy bag’ (BR100K), ‘ jump and hit 10 seconds and hitting a left/right direct’ (SUNPOD), ‘ jump and hit 10 seconds and hitting a left/right croshet’ (SUNPOK), ‘jump and hit 10 seconds and hitting an uppercut’ (SUNPOA), ‘defence from a 1-d direct and throwing six combo punches on the coach’s hands’ (OBROTK), series of 100 punches in the hands of the coach’s hands ‘(SEP). All the tests were composed by 3 repetitions (items). For all the tests there were specific statistic methods and the results were analysed by the classical measuring method. First there are some statistic methods that are used for analyzing the results from every test and then it is made a summation of all the results by calculating the projection of the first main component (Hotelling method). The particles of every test are analyzed with INTRODUCTION The evaluation of the degree of measurement features on the tests for defining latent motoric dimensions of the entities is one of the most significant methodological needs in the kinesiology researches. But the degree of the measurement features on the motoric tests is not a universal and constant appearance. It usually have differences because of the sex and the age of the entities, the type of sports activity they are involved with, the level of the results they reached, the condition of their motoric capabilities, the ethnical, urban and socialeconomic conditions they live and work at. In our country until now there were no sufficient researches according this question, but there was a research made on sportists – boxers in order to define and analyze the measurement features on few specifically motor tests which will have huge practical significance. METHODS The research is realized on 53 male boxers, aged 18-28 years. All of them were competing in 157 APES 1(2011) 2:157-162 Kalač, R. et. al.: MEASUREMENT FEATURES OF SOME... basic descriptive statistic parameters, Kolmogorov – Smirnov method for testing the distribution of the results (KS), Perrson’s correlation coefficient (R), determination coefficient (SMC), Hotelling method of the main components (H), characteristical roots and their percentage of valid variance (PCT). The number of main components is determined with the Kaiser – Guttman criterion, according to which important components are only the ones which characteristical roots have values equal or bigger than 1.00. Spirman–Braun coefficient based on the average coefficients of determination of the components which is defined as the low limit reliability (SB1). Spireman– Braun coefficient of reliability based on the average corelation of the components (SB2). (Cronbach coefficient based on the projection of the particules of the first main component. For the group of 8 tests which were intended for estimation of latent motoric dimensions, are done the following statistic methods: Pirson‘s coefficient for corelation between the particules (R), coefficient of determination (SMC), Hotelling method of the main components (H).The important main components in the further procedure are transformed into the Oblimin position according to Jennrich and Sampson, 1966. Table 1. Basic statistical parameters, factorization and reliability coefficient of the particles of the test skipping rope for 10 sec’ (SKI10S) n X SD 1 (.92) .96 .94 R i SMC 2 SKI10S1 32.32 4.81 SKI10S2 32.11 4.83 (.97) SKI10S3 32.17 4.75 .98 λ=2.91 PCT(%)=97.26 SB1=.982 SB2=.986 Cronbach α=.986 3 (.96) H1 .98 .99 .99 Table 2. Basic statistical parameters, factorization and reliability coefficient of the particles of the test measuring the speed of making 100 direct hits on a heavy bag' (BR100D) n X SD BR100D1 BR100D2 BR100D3 36.57 36.62 36.49 4.45 4.51 4.49 1 (.90) .94 .94 R i SMC 2 3 (.95) .97 (.95) H1 .98 .99 .99 λ = 2.90 PCT(%)=96.70 SB1=.976 SB2= .983 Cronbach α=.983 Table 3. Basic statistical parameters, factorization and reliability coefficient of the particles of the test measuring the speed of making 10 combo punches on a heavy bag ' (BR100K) n X SD BR100K1 BR100K2 BR100K3 40.89 40.70 40.79 5.67 5.80 5.74 1 (.94) .97 .96 R i SMC 2 (.97) .98 3 (.96) RESULTS The data from the Kolmogorov-Smirnov procedure (HP) show that five of eight tests are applied in all particles significant at 1%, does not deviate from the normal distribution. The test ’ jump for 10 seconds and crochet’ (SUNPOK), has no normal distribution in all three particles, where a stests of ‘jump for 10 seconds and performing1d uppercut’ (SUNPOA) and ‘defense with a deviation of 1-d direct punch and placement of six counter strike at the hands of the coach’ (OBROTK), has no normal distribution only in one his frequent item. Based on the results of the normal distribution can be concluded that it satisfied the necessary metodologic statistic criteria for the application of fair and reasonable statistical procedures for the further processing of the received data. In most of the test values of the arithmetic mean of the particles, from first to last, are not significantly different. At the test ‘jump and attack for 10 seconds and 1-d crochet’ (SUNPOK), last particle is the arithmetic mean of the higher value compared to the H1 .99 .99 .99 λ = 2.93 PCT(%)=97.81 SB1=.984 SB2= .989 Cronbach α=.989 Table 4. Basic statistical parameters, factorization and reliability coefficient of the particles of the test jump and hit 10 seconds and making left/right direct ' (SUNPOD) n X SD SUNPOD1 SUNPOD2 SUNPOD3 40.89 40.70 40.79 5.67 5.80 5.74 R i SMC 1 2 (.94) .97 .96 (.97) .98 3 (.96) H1 .92 .94 .86 λ = 2.46 PCT(%)=81.94 SB1=.852 SB2= .889 Cronbach α=.888 158 APES 1(2011) 2:157-162 Kalač, R. et. al.: MEASUREMENT FEATURES OF SOME... Table 5. Basic statistical parameters, factorization and reliability coefficient of the particles of the test jump and hit 10 seconds and making left/right chrose ' (SUNPOK) n X SD 1 (.63) .76 .74 R i SMC 2 SUNPOK1 16.87 0.81 SUNPOK2 16.94 0.86 (.69) SUNPOK3 17.04 0.94 .78 λ =2.52 PCT(%)=84.01 SB1=.853 SB2= .905 Cronbach α=.903 3 (.66) H1 .91 .93 .92 Table 6. Basic statistical parameters, factorization and reliability coefficientof the particles of the test jump and hit 10 seconds and making left/right uppercut' (SUNPOA) n SUNPOA1 SUNPOA2 SUNPOA3 X SD 17.13 17.08 17.19 0.83 0.96 1.06 R i SMC 1 2 (.54) .69 .69 (.61) .75 3 (.62) H1 .88 .90 .91 λ =2.42 PCT(%)=80.54 SB1=.813 SB2= .979 Cronbach α=.875 Table 7. Basic statistical parameters, factorization and reliability coefficient of the particles of the test defence from a 1-d direct and throwing six punches on the coach’s hands ' (OBROTK) n X SD 1 (.81) .89 .83 R i SMC 2 3 OBROTK1 2.07 0.32 OBROTK2 2.06 0.33 (.86) OBROTK3 2.01 0.29 .89 λ = 2.74 PCT(%)=91.36 SB1=.932 SB2= .953 Cronbach α=.952 (.79) H1 .95 .97 .95 Table 8. Basic statistical parameters, factorization and reliability coefficient of the particles of the test series of 100 combined punches in the hands of the coach’s hands ' (SER100) n X SD 1 (.94) .97 .95 R i SMC 2 SER1001 43.30 6.74 SER1002 42.74 6.41 (.97) SER1003 42.58 6.53 .97 λ =2.93 PCT(%)=97.54 SB1=.983 SB2= .987 Cronbach α=.987 3 (.95) H1 .98 .99 .99 159 first and second particle, while in the test ‘series of 100 combined hits in the hands of the coach’ (SER100 ) first particle is the arithmetic mean of the higher value compared to the second and third. Among the test it is recommendable to carry out an experimental test, without having to measure the result. The tests are satisfactory. It is seen from the measures of variability (SD, MIN, and MAX). The intercorelation of the particles in all tests is statistically significant and ranged from .69 to 98. Between the particles of some tests it is high and with a consistent structure. Ratios among the determination of the particles applied to all tests, mainly in accordance with the ratios of their inter - correlations. They are within the limits from .54 to .97, and within each test can not be characterized by significant mutual deviations. Analogous to the values of the coefficients and inter correlation determination of particles in each applied test, is isolated by one statistically significant characteristic root, whose percentage of validity variance ranges from 80.54% for the test ‘ jump and punch for 10 seconds and performing 1d uppercut’ (SUNPOA) to 97.81% for the test ‘speed on performing a combined 10 hits on a heavy bag’ (BR100K). The results show that there is a unique case of measuring the particles in all tests and that it has been used most of the total valid variance. Homogeneity of the tests that can determine the projection of their particles on the single object of measurement, on the single major component, is good among most of the tests ranged at over .95. In accordance with that, and the coefficients of reliability (SB1, SB2 and Crombach- α). All three calculated ratios among the largest number of tests are satisfactory (over .870). On the tests ‘jumping on a skip-rope 10 seconds.’ (SKI10S), ‘speed on the performance of the 100 direct hits on the heavy bag’ (BR100D), ‘speed of performing a combined 10 hits on the heavy bag’ (BR100K) ‘series of 100 combined hits in the hands of the coach’ (SER100 ), ‘defense from the 1-d direct placement of six counter strike at the hands of the coach’ (OBROTK), high reliability is expressed or ratios ranged against at.900. Just a bit lower reliability are showing the tests, ‘jump and hit10 seconds and performing direct1-d’ (SUNPOD), ‘ jump and attack for 10 seconds and APES 1(2011) 2:157-162 Kalač, R. et. al.: MEASUREMENT FEATURES OF SOME... Tabel 9. Correlation of specific motor tests with coefficient of determination in parentheses R i SMC Tests 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 SKI10S (.33) BR100D -.49 BR100K -.24 .50 SUNPOD .15 -.07 .08 (.38) SUNPOK .32 -.42 -.02 .53 SUNPOA .38 -.33 -.09 .38 .78 (.67) OBROTK -.27 .63 .44 -.23 -.42 -.45 (.56) SER100 -.16 .42 .67 -.12 -.05 -.06 .49 8 (.63) (.55) (.73) (.54) Tabel 10. Factor analysis of specific motor tests Testovi OBL1 OBL2 F1 SKI10S BR100D BR100K SUNPOD SUNPOK SUNPOA OBROTK SER100 λ1 =3.57 -.35 .39 -.44 .47 .72 -.28 .78 -.43 .90 .22 .85 .03 .14 .70 -.02 .67 -.01 .92 -.21 .92 -.06 .85 -.24 .87 .65 -.36 .73 -.50 .84 .16 .81 -.03 λ2 = 1.83 PCT1(%)= 41.95 PCT2(%)=22.90 ment of six counter strike at the hands of the coach ‘(OBROTK)’ series of 100 combined hits in the hands of the coach ‘(SER100). The highest projection, and thus the validity of this factor had test ‘speed of performing a combined 10 hits on the heavy bag’ (.90). On the second Oblimin factor high projections have tests ‘jumping on a skip rope 10 seconds.’ (SKI10S), jump and attack for 10 seconds and performing direct 1-d ‘(SUNPOD), jump and attack for 10 seconds and performing co 1-sd crochet (SUNPOK), ‘jump and attack for 10 seconds and performing 1-d uppercut’ (SUNPOA). The highest projection of the second oblimin factor, and thus the validity of a test jump and attack for 10 seconds and performing 1d crochet (.92). CONCLUSION Based on the results obtained, the application of statistic methods have given the following conclusions: - Expressed a high degree of reliability of the tests is determined among ‘ jumping on a skip-rope 10 seconds.’ (SKI10S), ‘speed on the performance of the100 direct hits on the heavy bag’ (BR100D), ‘speed of performing a combined10 hits on the a heavybag’ (BR100K), ‘defense with a deviation of 1-d and direct placement of six counterstrike at the hands of the coach’ (OBROTK) ‘ series of 100 combined hits in the hands of the coach’ (SER100). - With careful application of eligibility without modification can be applied tests: ‘ jump and attack for 10 seconds and performing direct1-d’ (SUNPOD),’ or jump and attack 10 seconds and performing 1-dcrochet’ (SUNPOK). - Unsatisfactory level-the need to give a modification(with an increased number of particles, the test attempts) is a test or ‘jump and hit 10 seconds and performing 1-d uppercut’ (SUNPOA) - Tests do not have the object of measurement, two factors are isolated.High estvalidity for assessing the first factor has the test ‘ speed of performing a combined 10 hits on the heavy bag ‘ (BR100K). Highest validity for assessing to the second factor has the test ‘jump and hit 10 seconds and performing1-d crochet’ (SUNPOK). F2 performing 1-d crochet’ (SUNPOK), ‘ jump and attack 10 seconds and performing 1-duppercut’ (SUNPOA). Based on this can be concluded that most of the applied tests of reliability are satisfactory, and this get highratios (over .95) at the lower limit of reliability (SB1) among a larger number of tests. By factoring in the eight tests (Table 10) for estimating on the specific motor skills among boxers isolated two statistic significant principal components, which points out that the tests do not have uniquesubject of measurement. The first Oblimin factor is saturated with high projections of the tests’ speed on the performance of the 100 direct hits on the heavy bag’ (BR100D), ‘ speed of performing a combined 10 hits on the heavy bag ‘ (BR100K), ‘ defense to the 1-d direct and place- 160 APES 1(2011) 2:157-162 Kalač, R. et. al.: MEASUREMENT FEATURES OF SOME... dve grupi sportisti. [Validity and reliability and of some tests to assess motor coordination ability in two groups of sportist. In. Macedonia] Nau~na konferenciÿ “Fizi~eskoto vüzpitanie i sporta vobrazovatelnta sisitema”. Blagoevgrad: Ministerstvo na obrazovanieto i naukata; Þ gozapad Univerzitet “Neofit Rilski”. Naumovski, A. i sor. (2005). Relijabilnost i validnost na nekoi testovi kaj ispitanicite so natprose~ni motorni sposobnosti. [Reliability and validity of some tests in subjects with above average motor skills. In Macedonia] Skopje:Federacija na sportski pedagozi na Republika Makedonija. Savić, M. (1986.). Utvrðivanje strukture psihosomatskog statusa boksera .[Determining the structure of the psychosomatic status of boxers. In Serbian.] Fizička kultura, 4, 266. Savić, M. (1988). Baterija mernih instrumenata za procenu i praæenje psihosomatskog statusa boksera prilikom izbora i usmeravanje deèaka za boks. [The battery of measurement instruments for assessing and monitoring the psychosomatic status of boxers during the selection boys for boxing. In Serbian.]Kragujevac: Savet trenera. Savić, M., Zahorjević, A. (1994.).Metrijske karaktsristike testova za procenu specifičnih motoričkih sposobnosti boksera. [Metric characteristics of tests to assess specific motor abilities boxers. In Serbian.]. III Simiozijum “FIS-Komunikacije”, Niš. Zahorjević, A. (1976). Validacija instrumenata za ispitivanje psihosomatskog stava i stepena treniranosti boksera. [Validation of instruments for testing matic system and degree of practice boxers. In Serbian]. Novi Sad: Zavod za fizičku kulturu Vojvodine. LITERATURE Kurelić, N., Momirović, K., Stojanović, M., Šturm. J., Radojević., Đ. i Viskić-Štalec. N. (1975) Struktura i razvoj morfoloških i motorièkih dimenzija omladine. [The structure and development of the morphological and motor dimensions of the young. In Serbian.] Institut za naučna istraživanja Fakulteta za fizičko vaspitanje Univerziteta u Beogradu.. Marcelja, D., Hosek, A., Viskic-Stalec, N., Horga, S., Gredelj, M. i Metikoš, D. (1973). Metriske karakteristike testova za procenu faktora koordinacije tjela. [Metric characteristics of tests to assess the factors coordinating body. In Croatia.] Kineziologija, 2, 5-11. Metikoš, D., Prot, F., Hofman, E., Pintar, Ž. i Oreb,G. (1989). Merenje motorièkih dimenzija sportaša. [Measuring the motoric dimensions of sportis. In Croatia] Komisija za uđbenike i skripta Fakulteta za fizičku kulturu Sveučilušta u Zagrebu. Zagreb, Metikoš, D. Gredelj, M. i Momirović, K. (1979). Struktura motorichih sposobnosti. [Structure motorichih abilities In Croatia] Kineziologija, (12), 25-50. Metikoš D., Prot, F., Horvat, V., Kules, B. i Hofman, E. (1982). Bazicne motoricke sposobnosti ispitanika natprosecnog motorickog statusa. [Basic motor abilities of subjects above average motor status. In Croatia] Kineziologija, 5, 21-51. Momirović, K, Pvicić, L. i Hosek, A. (1982). Neki postupci za procenu pouzdanost na temelju unikne varijanse cestica kompozitnih mernih instrumenta .[Some procedures for estimating reliability on unique variance composite particle measuring instruments. In Croatioan] Kineziologija, 1, 23-26. Naumovski, A. (2002). Validnost i relijabilnost na nekoi testovi za procenuvawe na biomotornata sposobnost koordinacija kaj Correspondence: Serjoža Gontarev Ss. Cyril and Methodius University Faculty of Phisical Culture, Center of Physical Education and Sport Železnička bb, 1000, Skopje, Macedonia E-mail:cfosmk@gmail.com 161 APES 1(2011) 2:157-162 Kalač, R. et. al.: MEASUREMENT FEATURES OF SOME... MERNI KARAKTERISTIKI NA NEKOI SPECIFI^NOMOTORНИ TESTOVI KAJ BOKSERITE UDK:796.83.012.1 (Originalen nau~en trud) Ru`dija Kala~1, Serjo`a Gontarev1 i Slobodan Stoj~evski2 1Univerzitet “Sv. Kiril i Metodj” vo Skopje, Fakultet za fizi~ka kultura, Skopje, 2Centar za fizi~ko obrazovanie i sport, Skopje, Makedonija Gimnazija “Goce Del~ev”, Kumanovo, Makedonija Apstrakt Na primerok od 53 bokseri, od ma{ki pol na vozrast od 18 do 28 godini se primeneti 8 pove}eajtemski specifi~no motorni testovi, so cel da se utvrdat nivnite merni karakteristiki. Podatocite od testovite se obraboteni so pove}e metodolo{ko-statisti~ki proceduri. Za utvrduvawe na faktorskata validnost e primenata Hoteligovata metoda na glavni komponenti, koi vo natamo{nata postapka se transformirani vo Oblimin pozicija. Relijabilnosta be{e odredena vrz osnova na pove}e koeficienti presmetani vrz osnova na klasi~nata teorija. Dobienite rezultatati poka`aa deka pove}eto specifi~no motorni testovi, imaat zadovolitelna relijabilnost i validnost. Testovite nemaat edinstven predmet na merewe, odnosno izolirani se dva faktora. Klu~ni zborovi: validnost, relijabilnost, testovi, faktorizacija 162 APES 1(2011) 2:163-168 Živković, M. et. al.: ADAPTIVE CHANGES OF MOTOR AND... ADAPTIVE CHANGES OF MOTOR AND FUNCTIONAL ABILITIES OF SCHOOLCHILDREN UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION UDC: 012.1- 057.874 (Original scientific paper) Mladen Živković1, Jelena Radičević2 and Milica Petković3 1University 2University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education in Niš, Serbia of Niš, Mr student, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education in Niš, Serbia 3Elementary School “Ivo Andrić”, Niš, Serbia Abstract The main aim of this research was to determine adaptive changes of motor and functional abilities of schoolchildren under the influence of regular physical education curricula. A sample was comprised of 50 subjects schoolboys attending elementary school “Petar Petrović Njegoš”in Belgrade, aged 12 (±6 months), having regular PE curricula. Sample of measuring instruments for the estimation of motor abilities encompassed dimensions: segmentary speed (hand tapping - MTAP, leg tapping MTAN, leg tapping on the wall -MTAZ; explosive power (standing long jump - MSDM, standing high jump- MSVIS, sitting medicine ball throwing - MBMS); flexibility (bench deep forward bent -MDPK, split -MŠ, bat dislocate -MISP). Functional abilities were measured by the following tests: pulse frequency after the load (FPPO), Margaria test (FMARG) and vital capacity of the lungs (FVKPL). Functional tests were selected according to the research of Heimar & Medved, 1997. Software „Statistica“ 8.0 for Windows was used for the calculation of the following parameters: basic statistical parameters, discriminative measurements (skewniss and curtosis), and canonic discriminative analysis. Results of the canonic discriminative function showed that under the influence of regular PE curricula teaching in the experimental period there were statistically significant changes in motor and functional abilities. Keywords: elementary schools, testing, exsperiment, discriminative analysis INTRODUCTION PE curriculum is a very complex and delicate social activity aiming at using the means of bodily exercises and specific forms of organization and methods to provide for positive transformations of the anthropological dimensions of schoolchildren. In order to realize such high goals the most responsible person is a PE teacher whose role is to enable the implementation of the most rationale and purposeful administration of the PE curricula contents (Bala, 1981; Arunović, Berković, Bokan, Krsmanović, Madić & Matić, 1992; Bompa, 2006). Basic function of PE is manifested in meeting the natural biological and psychological demands and needs of children and youth for movements, playing and creative potential. Hence basic goal of PE in its wides sense can be defined as construction and improvement of the complex personality by means of the specific forms of organization and methods that PE curricula contents provide (Goodway, Crowe, Ward & 2000; Duraković, 2007). Thus envisaged goal of PE curricula requires continuous creation of conditions and possibilities for the schoolchildren to manifest and validate themselves within the PE curricula contents as a free, creative and authentic personality. PE curricula contents enables area for the full engagement of the schoolchildren so that they can acquire necessary knowledge and master sportstechnical knowledge so they become stimulated to perfect their capabilities and construct their per163 APES 1(2011) 2:163-168 Živković, M. et. al.: ADAPTIVE CHANGES OF MOTOR AND... sonalities completely on their own. Satisfying the optimal needs of the individual is the only correct and possible approach and should be opened for each and every individual. In order to achieve this it is obligatory for the PE curricula contents to provide for the process of the controlled transformation of certain anthropological dimensions of the schoolchildren according to the previously individually determined goals. Goals and tasks within the frame of the PE curricula contents realization represent provision of the optimal incentives of the growth, health improvement, increase in functional and motor abilities, improvement of technical-tactical knowledge and other dimensions of the anthropological area (Brown, Vance, Fergo & Santana, 2004; Višnjić 2006; Milanović, 2007). Knowledge of the structure and development of motor and functional abilities of children and youth is vital in PE curricula implementation. Development of motor and functional abilities can be favourably influenced in the age of 6 to 14 under the right impact of the PE curricula implementation, and this is viable only on the condition that planning, programming and implementation of the PE teaching process is in congruence with the individual abilities and characteristics of the subjects. This means that the PE teaching process must be individualized, which is accomplished by among other things, the programmed instruction based on the data of the initial, control and final state of the subjects. Complying with this fact the research problem is to investigate the existence of statistically significant adaptive changes in motor and functional abilities caused by the regular PE curricula contents administration in subjects, elementary schoolchildren. Subject of this research was study of the motor and functional abilities of the subjects schoolchildren regularly attending and complying to the PE curricula in the elementary school “Petar Petrović Njegoš” in Belgrade. Basic aim of the research was to determine adaptive changes of motor and functional abilities of schoolchildren under the influence of regular physical education curricula. The purpose of this research was to use longitudinal investigations within the frame of PE curricula implementation so as to define adaptive changes of motor and functional abilities of schoolchildren in elementary school. sample of 50 subjects attending elementary school “Petar Petrović Njegoš” in Belgrade, of male sex, aged 12 (±6 months ) attending regular PE curricula. Sample of measuring instruments for the estimation of motor abilities encompassed dimensions: segmentary speed (hand tapping - MTAP, leg tapping - MTAN, leg tapping on the wall MTAZ; explosive power (standing long jump MSDM, standing high jump- MSVIS, sitting medicine ball throwing - MBMS); flexibility (bench deep forward bent - MDPK, split - MŠ, bat dislocate - MISP). Measuring instruments for the estimation of motor abilities were chosen based on the research of Kurelić, Momirović, Stojanović, Šturm, Radojević & Viskić-Štalec, 1975. Functional abilities were measured by the following tests: pulse frequency after the load (FPPO), Margaria test (FMARG) and vital capacity of the lungs (FVKPL). Functional tests were selected according to the research of Heimar & Medved, 1997. Basic statistical parameters were calculated and canonic discriminative analysis were also used. Structure of a motor exercise in the experimental period 64 PE classes were administered in the course of 4 months based on the PE curricula drawn up by the PE teachers complying with the abilities and features of the schoolchildren, technical and financial conditions and other relevant factors. Contents of each individula PE class comprised the initial, main and final part. Regular PE curricula were directed to the development of the abilities of all topological body parts, to enhancing the efficiency of all organs and organic systems, functional abilities, strength, speed, endurance and subjects flexibility. Plan and program were commensurate with the aims and tasks of the PE curricula these being: exercises for the harmonious and general coverage of all the loco-motor systems segments, development of strength and flexibility, development of coordination abilities, development of speed, (speed of motor reaction, speed of movements, and frequency of movements, in rectilinear and curvilinear movement). Withing the plans of the regular PE curricula in subjects all the aims and tasks were defined, time cycles (periodization) for their implementation as well as necessary technical and financial factors. METHODS Pursuing the aim and goals of this research elementary school population was chosen with the 164 APES 1(2011) 2:163-168 Živković, M. et. al.: ADAPTIVE CHANGES OF MOTOR AND... Table 1. Basic statistical parameters of motor abilities of the subjects in the initial measurement Var. MTAP MTAN N 50 50 AS 41.84 31.04 Max 48.55 36.47 Min 35.88 28.55 SD 2.70 1.60 SE 0.302 0.178 Skewn. 0.101 0.335 Kurtos. 1.404 -1.189 MTAZ MSDM 50 50 19.26 164.04 26.00 200.78 15.69 140.00 1.04 0.76 0.116 0.085 0.131 0.437 1.973 -0.666 MSVIS MBMS 50 50 37.62 436.14 50.45 500.56 25.22 401.55 0.42 0.40 0.047 0.045 -0.213 0.136 -0.797 -0.232 MDPK MŠPA 50 50 43.28 160.58 50.47 180.22 39.65 147.29 7.27 14.08 0.813 1.574 -0.020 0.255 -0.694 0.906 MISP 50 75.08 90.65 48.11 3.07 .67 .267 -1.737 Table 2. Basic statistical parameters of functional abilities of the subjects in the initial measurement Variable FPPO FMARG N 50 50 AS 151.20 3.52 Max 176.00 4.62 Min 143.50 2.58 SD 6.31 0.52 SE 1.041 0.058 Skewn. -0.234 0.227 Kurtos. -0.136 -1.043 FVKPL 50 2720.15 3880.00 4537.00 9.01 91.568 -0.344 -1.465 RESULTS Results shown in the Table 1 in the initial measurements in the area of motor abilities indicate that none of the variables displayed significant abberation from the normal distribution having in mind that the coefficients of skewness do not exceede 1.00. Results of the kurtosis are below the normal values of distribution 2.75, which makes distribution platicurtic or scattered. Results shown in the Table 2 in the initial measurements in the area of functional abilities indicate that none of the variables displayed significant abberation from the normal distribution having in mind that the values of skewness do not exceede 1.00. Results of the kurtosis are below the normal values of distribution 2.75, which makes distribution platicurtic or scattered. lation (Canonical Correlation) (CR) show that 53% explains discrimination of the function, which points out to the fact that the system of motor variables highlly defines the area of motor abilities.Discrimination strength (Wilks’s Lambda) is .719 and points out to the significance of the difference between the results of the two measurements. Significance of the difference between the results of the two measurements is a remarkable one (Sig = .000), which confirms a high value of Chi-square test (Chi-square = 30.86). On the basis of the obtained results one can conclude that there are statistically significant global differences in motor abilities between the initial and final measurements of the subjects. The biggest contribution to the discriminative function (Table 4) is attributed to the motor variable leg tapping on the wall – MTAZ .754), then hand tapping – MTAP .455), while the slightest contribution was found in standing high jump MSVIS, (MSVIS -.039). Results of the centroids of groups -.619 and .619 (Table 5), which were tested through the significance of the discriminative function point out to the significant distance between the initial and final measurements. Distance of both groups of measurements on discriminative dimension from the middle is equal but is diametrally different considering the foresign which means that groups of measurements are located in different discriminative areas. Table 6 shows the succes of the division of Differences between the initial and final measurement of motor abilities In order to define the differences between the initial and final measurements of motor abilities a discriminative analysis was applied. There were calculated the values of the coefficients of discrimination (Eigenvalue), coefficients of canonical correlation (Canonical Correlation), Bartlet test (Wilks’ Lambda), Chi-square degree of freedom (df) and i statistical significance (Sig). Table 3 gives one isolated significant discriminative function (Eigenvalue .391) which divides the results of the initial and final measurements. Values of the coefficients of canonical corre165 APES 1(2011) 2:163-168 Živković, M. et. al.: ADAPTIVE CHANGES OF MOTOR AND... Differences between the initial and final measurement of functional abilities Table 7. gives one isolated significant discriminative function (Eigenvalue 1.542.) which divides the results of the initial and final measurements. Values of the coefficients of canonical correlation (CR) show that 57% explains discrimination of the function, which points out to the fact that the system of functional tests variables highly defines the area of functional abilities. Discrimination strength (Wilks’s Lambda) is .317. and points out to the significance of the difference between the results of the two measurements. Significance of the difference between the results of the two measurements is a remarkable one (Sig = .000), which confirms a high value of Chi-square test (Chi-square = 64.644). On the basis of the obtained results one can conclude that there are statistically significant global differences in functional abilities between the initial and final measurements of the subjects The biggest contribution to the discriminative function (Table 8) is attributed to the functional Table 3. Isolated discriminative function Eigenvalue Canon.Cor. (CR) .391 .53 Wilks’s Lambda .719 Chisquare df Sig. 30.86 9 .000 Table 4. Factor structure of the isolated discriminative function Tests MTAZ Function 1 .754 MTAP MSDM .455 .447 MBMS MTAN .423 .371 MISP MŠPA .247 .220 MDPK MSVIS .064 -.039 Table 5. Centroids of measurements Measurement Initial Function 1 -.619 Final .619 Table 7. Isolated discriminative function Table 6. Classification matrix Initial Final Initial 40 13 Final 10 37 Total 50 50 Initial Final 80% 26% 20% 74% 100% 100% Eigenvalue Canon.Cor. (CR) Chisquare Wilks’s Lambda df Sig. 1.542 .57 64.644 .317 3 .000 Table 8. Factor structure of the isolated discriminative function Variable FVKPL FPPO FMARG results of variables of motor abilities in subjects in the initial and final measurements. Homogeneity of subjects in both measurements shows that there are differences, because 40 subjects in the initial measurement show the characteristics of their group, and 10 do not. On the other hand 37 subjects in the final measurement show the characteristics of their group. Consequently one can state that the homogeneity of the initial measurement is 80%, and final one is 74%. Upon analysing the obtained results of the discriminative analysis of the motor abilities in the final measurement in comparison to the initial measurement in subjects one can conclude that there ensued statistically significant changes under the influence of the PE curricula. Function 1 .754 .678 .445 Table 9. Centroids of measurements Measurement Initial Function 1 -1.203 Final 1.203 Table 10. Classification matrix 166 Total Initial Final Initial Final 41 5 9 45 50 50 Initial Final 82% 10% 8% 90% 100% 100% APES 1(2011) 2:163-168 Živković, M. et. al.: ADAPTIVE CHANGES OF MOTOR AND... test vital capacity of the lungs (FVKPL .754), then pulse frequency after the overload FPPO (.678), while the slightest contribution was found in Margaria test (MARG .445). Results of the centroids of groups 1.203 i 1.203 (Table 9 ), which were tested through the significance of the discriminative function point out to the significant distance between the initial and final measurements. Distance of both groups of measurements on discriminative dimension from the middle is equal but is diametrally different considering the foresign which means that groups of measurements are located in different discriminative areas. Table 14 shows the succes of the division of results of variables of functional abilities in the initial and final measurements. Homogeneity of subjects in both measurements shows that there are differences, because 41 subjects in the initial measurement show the characteristics of their group, and 9 do not. On the other hand 45 subjects in the final measurement show the characteristics of their group. Consequently one can state that the homogeneity of the initial measurement is 82%, and final one is 90%. Upon analysing the obtained results of the discriminative analysis of the functional abilities in the final measurement in comparison to the initial measurement in subjects one can conclude that there ensued statistically significant changes under the influence of the PE curricula. possible the introduction of the individualized form of teaching in pedagogical practice,more correct formation of the homogenized groups for the teaching practice and determination of the optimal contents, intensity of overload and forms of work. REFERENCES Arunović, D., Berković, L., Bokan, B., Krsmanović, G., Madić, B., Matić, M., Radovanović, Đ. i Višnjić, D. (1992). Fizičko vaspitanje, Teorijskometodičke osnove stručnog rada [Physical education, Theoretical-methodical basics of the practical work. In Serbian.] Niš: »Sirius«. Bala, G. (1981). Struktura i razvoj morfoloških dimenzija djece SAP Vojvodine [Structure and development of the morophological dimension in children in SAP Vojvodina. In Sebian.] Novi Sad: Fakultet fizičke kulture Univerziteta u Novom Sadu (OOUR Institut fizičke kulture). Bompa, T. (2006): Teorija i metodologija treninga [Theory and methodology of training. In Croatian.] Zagreb: Nacionalna i sveučilišna knjižnica. Brown, V; Vance, A; Fergo, J i Santana, C. (2004). Brzina, agilnost, eksplozivnost. 179 vježbi za sportiste [Speed, agility, explosiveness. 179 exercises for the athletes.In Croatian] Zagreb: Gopal Duraković, M. (2007). Kinotropologija, Biološki aspekti tjelesnog vežbanja Kinanthropology [Biological aspects of physical exercising. In Croatian.] Zagreb: Kineziološki fakultet sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Goodway, D.J., Crowe, H. & Ward, P. (July 2003). Effects of motor skill instruction on fundamental motor skill development. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 20 (3). Retrieved May 23. 2007 from: http://www.humankinetics.com/JPAH/searchresults.cfm. Heimar, S. i Medved, R. (1997). Funkcionalna dijagnostika treniranosti sportaša [Functional diagnostics of the athletes training. In Croatian.] Međunarodno savetovanje, Zbornika radova (2344). Zagreb: Fakultet za fizičku kulturu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Kurelić N., Momirović, K., Stojanović, M., Radojević, Ž. i Viskić-Štalec, N. (1975). Struktura i razvoj morfoloških i motoričkih dimenzija omladine [Structure and development of the morphological and motor dimensions of the youth. In Sebian] Beograd: Institut za naučna istraživanja Fakulteta za fizičko vaspitanje Univerziteta u Beogradu. Milanović, D. (2007). Teorija treninga, Priručnik za studente sveučilišnog studija [Theory of training, Handbook for the students of the universities. In Croatian] Zagreb: Kineziološki fakultet CONCLUSION A sample for this research was comprised of 50 subjects, schoolboys, aged 12 (±6 months), having regular PE curricula. For the estimation of motor abilities six tests were used and three tests for the functional abilities. The main aim of this research was to determine adaptive changes of motor and functional abilities of schoolchildren under the influence of regular physical education curricula. Results of the research of adaptive changes of motor and functional abilities of schoolchildren under the influence of regular physical education curricula bring new insights and information that can contribute to the increase in the level of theoretical knowledge of the PE teachers which in turn can ensure the more efficient implementation of the PE curricula. On the basis of the determined dynamics of the development of motor and functional abilities of the subjects one can more efficiently monitor, control and direct the development of anthropological characteristics and abilities. The obtained results of this research makes 167 APES 1(2011) 2:163-168 Živković, M. et. al.: ADAPTIVE CHANGES OF MOTOR AND... Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Višnjić, D. (2006). Nastava fizičkog vaspitanja: od V do VIII razreda osnovne škole: priručnik za studente, nastavnike i profesore [Physical education teaching process in grades V to VIII of the elementary school: handbook for the students, teachers and professors. In Serbian.] Beograd: Zavod za udžbenike i nastavna sredstva. Correspondence: Mladen Živković University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and PhysicaEducation, Čarnojevićeva 10A,18000, Niš, Serbia E-mail: profrile@gmail.com ADAPTIVNI PROMENI NA MOTORNITE I FUNKCIONALNITE SPOSOBNOSTI KAJ U^ENICITE POD VLIJANIETO NA FIZI^KOTO VE@BAWE UDK: 012.1-057.874 (Originalen nau~en trud) Mladen @ivkovi}1, Jelena Radi~evi}2 i Milica Petkovi}3 1Univerzitet vo Ni{, Fakultet za sport i fizi~ko vospituvawe, Ni{, Srbija 2Univerzitet vo Ni{, m-r student, Fakultet za sport i fizi~ko vospituvwe, Ni{, Srbija Osnovno u~ili{te „Ivo Andri}“, Ni{, Srbija 3 Apstrakt: Osnovna cel na istra`uvaweto be{e da se utvrdat adaptivnite promeni na motornite i funkcionalnite sposobnosti pod vlijanieto na redovnata nastava po fizi~ko vospituvawe kaj u~enicite od osnovnite u~ili{ta. Primerokot na ispitanicite be{e sostaven od 50 u~enici od osnovnoto u~ili{te „Petar Petrovi} - Wego{„ od Belgrad, na vozrast od 12 godini (±6 meseci) koi bea opfateni so redovnata nastava po fizi~ko vospituvawe. Za procenuvawe na motrnite sposobnosti bea primeneti slednite merni instrumenti: segmentarna brzina (taping so raka – MTAP, taping so noga – MTAN, taping so nozete na yid – MTAZ); eksplozivna snaga (skok vo dale~ina od mesto – MSDM, skok vo viso~ina od mesto – MSVIS, frlawe medicinka od sedewe – MBMS); fleksibilnost (dlabok pretklon na klupa MDPK, {pagat – M[, iskret so palka – MISP). Funkcionalnite sposobnosti se procenuvani so testovite: frekvencija na pulsot po optovaruvawe (FPPO), Margarija test (FMARG) i vitalen kapacitet na belite drobovi FVKPL). So programata „Statistika“ se presmetani slednite parametri: osnovni statisti~kiparametri, diskriminativnost na mereweto (skjunis i kurtozis), Studentov t-test za mali zavisni primeroci i kanoni~ka diskrminativna analiza. Rezultatite od kanoni~kata diskriminativna analiza, poka`aa deka redovnata nastava po fizi~ko vospituvawe vo eksperimentalniot period, predizvikala statisti~ki zna~ajni promeni vrz motornite i funkcionalnite sposobnosti na u~enicite. Klu~ni zborovi: osnovni u~ili{ta, testirawe, eksperiment, diskriminativna analiza 168 APES 1(2011) 2:169-178 Arsić, R. et. al. :COMPARASION SPORTS RESULTS DEAF... COMPARASION SPORTS RESULTS DEAF STUDENTS REACHED AT THE SCHOOL SHAMPIONSHIPS UDC:796.034-056.263 (Review) Radomir Arsić, Nevenka Zrnzević and Jelena Krulj-Drašković University of Priština – Kosovska Mitrovica, Kosovo i Metohija, Teacher Ttraining Faculty, Prizren-Leposaviæ, Serbia Abstracts Regular physical activity and physical fitness is especially important to maintain health and well-being of people of all ages. Research clearly shows that almost all individuals, including those with disabilities, have better health if they have regular physical activity.The study (Longmuir, Bar-Or, 2000) estimates the level of physical activity of young people with disabilities, people with impaired hearing had the highest level of physical activity in relation to other persons with disabilities. This is primarily because they have been in school for deaf children and youth provided by the school and extracurricular physical activity program. To achieve the goal of physical health activities of the nation, there is a need to improve physical activity levels of deaf persons who are outside the school grounds of physical education and competitive sports. To promote different ways of life, physical activity imoguænosti, including acceptance of the concept of “active life”, a way of life that integrates physical activity into daily routines, and should become a priority health objective. Keywords : physical activity, health, disabilities, physical education, sports, athletics, parents, motor abilities, cognitive abilities. Unlike most other sports, athletics is a very flexible sport so that children begin to run after not missing key skills that are built with age, because most of the athletic events for children what is natural (such as running, jumping and throwing ). Age, maturity of the child and their ability to follow the guidelines set events that are appropriate for them. For example, running the hurdles, long racetrack and some athletic events are not recommended for small children, but it certainly should participate in races such as 60 and 100 meters, high jump and long jump. Most primary and secondary schools as well as many special schools for the education of deaf children in Serbia have their own athletic clubs, organized in the teaching of physical education and competing in a variety of school and other amateur competitions (city, regional and republican). It is normal that for them there is less interest than football clubs, but the obligation of teachers to animate children and athletic sports. Always has to be taken into account that the child participates in competitions mainly for fun and to focus primarily on these events was a party to the victory. It is not easy to determine the “right” time for the child when they need to get involved in organized sports events. In children, except the ability to concentrate, the level of maturity and strength varies at different ages and there is no concrete way to determine whether the child is ready for the physical effort you need to have on competition. Today, children are more interested in television, computer and video igarice and parents themselves are often afraid to let their children on the street. Children today are simply uninterested in physical activity. Regardless of the cause of why children participate in physical activities, we can consider the results of research over the last few years, 169 APES 1(2011) 2:169-178 Arsić, R. et. al. :COMPARASION SPORTS RESULTS DEAF... Tabela 1. Standard for girls 9 10 11 12 13 14 60m 9,50 9,00 8,75 - - - 100m 15,55 14,45 13,71 13,30 12,96 12,95 Long jamp 3,55 4,03 4,28 4,61 4,95 5,20 High jamp 1,11 1,28 1,36 1,45 1,49 1,54 Shot put 5,71 7,46 9,32 9,11 10,34 10,90 Tabela 2. Standard for boys 9 10 11 12 13 14 60m 9,40 8,80 8,65 - - - 100m 15,00 14,16 13,77 13,31 12,33 11,80 Long jamp 3,64 3,99 4,24 4,58 5,30 5,86 High jamp 1,18 1,30 1,39 1,49 1,60 1,69 Shot put 6,77 8,15 9,75 10,00 12,19 12,14 The tables are taken from: British Columbia Junior Developmen t Awards Criteria (BC Athletics) Table 3. 100 m boys 2005 2006 2008 2010 60 m girls 2005 2006 2008 2010 12,40 13,57 12,6 12,6 9,00 9,30 9,9 9,00 13,10 14,28 13,80 13,20 9,24 9,63 10,00 9,56 13,50 15,01 14,30 14,30 9,27 9,69 10,10 9,76 13,96 15,16 14,60 14,90 9,50 9,71 10,20 10,57 13,96 15,32 14,80 15,80 11,29 9,84 10,30 11,12 15,19 16,79 14,90 16,90 - 9,95 10,40 12,69 15,30 17,17 15,10 17,00 - 10,24 10,40 12,69 13,91 15,32 14,30 15,27 AS 9,66 9,76 10,18 10,81 2,90 3,60 2,50 4,90 SD 2,29 0,94 0,50 3,69 Table 4. Running the 100 meters Record Standard The result of the competition in Serbia The difference between a record Hellmich, 1997. in the magazine USA Today, 1 July 1997., found that only 22% of children are physically active every day, they 49% are moderately vigorously active, and only 34% of them attend classes of Physical Education in their schools, while nearly 23% of children do not have these classes, for various reasons (health, indiff- 10,01 14,16 12,60 01,59 erence, or without reason). He found that almost 54% of children aged 6-11 years are obese, and obesity rates are now more and more increases. Also found that physical activity is an integral part of the learning process in schools at all levels, and that disabled children or children who are not engaged in sports had a low opinion of yourself, 170 APES 1(2011) 2:169-178 Arsić, R. et. al. :COMPARASION SPORTS RESULTS DEAF... Table 5 Running at 300 and 200 meters 300 m boy 2005 200 m girls 2006 2008 2010 48,20 47,50 49,80 2005 2006 2008 2010 46,20 32,90 35,40 35,30 47,60 47,46 34,50 35,80 36,68 51,60 49,30 48,19 35,00 36,10 37,51 52,20 50,50 48,54 35,60 37,10 37,82 57,00 51,10 50,34 35,60 38,50 38,95 57,30 56,60 51,61 37,60 40,10 39,52 59,60 60,37 52,30 38,50 40,80 41,35 60,13 60,61 53,20 39,80 42,30 43,57 60,26 61,00 53,22 40,60 44,60 44,52 60,27 61,76 53,79 55,10 45,10 45,50 55,63 58,00 50,69 AS 38,84 39,78 40,09 12,07 30,10 9,11 SD 22,20 9,70 10,00 Table 7. 200 meters, girls Record Standard The result of the competition in Serbia The difference between a record 22,18 32,90 10,72 Table 8. Long jump Long jump - boys Long jump - girls 2005 2006 2008 2010 2005 2006 2008 2010 4,91 4,61 5,00 5,06 3,85 3,25 3,60 3,45 4,85 4,71 4,42 4,76 3,45 3,22 3,27 3,35 4,80 4,43 4,32 4,29 3,41 3,22 3,07 3,11 4,77 4,38 3,97 4,20 3,39 3,17 2,92 2,94 4,73 4,18 3,95 4,19 3,25 3,12 2,84 2,79 4,72 4,05 3,83 3,80 3,16 3,06 2,69 2,47 4,54 3,90 3,72 3,62 3,10 3,01 2,64 2,44 3,89 3,45 3,71 2,98 3,02 2,73 2,60 2,36 3,45 3,23 3,18 2,70 2,96 2,68 2,39 2,34 - - - - 2,61 - 2,24 2,18 4,41 4,04 3,88 3,95 AS 3,22 3,05 2,72 2,70 1,46 1,38 1,82 2,36 SD 1,24 0,57 1,36 1,27 171 APES 1(2011) 2:169-178 Arsić, R. et. al. :COMPARASION SPORTS RESULTS DEAF... Table 9. Long jump - boys Record Standard The result of the competition in Serbia The difference between a record 8,34 4,58 4,61 3,73 Table 10. Long jump, girls Record Standard The result of the competition in Serbia The difference between a record 7,14 4,61 3,85 3,29 Table 11. High jump - boys High jump - girls 2005 2006 2008 2010 2005 2006 2008 2010 140 138 140 140 110 122 115 110 135 135 135 135 110 120 110 110 135 130 135 135 110 115 105 105 130 130 130 125 110 110 100 100 120 120 125 120 105 110 100 90 120 115 120 115 - 105 100 90 110 110 110 105 - 105 95 - 125 126 115,42 107,85 AS 109 112,42 103,57 100,83 20 28 30 35 SD 5,00 17 20 20 Table 12. High jump - boys Record Standard The result of the competition in Serbia The difference between a record 2,33 1,49 1,40 0,93 Table 13. High jump, women Record Standard The result of the competition in Serbia The difference between a record you do not like the common activities and to become antisocial. Children who are involved in the sport feel better, better fit to the group and are less likely to become obese later in life. Mentally, sports help stimulate intellectual development, shar- 2,01 1,36 1,22 0,79 pen motor skills, develop better emotional and social development in child support after the onset of depression and above self-esteem in children. Inactive children who are active in sports competitions and activities improves self-esteem 172 APES 1(2011) 2:169-178 Arsić, R. et. al. :COMPARASION SPORTS RESULTS DEAF... Table 14. Shot put Shot put - boys Shot put - girls 2005 2006 2008 2010 2005 2006 2008 2010 10,01 10,27 10,36 10,17 8,61 7,04 8,36 7,58 9,18 9,44 9,80 9,50 7,29 6,49 7,80 7,37 9,01 9,16 9,47 7,80 7,10 4,46 7,74 6,90 8,85 8,60 9,18 7,65 6,76 6,27 7,73 6,52 8,45 8,56 8,43 7,10 6,75 6,06 7,60 6,50 7,87 7,98 8,10 6,59 6,72 6,01 6,90 6,25 7,78 6,70 7,34 5,85 5,85 5,57 6,64 6,00 7,53 5,75 7,00 5,54 5,80 5,02 5,90 5,67 5,19 4,50 7,00 4,80 5,25 4,87 5,59 5,00 - - - - 4,18 - 4,20 45,50 8,10 7,77 8,47 7,90 AS 6,34 5,97 6,66 6,04 4,82 5,77 3,36 5,37 SD 4,34 2,17 4,16 3,18 Table number 15. Shot put, boys Record Standard The result of the competition in Serbia The difference between a record 23,23 10,00 10,36 12,87 Table number 16 Shot put, girls Record Standard The result of the competition in Serbia The difference between a record and develop better communication. This is particularly important for deaf children where communication is limited due to the undeveloped speech. Athletics allows for deaf children that they interact with children the same age with similar interests to improve their social skills for later in life. This experience in the sport will serve as a positive model to follow when you get close to other challenges and obstacles throughout life. There is a strong link between academic achievement and sports, especially in primary and secondary school (Krucoff, 1998). 20,54 9,11 8,61 11,93 The competition is an important tool in the motivation of children to increase their potential in many areas of the education. The ultimate goal of the competition is to challenge and to improve the sense of their abilities and at the end of himself, the result is not important and the children feel good and show what they can do best. Competition, victory and defeat are aspects of the sport that can be used to build character and gain a greater degree of self-knowledge in young children. Teamwork, perseverance, dedication, commitment, takmicarstvo, loyalty, self-discipline, and compassion for others are all positive qualities that children learn 173 APES 1(2011) 2:169-178 Arsić, R. et. al. :COMPARASION SPORTS RESULTS DEAF... are studying there from 4 to 10 students are used to hearing all the remains that exist in students and used hearing aids that can enhance the intensity of sound waves that come to students. In addition to the low threshold of pupil-teacher relationship in the education of deaf children need a relationship is primarily one on one (need an assistant teacher) to develop in parallel and communication (oral and sign communication). If there are these four factors: good went between students and teachers, assistant teachers, individual speech development and parent involvement, we can talk about success in the development of communication and academic skills of deaf children. Unfortunately, there is not enough resources, or enough power for the realization of these tasks. A large number of parents trying to teach sign language to communicate with children svojoim neglecting oral communication. In addition to the development of communication for deaf students at the different development and mobility, in research conducted by Leberman (Lieberman, 1965), found that better academic results achieved by deaf children of deaf parents, they have better language development and social relations of deaf children whose parents are deaf. The relations between musculoskeletal 78.6% of deaf children of deaf parents and 73.3% of parents of deaf students who hear reached or exceeded the average performance level for their age. This shows us that speech and language development of deaf children which does not affect the development of motor and technical capacity. We also suggest that there are no differences between deaf children of deaf parents and parents to hear. Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky (18861934) concluded that the processes of thought meaning and social situations can be divided into different categories, but they are interdependent. Vygotsky concluded that higher mental functioning of an individual is directly linked to his social interactions through the use of or mediated by tools and signs (ovede the tools it means language). Vygotsky believes that there is a “law of cultural development” for each function in the development of the child and that it flows so that the child is first adjusted to the social interaction and only then on the psychological and instrumental areas. Recently, some researchers advocate for deaf education for bilingual approach to education of through competition. Seventy-five percent of children will drop from organized sports until his fourteenth year because they do not look for competition. Three out of four children does not intend to preserve their achievements, they would rather lose and have fun than to seek victory at any cost, as opposed to their parents (Spaide, 1997). They enjoy the success of their children much more than their own. The intensity and frequency of temper tantrums, which is manifested in many parents whose children participate in sports competition is increasing. For this reason, in addition to psychological problems that occur in these children often are the injuries and more young athletes, especially under such pressure that suffered massive damage in the growth of muscle and bone. Girls are also very susceptible to injury because of increased body fat, reduced muscle strength and changes in the line of the body (Johnson, 1998). Children are not ready to younger age use their muscles for a living physical activity. Finally, the sport must be used to cause the child’s respect, trust, health and social life. When a child practicing athletics, and the environment encourages it, there are more self-esteem, he will learn faster, and I enjoy more and better under the pressure of competition. Table No.1 and 2 running sports standards for children aged 9-14 years. Table No.1 provide standards for girls, and in Table No.2 provide standards for boys. But if we take into account that the work we are talking about gluvoj children, we believe that the above standards can further reduce. One of the most important consequence of hearing loss is the inability to learn the language and speech by deaf children, which should be in accordance with standadima learning speech and language of the majority population. The vast majority of deaf children never achieve a speech and language skills for academic and professional achievement. All investigations were carried out so far confirm this stance. As the dominant reason for low success in acquiring language and speech noted the impossibility of speech perception and language through the senses of hearing, or the lack of information the brain receives through the senses. All advocates of the oral and character, and combined methods in deaf education, they agree in one issue: communication and academic learning requires much more effort than deaf children. For this reason, in the classroom where deaf children 174 APES 1(2011) 2:169-178 Arsić, R. et. al. :COMPARASION SPORTS RESULTS DEAF... Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland and Romania, our country did not participate in these games. It is interesting to note that women performed only in the discipline of swimming the 100-meter backstroke. In these games we are emerging as participants for the first time in 1949 with 35 competitors, winning the first medal until 1957 in Brussels, when it won first place in football. The winning first place in Helsinki (1961), Washington (1965) and Belgrade (1969), when winning first place in handball for both men and women. It is important to say that until 1973 have primacy in football and later fail to win any medal in the sport. For the first time the competition deaf and hard of hearing children of school age (elementary and middle school) after World War II, organized in Subotica, back in 1948th years (from 15 to 27 June 1948) entitled “The deaf sport jamboree of Yugoslavia.” Initiators and creators of this land were the professor. Desimir Ristoviæ, then director of schools for deaf children in Subotica and Nikola Muškinja, former physical education teacher at the school for deaf children in Subotica. For the first lands were present and actively participated in about 600 students in all schools for deaf children of former Yugoslavia. It should be noted that according to the Association of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing Serbia, then part and about 600 deaf youth and omladinki from all over former Yugoslavia, which were performed on land under the name “Slet deaf youth, and which took place only three times after the land in Subotica. According to data of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing Alliance of Serbia, was organized about two dozen school competitions deaf and hard of hearing school youth, who were first on the level of the whole of former Yugoslavia, and all were performed until 1975. The (Subotica, 1948, Ljubljana, 1960, Kotor, 1962, Zagreb, 1963, Subotica, 1965, Belgrade, 1967, Nis, Zrenjanin 1970 and 1973), when the Central Board of the Association of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Yugoslavia, “recommended” that the at the level of the republics formed “Committee for the sport.” Thus, the “Commission for the sport,” Deaf and Hard of Hearing Alliance of Serbia, which was established 1977th took over the organization “of School sports games, and in cooperation with schools for deaf and hard of hearing children organized the game at Karatas, 1977; Pozarevac, 1978, Soko Banja, 1979, Belgrade, 1980, Nis, 1984, Arandjelovac, 1997 and Tari, 1998. year. Today, two types of deaf children. They believe that sign language should be for these children is the same as the native language for the children who hear, and that another language is a language environment (Serbian ,...) in which children live. They believe that the purpose of bilingvalnog approach to education of deaf children to provide them with access to the natural language of the Deaf (gesture) that can be further developed through the study of language based on oral communication. From the Vygotskian perspective, this approach allows for students to have interaction in Communicate, and to gain the necessary experience and based on that develop higher cognitive abilities. Sport is one of the powerful connective force in the world of the deaf. Love of the sport are nurtured in boarding schools for deaf children and create rivalry among the other schools. Sport quickly became a powerful means of acculturation for the deaf child, sharing experiences, a source of pride for the Deaf. That’s going to get through the competitions that take place at the level of the whole of Serbia, deaf children learn about each other, share experiences, to create healthy habits and develop their social skills. “Sports for the Deaf is a social institution in which deaf people exercise their right to selfdetermination through the organization, competition and socialization of other deaf who participate in sports activities” (Stewart, 1991, the De Pauw and Gavron, 1995). Separate but integral part of life of deaf and hard of hearing children are “school sports games” that are held in Serbia. Their goal is to foster sports for deaf and hard of hearing school population and the tendency to develop certain sporskim disciplines, and to develop responsibility, friendship and the desire to live healthy. Talents that are detected in these sports games are becoming the future athletes and national team of Serbia in international competitions for deaf and hard of hearing persons. First International Deaf Games held in Paris, 1924. year. This is a sports game, panda Olympic Games, founded by Frenchman Eugene Alcais Rubens (1884-1963) and had the name “International Silen Games. For these nine nations participated with 148 athletes and competed in six sports and athletics. There were 31 events, and sports were: athletics, cycling, diving, football, shooting, swimming and tennis. Teams participated: Belgium, France, Great Britain, Hungary, 175 APES 1(2011) 2:169-178 Arsić, R. et. al. :COMPARASION SPORTS RESULTS DEAF... organized games and sports to the pioneering age (primary school) and young people (high school) and the organizers of school for deaf children of the Republic of Serbia (Subotica, Belgrade, Zemun, Kragujevac, Jagodina, Uzice, Nis and with the participation of deaf children from special departments in primary school “Jovan Popovic” in Novi Sad). Competitions are organized within the school grounds (with minimal use of sports grounds and halls of local government) with judges from the local government and children to compete in the following disciplines: Athletic discipline: running 60 m (pioneers) and 100m (omladinke), 100 meters. (Pioneers and youth), 200 m (pioneers) and 300 m (omladinke) and 400 m (pioneers and youth), high jump, long jump, shot put; Group sports: football, basketball and volleyball. Table 3 shows the outcomes achieved by boys and girls track and field sprint events, and in running the 100 meters in boys and girls at 60 meters. If the results are compared with the standards given in tables 1 and 2 we see that in boys aged 10 years, the standard is 14.16 and our students have achieved a result of 13.91, which tells us about the readiness of our children are educated in special schools for deaf children. Table colored in green below Table 3 shows the arithmetic mean of the results achieved and the standard deviation of the results achieved. If we achieved the best results then we get a result that is much better than the normative standards that are given by the British Columbia Junior Development Awards Criteria (BC Athletics). Record on the 100m for juniors held Darrel Brown with a score of 10.01 seconds. Record was made in France 2003rd year. Table No. 4 compare the results achieved as well: the world record for juniors (men) standard that is given to children under 14 years and achieved the best time in the competition for deaf children in Serbia. From the attached Table No.4 shows that the best result from competition of deaf children of Serbia better than the standard of 1.56 seconds, a result that is worse than the junior world record of 1.59 seconds. From these results, obtained the best result for the deaf children are educated in special schools in Serbia, is a very good result worthy of admiration. Table No.5 presents the results of the competition in speed for boys and girls. The boys ran 300 meters and 200 meters girls. Junior record for 400m is 43.87 and scored by Steve Lewis, in 1988 in South Korea. As can be seen from the table the boys were running 300 meters and the best time was achieved 2010th with time of 46.20 seconds which is a big lag in relation to the world record for juniors. But if we take into account that competed under the age of 14 years, we believe that the good result obtained. Standards for this age group is 57.48 seconds and can say that it fits in the result of deaf children in Serbia. For women, junior record in the 200 meters held Allyson Felix with a score of 22.18 seconds achieved 2004th in Greece. In this category, it appears much bigger difference in the results because it is the best time to reach the deaf pioneers 32.90 seconds. You already see the difference in height and weight among girls age 14 and juniors, who have 18 years. In the long jump event, junior Casey Crush Crush Williams holds the record with a score of 8.34 achieved 1972nd in West Germany. With us, the competition for deaf pioneers achieved the best result of 4.61 meters, which is much smaller than the world junior record but it fits the standards we specify in Table 1 and 2. Table 9. shows the results in the men’s competition, and Table 10. presents the results for women. In girls the best result for the juniors is 7.14 meters and Heike Drechsler has made 1989th in Finland. Deaf girl at the age of 14 years, the best result achieved in 2005. and is 3.85 meters, and is far below the world junior record and the standards for the pioneering age. In the high jump deaf children far behind after the junior world record, which is 2.33 meters, which can be seen from the table number 12 The truth is that children under 14 years much less than the juniors, but they should note the scale and style of skipping. At professional competitions, so the same in the junior world competition using newer techniques of skipping. Deaf children still skip the so-called slats. “Scissors” and not the backstroke technique or “Frozeri” technique, which gives much better results and that jump professionals, and junior competitions. Junior Javier Sotomayor holds the record with a score of 2.33 meters, which he scored 1984 on competition in Cuba. Standard for the age to 14 is 176 APES 1(2011) 2:169-178 Arsić, R. et. al. :COMPARASION SPORTS RESULTS DEAF... 1.49 meters, which is in accordance with their height and age. Deaf children have had the best result of 1.40 meters, which is very close to the standards prescribed for their age. Junior record in the women’s competition holds Olga Turchak with 2.01 meters and was achieved in 1986 in Moscow. Standard for the pioneering age is 1.36 and the deaf girls are in competition achieve the best result of 1.22 which is only 14 inches of changing the standards for their age. Men’s junior record in the shot put Krzysztof Brzozowski holds the shot of 23.22 meters which was achieved in Singapore 2010th Year. Standard for the pioneering age is 10.00 meters, and the best result for the Deaf boys is 10.36 meters, which shows that deaf boys exceeded the standards for their age. In a world juniors record keeping with Astrid Kumbernuss hicemj of 20.54 meters which was achieved in 1989 in Finland. Standard for the pioneering age is 9.11 meters and the best shot at Deaf devojèiva is 8.61 meters and less than the standard 0.5 meters. ression and appears povaæava samopouzadnje of deaf children. Teamwork, perseverance, dedication, commitment, takmiæarstvo, loyalty, selfdiscipline, and compassion for others are all positive qualities that children learn through competition. Also very important and educational objectives of sport and physical education in the context of pedagogical work surdopedagoga. Through these educational effects are realized, which can be grouped into: • Building a positive attitude towards physical efforts, and work in general, • Building a socially acceptable form of behavior, • Building characteristics of consistency, perseverance, courage, determination, perseverance and “fair play” relationships. REFERENCES Arsic, R., Zrnzević, N. (2010). The development of phisical education in schools for deaf children and hearinh impairmend in Srebia, Fifth International Scientific Congress “Sport, Stress, Adaptation“ (pp. 229-233). Sofia: National Sports Academy. Johnson, K. (1998, June 2). Very Young, and Very Competitive Beyond Play. Christian Science Monitor p.1. Krucoff, C. (1998, September 29). Encouraging kids to participate in sports. The Washington Post (online), p. Z20. Http: / / proquest.umi.com / pqdweb? Ts. 14.09.2010.godine in 21.35. Lieberman, L., Volding, JP, Winnick .(2004). Comparing Motor Development of Deaf Children of Deaf Parents and Deaf Children of Hearing Parents. American Annals of the Deaf , 149(3), 281-289. Slavnić, S., Kovačević, J. (2005): Methodological aspects of teaching fine arts and physical education in schools for deaf and hard of hearing children. Belgrade: The Alliance defectologists Union of Serbia and Montenegro. Spaide, E. (1997, June 3). Good sportsmanship on the sidelines declines amide rising tempers, leagues, and parks are insisting on parental cool. Christian Science Monitor (on-line), p. 1-3. Http: / / proquest.umi.com / pqdweb? Ts stress, anxiety, and energy. Stewart, D. (2006). Deaf sport in the community. Journal of Community Psychology, 14(2), 196205. Hellmich, N. (1997). Few kids get daily exercise. USA Today (on-line), D, 1-6, www. web2. searchbank. com/ infotra; 14.09.2010.year, in 21,30. CONCLUSION As shown in the work of sport is one of the powerful connective force in the world for deaf and in their socialization as the final goal of their education. Love of the sport are nurtured in boarding schools for deaf children and create rivalry among the other schools. Many deaf recognize that the sport has helped them to get involved in community èujuæih, because there are many sports where verbal communication is the dominant mode of communication. Also there are many deaf gave a statement that the most pleasant feeling in the school during physical education classes as well as to have the best memories uprvao competition. Sport quickly became a powerful means of acculturation for the deaf child, sharing experiences, the source of the Deaf to increase their pride. That’s going to get through the competitions that take place at the level of the whole of Serbia, deaf children learn about each other, share experiences, to create healthy habits and develop their social skills. Children who are involved in the sport feel better, better fit to the group and are less likely to become obese later in life. Mentally, sports help stimulate intellectual development, sharpen motor skills, razvijajnju better emotional and social development of gluvog child, helping him to dep177 APES 1(2011) 2:169-178 Arsić, R. et. al. :COMPARASION SPORTS RESULTS DEAF... Correspondence: Radomir Arsić University of Priština – Kosovska Mitrovica, Kosovo i Metohija, Teacher Training Faculty, Prizren-Leposaviæ, Serbia 38218 Nemanjina bb, Leposaviæ, Serbia E - mail:radomir.arsic@pr.ac.rs KOMPARACIJA NA POSTIGNATITE REZULTATITE NA U^ENICITE SO O[TETEN SLUH NA U^ILI[NITE NATPREVARI UDK:796.034-056.263 (Pregleden trud) Radomir Arsi}, Nevenka Zrnzevi} i Jelena Kruq - Dra{kovi} Univerzitet vo Pri{tina Kosovska Mitrovica, Kosovo i Metohija, U~itelski fakultet, Prizren – Leposavi}, Srbija Apstrakt Redovnata fizi~ka aktivnost i fizi~kata kondicija se osobeno zna~ajni za odr`uvawe na zdravjeto i blagodedot na lugeto od site vozrasti. Istra`uvawata jasno poka`vaat deka re~isi site poedinci, vklu~uvaj}i gi i onie so odreden ivaliditet, imaat podobro zdravje, dokolku se zanimavaat so redovna fizi~ka aktivnost. Vo pove}eto studii vo koi e procenuvano nivoto na fizi~kite aktivnosti na mladite so invaliditet, utvrdeno e deka licata so o{teten sluh imale najvisoko nivo na fizi~ki aktivnosti. Toa pred s#, proizleguvalo od faktot {to tie bile od u~ili{ta za gluvi deca i mladinci koi bile opfateni so programa za vonnastavni fizi~ki aktivnosti. Za ostvaruvawe na fizi~koto zdravje kako edna od celite na nacionalnite aktivnosti, potrebno e da se podobri nivoto na fizi~kite aktivnosti na gluvite lica koi se nadvor od u~ili{noto fizi~ko vospituvawe i programite na natprevaruva~kiot sport. Promovira-weto na razli~nite na~ini na `ivot, fizi~kiteaktivnosti i mo`nosti, vklu~uvaj}i go i konceptot na „aktivniot `ivot“, pretstavuva na~in na `iveewe koj gi integrira fizi~kite aktivnosti vo sekojdnevnata rutina za postignuvawe na prioritetnite zdravstveni celi. Klu~ni zborovi: fizi~ka aktivnost, zdravje, invaliditet, fizi~ko vosptuvawe, sport, atletika, roditeli, motorni sposobnosti, kognitivni sposobnosti 178 APES 1(2011) 2:179-182 Joksimović, A.: METHODOLOGICAL SHAPING OF... METHODOLOGICAL SHAPING OF SKI TRAINING UDC: 796.921.015 (Professional paper) Aleksandar Joksimović University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Niš, Serbia Abstract A method of training skiers primarily examines the legality, of ways, types and forms of training, and thus determines the training process skier. It contains rules for the methodological design procedures that are suitable for development, improvement and maintenance of motor skills and technical and tactical skills of skiers. A method of ski training is a set of skills that enable selection, dosing, distribution and organization of training in working with skiers of different abilities and age groups. The ability to determine the contents of ski training is based primarily on knowledge of the competitive demands of skiing and all its components (techniques, tactics, and physical fitness) as well as the top skiers on the model of functional, morphological, motor and psychological level. Keywords: motor skills, functional skills, morphological, psychological characteristics, techniques, tactics, the scope, intensity Introduction Methodological shaping of ski training is the most secure line of development only if the load corresponds to biological and psychological characteristics of skier. The essence of programming is to set goals in line selects the content of the full age appropriate age group or individual with whom the training was conducted. The choice of training content that want to influence the development or acquisition fitness ability and stabilization of the technical-tactical knowledge, it is important to know the equation of value of each training exercise. It is known that any exercise training or complex motor activities evokes certain reactions. The subject of this work is the review of methodological shaping of ski training for the successful overcoming of the given task. The problem of directed towards a better organization and the realization of higher quality in order to raise the level of ski training. The aim of this paper is defined by the display of certain methods and means of training process for the higher level of methodological shaping of ski training. Training methods The load on training In relation to the size criterion of training and competition load differ: maximal (90-100%), submaximal (75-90%), medium (60-75%) and minimal (30-60%) load. Determining the training load on the two basic components (the intensity of the load, which consists of two components): The force, which is defined magnified nom external load Speed, which is defined by speed of execution of training tasks The same intensity can be achieved, or on account of force or at the expense of speed. However, this means two quite different forms of training and work. In the first case even more important outer load (working with weights, etc.) and the second does not load, but the maximum speed of execution (running downhill and the like.). - Volume load also consists of two components: - Number of repetitions (3 sets x 10 repetitions) - The duration of period (120 sec. and the like.) This means that the volume load can be con179 APES 1(2011) 2:179-182 Joksimović, A.: METHODOLOGICAL SHAPING OF... trolled and adjusted by these two variables (number of repetitions and the duration). Knowing the volume load of components is important, because the volume of the load forcing the primary active transport part of (cardio-respiratory system), which provides oxygen transport and aerobic activity and energy processes (basic preparation). While in forcing intensity activates central and peripheral nervous system, since it is on the speed of the flow of nerve impulses on the activity or the greatest number of motor units. For the fitness skills development it is needed to determine the appropriate total load of training, but is also particularly important to determine the appropriate scope of individual components of loads. The training load can be: a standard (from the beginning to the end of the same), progressive (a trend of continuous increase) and varying (increasing or reducing) According to the method of teaching technical and tactical knowledge distinguish four basic methods; they in fact belong to the area of motor learning, so that it appeared certain phases: initial phase, concentration, and stabilization of automation. In the process of learning as the specific methods of learning, as follows: a) Analytical method (learning the parts of a given element) Intermediate skiing movement in order to fix the kinetic center attempts to 3000 - 5000, with complex movements and up to 10,000 attempts, which in the main depends on the level of coordination of candidates, or it’s a cognitive factor (if there is no fear or sense of security large number of gates or a trend. b) Synthetic method (learning task element as a whole) c) Mixed methods (use of synthetic and analytical methods) d) Ideomotor method (required to play reflective of the motor task) For skiers, the learning process of forming the present implementation requires continuous engage-ment of the most complex thought processes (the creation of visual representations - the layout gate). Methods of training and shall examine the legality of the ways of men, types and forms of training. Methodological shaping of ski training means training exercises to choose those that match goals as well as individual, group needs skiers. While ski training methods is a set of skills that enable selection, dosing, distribution and organization of training in working with them different ski abilities. Contents of training Ability to determine training content is based primarily on: Knowledge of skiing run, and overcoming the gate and all its components (TE-TA and fitness), as well as the level of morphological, motor, functional and psychological preparation of elite skiers. This means that the volume load can be controlled and adjusted (the number of repetitions and the duration). When activated, forcing the load volume of the transport structure (cardio-respiratory system) that ensures the transport of oxygen O2 and activity of aerobic energy processes and basic preparation). While in forcing intensity activates central and peripheral nervous system, since it is on the speed of the flow of nerve impulses on the activity or the greatest number of motor units; adequate breaks. Methods of training are specific ways an forms of work that are used in practical work or competition. We use two methods, namely: The method of exercise, is used for the development and maintenance of various anthropological them, most fitness skills - Teaching method, used in the adoption and development of technical and tactical knowledge. - Choice of training method depends on: - The set objectives, level of training process and sport form - Age category of the annual cycle of training (preparation and the like) - Conditions and opportunities in which the training process is performed. According to the criteria differ: - Continuous or continuous method and - Interval method which is known as a method to interruptions. Breaks can be shorter or longer, followed by a new working interval of continuous operation, activities are taking place from the beginning to the end of the exercise at a time. - Training methods - Methods of training are specific ways and forms of work that are used in practical work or competition. 180 APES 1(2011) 2:179-182 Joksimović, A.: METHODOLOGICAL SHAPING OF... Two main groups of methods: - methods of exercise used for the development and maintenance of various anthropological them, most fitness skills - Methods of teaching used in the adoption and development of technical and tactical knowledge. It is important that the coach knows the programming of training to choose those methods that it is possible a positive (effective) influence on the development of skiers training process at any time long-term preparations. - Choice of training method depends on: - Set goals, - Level of training process and sport form - Age category - Terms and opportunities which the training process is performed. The basic methods classification of different training varies on the one hand on method which is based on the way the load of skiers and the other way of learning the technical and tactical knowledge. Based on the criterion there are two methods: continuous methods and interval method as known as method with the breaks. The main difference between these methods is that the continuous or permanent exercise activity takes place without interruption since its beginning until the end of the training exercise, while in the present method of interval breaks, which means that after a certain duration or repetition of work activities makes shorter or longer pause, followed by a new operating frequency, which can be equal to the load above, but may be different from him. Continuous and interval method can be implemented in the standard and variable loading conditions. If the standard loads height is achieved effortlessly maintained from the beginning to the end of training activities on the same or an equal amount. At variable load stress varies, may have a trend of continuous increase, may have a trend of continuous reduction or may vary continuously in the direction of increase or decrease (varying method). Conclusion Methodological shaping of ski training examines the legality of the methods, types and forms of training and thus promotes, or determines the process of training skiers. Also, represent a set of skills that enable selection, organizing and dispensing training in working with them skier different age groups and abilities. A content of ski training is based primarily on knowledge of their morphological characteristics, motor, functional and psychological abilities, as well as the competitive demands of skiers. Reference Branković, N., Stojiljković, S., & Joksimović, A. (2005). Theoretical and methodological basis of determining the interval of rest in the teaching of physical education. Fizi~ka kultura, 33 (2), 201-202 Joksimović, A., Branković, N., Stojiljković, S., Przulj, D. & Branković, N. (2005). The Methodological Shaping of the preparation of condition training of athletes. Fizi~ka kultura, 33 (2), 101-202. Joksimović, A. i Joksimović, S. (2007). Smučanje – tehnika i metodika [Skiing – tehniqueand methodics. In Sebian.] Knjaževac: GIP Timok. Joksimović, A. (2009). Skijanje – tehnika [Skiing – tehnique. In Serbian.] Knjaževac: GIP Timok. Joksimović, A. (2009). Praktikum – Skijanje [Praktikum – Skiing. In Serbian] Knjaževac. GIP Timok. Malacko, J. (2000). Osnove sportskog treninga [Fundamentals of sports training. In Serbijan.] Beograd: Fakultet za fiziku kulturu Stojanović, T. i Joksimović, A. (2005): Karving skijanje – tehnika [Carvingskiing – tehnique. In Serbian.] Banja Luka: Centar za sport. Correspondense: Aleksandar Joksimović University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education Čarnojevićeva 10A, 1800 Niš, Serbia E - mail: joksimovicaleksandar@yahoo.com 181 APES 1(2011) 2:179-182 Joksimović, A.: METHODOLOGICAL SHAPING OF... METODSKO OBLIKUVAWE NA SKIJA^KIOT TRENING UDK: 796.921.015 (Stru~en trud) Aleksandar Joksimovi} Univerzite vo Ni{, Fakultet za sport i fizi~ko vospitiuvawe, Ni{, Srbija Apstrakt Metodikata na skija~kiot trening, prvenstveno ja prou~uva zakonitosta za na~inite, vidovite i negovite formi, so {to go utvrduva trena`niot proces na skija~ite. Taa sodr`i pravila za oblikuvawe na postapkite koi se povolni za razvoj, usvovr{uvawe i odr`uvawe na motornite sposobnosti i tehni~ko-takti~kite znaewa na skija~ite. Metodikata na skija~kiot trening, pretstavuva zbir na znaewa koi ovozmo`uvaat, izbor, dozirawe, distribucija i organizacija na treningot vo rabotata so skija~ite so razli~ni sposobnosti i vozrasni kategorii. Sposobnosta za odreduvawe na sodr`inata na skija~kiot trening, pred sé, se temeli vrz poznavaweto na natprevaruv~kite barawa na skijaweto, odnosno vrz negovite komponenti (tahnika, taktika, kondicija), kako i modelite na vrvnite skija~i vo odnos na nivnite funkcionalni, morfolo{ki, motorni i psiholo{ki osobini. Klu~ni zborovi: motorni sposobnosti, funkcionalni sposobnosti, antropometriski merki, psiholo{ki karakteristiki, tehnika, taktika, intenzitet 182 APES 1(2011) 2:183-186 Stefanović, R. and Lilić, L.: THE INFLUENCE ON PHYSICAL ... THE INFLUENCE ON PHYSICAL EXERCISES AND AGE CHARACTERISTICS ON THE YOUNG SCHOOL-AGE RUNNERS UDC: 796.422-057.874 (Professional paper) Rade Stefanović and Ljubisa Lilić University of Priština, Faculty of Physical Education, Leposavić, Kosovo-Metohija, Serbia Abstracts This paper in a way included a part of teaching practice, practical use at the sport clubs and school sport association. The focus of this paper is also on the methods and performance of training courses under all teaching conditions. Children like sport, physical education and activity, they like to compete and imitate famous sportsmen and their role models. This is why the teacher’s role is of great importance. A teacher gives the guidelines and first steps in sport and that kind of lifestyle. Keywords: teaching practice, sport clubs, school sport association, physical development, working ability pare them and reinforce their health, help them improve their posture. In a way, it should eliminate bad habits when it comes to deformities. A positive impact of athletics can be explained by the fact that it strengthens your heart, breathing; it harmoniously develops the musculature, increases joint mobility and improves muscle tone. Thus we can set the tasks to be dealt with by athletics and entire physical education in the elementary schools: - To strengthen health - To develop children’s body capacities - To enable the use of lessons learned - To develop fighting spirit. Athletics is a beautiful sport that demands exceptional energy, creativity and enthusiasm from the teachers. It has always been of great importance to the mankind. Suffice it to mention that a man could run fast enough, to throw his spear far and precisely enough, and just in order to survive. However, there is a bunch of exciting things to do in everyday lives of people, but less time to commit themselves to the athletics. In a way, this is understandable since the first contact with the athletics is not so attractive, to some extent even repulsive, so this is why teachers who wish to involve young people INTRODUCTION The issues that this paper deals with relate to the overall organizational and methodical preparation for carrying out the crouch start and sprint start under various preparatory conditions. The preparatory conditions, i.e. determination of the section length, number of repetitions as well as the performance of running itself, are not usually adapted to particular age. Often those who have teaching experience in these issues of training programming and training phases, in practice they do not comply with mandatory rules and principles which they publically forbid. AGE CHARACTERISTICS Modern physical education curriculum that is held in schools is responsible for solving a series of tasks of great importance for the course of elementary school education as a whole. Often, some teaching areas are not given appropriate attention and the most common reason for this is the teacher’s affinity towards specific area. The teaching conditions are various so the teaching process can totally differ from school to school even in the same municipality. This primarily relates to the fact that the athletics should shape children’s bodies, thoroughly pre183 APES 1(2011) 2:183-186 Stefanović, R. and Lilić, L.: THE INFLUENCE ON PHYSICAL ... into sport should be warned about. Looking at their friends, boys and girls see them running, throwing sport requisites, jumping, sweating and getting dirty from the dust and sand. However, there is a prettier side of athletics which is attractive and irresistible. Looking at the athletes at the sport venues in arenas, one can see the beauty of movements, perfection of body structure, good health, strong will, and when we feel all the beauty and charm of this sport, it is hard to separate from athletics, just the way it is today. Especially for those ones who achieve remarkable sport results, they can hardly leave the athletics. It is no coincidence that the athletics is called “queen of sports”. School age from 9 to 14 is particular because children of that age grow up and develop fast. If we observe them a year before they are just kids but at the end of their elementary school they become grown-ups. Within this characteristic period they put up with changes, they grow up so fast that they cannot recognize themselves from the photos in which they were two or three years old. These changes are visible and they reflect on increased height, weight, width of shoulders, chest and hips. Their legs and arms are becoming longer, the growth of long bones is considerably intensive so the muscles in limbs are thin this is why the proportionality of height and weight is not aligned the way it should be. Later on the muscles will strengthen, tone of voice will change, and the hair will get its true color. However, it should be noted that the body growth is influenced by genetic factors as well as by social environment, nutrition, physical activity, racial characteristics, history of disease and injuries. Any further development of each individual depends on the hormonal influence on the body development. Besides, body structure can depend on specific workload. A progress of body height, weight, chest, lung capacity and other indicators that has been observed from year to year is called the rate of growth and development. Comparing the rate of growth and development of the respondent with the average values we can determine whether a person is properly being developed or not. For those who would like to achieve good results as an amateur or top sportsman for example in athletics, according to the table below, the respondents should get close to the upper indicators. The first signs of sexual maturity begin to show up during physical development of children at the age of 9. These signs are noticeable not just with physical development which ends at the age of 18 to 20 or even later. This whole process is biologically and completely defined so that’s why the period of physical development is very extensive. If we tried to evaluate the physical development based solely on years of growth, this evaluation would be unreliable. Namely, the persons of same age can physically develop totally different from each other. But if we include the degree of sexual maturity, the mentioned evaluation can be more reliable. The degree of physical development is generally taken for the evaluation of sport results. It often happens that some young athletes, whose physical development for some reason stagnates, balance their weaknesses and achieve even surpass those athletes who achieved good results long time ago. THE INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON YOUNG SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN Physical exercises as they are performed today at schools, during trainings of amateur athletes or sport recreations, greatly contribute to the development of personality as a whole, both in physical and mental quality. Since man is less mobile today thus misbalancing his instinct for mobility and play, the physical exercises are priceless for him, having been in these circumstances. Beside knowing the improper use of physical exercises which primly relates to their type, method, conditions and dosage, it is also necessary to know their influence on the development of heart, circulation and respiratory system, especially when it comes to development period. Proper breathing is one of the factors that affect efficient performance of exercises. Teachers’ warnings directed to children to breathe properly are often said for reason. A smooth and deep breathing is recommended which provides not just the oxygen to the body but also a positive influence on development of respiratory system and body as a whole. The physical education at the elementary schools with curriculum as a normative document cannot provide and adapt students to/for better results. It is not just enough to make commitment to protecting their growth, warning them about their poor posture and worrying about the function of their maturity. The focus of this consideration is also the heart ability to adapt to physical exercises. Children generally and especially untrained ones have 184 APES 1(2011) 2:183-186 Boys Body height Body weight Middle chest size Lung capacity Girls Body height Body weight Middle chest size Lung capacity Stefanović, R. and Lilić, L.: THE INFLUENCE ON PHYSICAL ... Age 9 From 124 to 137 From 24 to 31 From 60 to 66 From 1300 to 2000 Age 9 From 123 to 136 From 25 to 31 From 58 to 65 From 1100 to 1800 10 From 129 to 124 From 26 to 34 From 61 to 68 From 1500 to 2200 11 From 133 to 147 From 28 to 38 From 63 to 71 From 1600 to 2400 12 From 138 to 153 From 30 to 42 From 65 to 73 From 1800 to 2700 13 From 142 to 159 From 33 to 47 From 67 to 76 From 2000 to 3000 14 From 150 to 161 From 39 to 61 From 70 to 82 From 2400 to 3700 10 From 128 to 142 From 25 to 35 From 59 to 67 From 1300 to 2000 11 From 134 to 138 From 28 to 40 From 61 to 71 From 1500 to 2200 12 From 139 to 155 From 31 to 45 From 64 to 74 From 1700 to 2500 13 From 145 to 158 From 36 to 51 From 66 to 76 From 1900 to 2800 14 From 151 to 164 From 42 to 58 From 70 to 83 From 2200 to 3100 a smaller heart. At children and youth, in the period of physical development and training, the size of heart, circulation of blood and respiratory apparatus are constantly subject to changes. An obvious example for this is the increased size of the heart at young athletes in middle and long-distance running. Physical exercise should be performed constantly for a longer period in order to strengthen the body as a whole, the cardiovascular system, respiratory organs, musculature, joints and articular cartilage. This is a positive impact of physical exercises to children’s body. The schedule of physical activity should include gradual changes of intensity and diversity of exercises so that systematic training with proper lifestyle represents an answer for good health, high working ability and sport success. successful they will be depends on our preferences and quality. Our patience, our methods for drawing their attention and activating them to learn some motor activity, all this depends on their personal interests and involvement. Children like sport, physical education and activity, they like to compete and imitate famous sportsmen and their role models. This is why the teacher’s role is of great importance. A teacher gives the guidelines and first steps to be taken in sport and that kind of lifestyle. REFERENCES Nikolić, Z. (1995). Fiziologija fizičke aktivnosti [Physiology of physical activity. In Serbian.] Beograd: Fakultet fizičke kulture Univerziteta u Beogradu. Perić, D. (1994). Operacionalizacija istraživanja u fizičkoj kulturi [Operationalization of research in physical education. In Serbian.] Beograd: Politop Stefanović, Đ. (1988). Atletika (skripta) [Athletics (the script). In Serbian.] Priština: Zavod za uđbenike i nastavna sredstva. Stefanović, Đ. (1992). Atletika 2 – Tehnika [Athletics 2 – Technique.In Serbian.] Beograd: Samostalno izdanje autora. Stefanović, Đ.(1993). Brzina trčanja u atletici (Monografija) [Speed running in track (Monograph). In Serbian.] Beograd: Fakultet fizičke kulture Univerziteta u Prištini. Stefanović, Đ. i Stefanović, R. (2002) Teorija i metodika atletike. [The theory and methodology of athletics. In Serbian.] Beograd: Samostalno izdanje autora. CONCLUSION The world research results as well as domestic ones indicate that the speed rate at the age of 10 to 14 is at the high level and its improvement is the greatest. As far as the training load is concerned a special attention is given to it, since it represents the most intensive development period in children’s lives and the improper training may give reverse health effects in general. The paper considered the issues of speed, sprint speed as the maximal running method. What is in common is that the speed is the most significant motor skill of the humans. Children are curious, eager to learn and how 185 APES 1(2011) 2:183-186 Stefanović, R. and Lilić, L.: THE INFLUENCE ON PHYSICAL ... Correnspondence: Ljubiša Lilić University of Priština Faculty of Physical Education Dositej Obradović b b, 38218 Leposavić, Kosovo-Metohija, Srbija E - mail: ljubolilic@sbb.rs VLIJANIETO NA FIZI^KOTO VE@BAWE I VOZRASNITE KARAKTERISTIKI KAJ TRKA^ITE OD MLADATA U^ILI[NA VOZRAST UDK: 796.422-057.874 (Stru~en trud) Rade Stefanovi} i Qubi{a Lili} Univerzitet vo Pri{tina, Fakultet za sport i fizi~ko vospituvawe, Leposavi}, Kosovo-Metohija, Srbija Apstrakt Redovnata fizi~ka aktivnost i fizi~kata kondicija se osobeno zna~ajni za odr`uvawe na zdravjeto i blagodedot na lugeto od site vozrasti. Istra`uvawata jasno poka`vaat deka re~isi site poedinci, vklu~uvaj}i gi i onie so odreden ivaliditet, imaat podobro zdravje, dokolku se zanimavaat so redovna fizi~ka aktivnost. Vo pove}eto studii vo koi e procenuvano nivoto na fizi~kite aktivnosti na mladite so invaliditet, utvrdeno e deka licata so o{teten sluh imale najvisoko nivo na fizi~ki aktivnosti. Toa pred s#, proizleguvalo od faktot {to tie bile od u~ili{ta za gluvi deca i mladinci koi bile opfateni so programa za vonnastavni fizi~ki aktivnosti. Za ostvaruvawe na fizi~koto zdravje kako edna od celite na nacionalnite aktivnosti, potrebno e da se podobri nivoto na fizi~kite aktivnosti na gluvite lica koi se nadvor od u~ili{noto fizi~ko vospituvawe i programite na natprevaruva~kiot sport. Promoviraweto na razli~nite na~ini na `ivot, fizi~kite aktivnosti i mo`nosti, vklu~uvaj}i go i konceptot na „aktivniot `ivot“, pretstavuva na~in na `iveewe koj gi integrira fizi~kite aktivnosti vo sekojdnevnata rutina za postignuvawe na prioritetnite zdravsptveni celi. Klu~ni zborovi: fizi~ka aktivnost, zdravje, invaliditet, fizi~ko vospituvawe, sport, atletika, roditeli, motorni sposobnosti, kognitivni sposobnosti 186 APES 1(2011) 2:187-191 Stanišić, I. and Stanišić, M. : THE INFLUENCE OF... THE INFLUENCE OF DAMAGED EYESIGHT ON MOTOR DEVELOPMENT UDC:796.012.4-056.262-053.5 (Professional paper) Irena Stanišić1 and Milan Stanišić2 1High school for professional education of teachers in preschool, Kruševac, Serbija 2Regional Prison, Kruševac, Serbija Abstract Aspect plays an important role in the development of a small childrens motor, because they give a reason for moving. Vision is the primary motivator for children to move around and explore their environment, to manipulate objects and to interact with people and in this way learn about the world around them. Stimulates and supports the vision of early righting reflexes, which are essential to learning how to properly direct the head and body for coordinated movements. As a result, a child with impaired vision can have a reduced capacity to shifting weight and rotating trunk and upper body. These factors may affect the quality of movement of the trunk, shoulders and upper extremities, which often manifests in the form of atypical body position and movements of visually impaired children. Keywords: perceptual information, balancing the body, walking, motor coordination, music ing the feedback for improvement of movement, eyesight also provides information about the sequence of the whole movement. Additionally, eyesight stimulates the coordination and control, and interferes in the creation of images of the body (Ferrell, 2000). There are three main restrictions associated with lack of eyesight and its influence on the movement (The Canadian National Institute for the Blind, 2004): • limited range and variety of experiences with people and the environment, because a child with a damaged eyesight doesn`t have a direct experience that provides the eyesight itself, • limited ability to move through space, which limits opportunities for enrichment experiences and social contacts, • limited control over the environment and relations with the environment, because the child lacks the visual information about shape, size, position and orientation of objects from the environment. child with a damaged eyesight has little or no observation of space beyond that which only covers its body. All of these restrictions can negatively influ- Most people who can see, imagine that being blind means being in total darkness. The term “blind” and “damaged eyesight” covers a wide range of experiences, starting from total blindness to the ability to see the light and to read the paper, which is quite close to the face. A child who is blind or with the damaged eyesight has to rely on other senses to understand and accomplish the interaction with the outside world. Nevertheless, children with damaged eyesight should be encouraged to develop and use what`s left of their eyesight. The strength of other sensory modalities is used to compensate the perception of incomplete information caused by damaged eyesight. Eyesight plays an important role in motor development of infants, because it gives a reason for moving. Eyesight is the primary motivator for children to move and explore their environment, to manipulate with objects and interact with people and thus learn about the world around them. A child with the unharmed eyesight can behold the movements of others and observe the results of their actions and thus learn spontaneously. By allowing the imitation of movements and provid187 APES 1(2011) 2:187-191 Stanišić, I. and Stanišić, M. : THE INFLUENCE OF... ence the child’s motor development, and therefore child with a damaged eyesight requires special encouragement, stimulation and intervention to move and explore. Eyesight stimulates and supports the reflexes of early straightening up, which are essential for learning how to properly direct the head and torso of coordinated movements. As a result, child with a damaged eyesight can show a reduced ability to shift weight and turn the trunk and upper body. These factors can influence the quality of trunk movements, shoulder and upper extremities, which often manifests in the form of atypical patterns in posture and movements of children with a damaged eyesight. Children with a damaged eyesight have problems when they perform the balance exercises, since the possibility of balancing the body depends largely on the quality of information that are received visually (Grbović , 2006, 109-122). Some of the characteristic body position of a blind and a child with a damaged eyesight (The Canadian National Institute for the Blind, 2004) are as follows: • lying on the back - blind and children with a damaged eyesight show preference to this position, because it doesn`t require a lot of active movement. Without stimulation the children tend to lie passively in this position, resisting the movement or changing according to the position, • lying on the stomach - children with a damaged eyesight do not usually like this position because it requires more activity and leads to faster to tiredness. In this position, both blind or children with a damaged eyesight cannot raise their heads, because there is no visual stimulation, which would corroborate that. If they raise their heads, there is little motivation to retain that position for longer, • sitting - both blind and children with a damaged eyesight lack adequate balance in keeping the head in the upright position, and they tend to lean forward with their heads that fall down. It happens that they are trying to hold their heads up by raising their shoulders, which can lead to tension in the shoulder muscles during the time, • rotation – both blind and children with a damaged eyesight often exhibit lag in development rotation, which allows more freedom and finesse. Rotation requires of children to dislocate one part of the body from another, which can lead to loss of security for the child with a damaged eyesight, • changes in the movement – both blind and children with a damaged eyesight need more time to change movements and to move from one position to another because they lack the balance and security for the movement as a result of the lack of visual stimulation, • creeping - both blind and children with a damaged eyesight can skip this stage and as a result, they may have limited stability and limited ability to rotate their hips. Besides that, they can develop a “duck walk” with their feet facing outward, the gap wide base for support when walking and paralyzing their knees for stability. This causes more weight transfer to make movement from one to the other foot, and reduces the length of the footstep, • walking - both blind and children with a damaged eyesight tend to walk with their feet spread apart, because of security. The hands are often held in high guard, protective position because they have not developed a sense of balance and security when walking. Longer-term usage of this form can prevent the development of higher level of walking motor skills, • motor coordination - both blind and children with a damaged eyesight do not have the same opportunities to imitate and to model the patterns of movement as children of with the undamaged eyesight. It also can be less skillful in activities that require visual observation and motor coordination, such as throwing and catching a ball. Besides, coordination can be damaged if the child can`t move opposite the gravity (some children cannot jump or stand on one leg). The child with a damaged eyesight needs to learn how to move safely and with more confidence to learn about the world through movement. Mobility of both blind and the child with a damaged eyesight is limited due to reduction or lack of ability to visualize their environment, with all its obstacles and dangers, and the understanding of the physical world is also limited, particularly in terms of shape, form, distance of objects and their relationship (Warren, 1994) . Recommendations for intervention when it comes to motor development of children with a damaged eyesight : • Provide a positive experience in carrying out the activities of the child: While working with the child with a damaged eyesight it is important to create opportunities for a variety of movements and positions through whi188 APES 1(2011) 2:187-191 Stanišić, I. and Stanišić, M. : THE INFLUENCE OF... ch it can learn to walk. It is desirable to involve movements and positions that are short in duration (several minutes) when you start to work with the child, because it will create an opportunity for a pleasant and positive experience for the child. Then tolerance can be gradually built throughout the extended time from several minutes to longer. When a child completely mastered a certain position or activity, it is advisable to import new elements that will be a new challenge for the child. to put the child to lie on his parents ` chest and to touch their face, collar, necklace. Tactile stimulation of the child’s chin and neck muscles on the dorsal side may also encourage the raising of the child`s head. • Encourage a child to walk : Walking can be encouraged with the help of toys that a child can push as it moves through space, by placing them in front of him and by placing the child’s hands on them (for example, small trolley or large rubber ball). When the child moves to an adult while learning to walk, it is important that an adult does not increase the distance by making the move back, because it can be confusing until the child develops a sense of spatial distance. To develop skills of balancing the child should be allowed to practice walking on different types of surfaces - wooden floors, carpet, grass, sand, concrete, stairs, hills, etc. Rotation of the hips is encouraged with activities such as walking up and down stairs, swimming, using hula-hop (the ring), bike riding and balancing activities, too. Games that include walking sideways or backwards, imitating various animals walking or crawling over, under or through a variety of obstacles have a positive effect on the development of the child’s motor skills and planning orientation. • Achieve communication with the child: You should always speak with the child about what is being done. A child with a damaged eyesight relies on the argument that to acquire a sense of the environment in which it is. It is important for a child to communicate and to be surrounded by objects in which can enjoy. When you talk and explain the child about the objects it is surrounded , it provides the simulation for movements which would explore the objects. • Use sensory stimulation to encourage the movement: A child with damaged eyesight cannot stop to move or to stand still when trying to listen to auditory stimuli from the environment, so the lack of movement does not necessarily mean a lack of interest in the environment. For the older children you should use auditory stimuli, notably by lying in front of children using the voices of famous or interesting toys. To encourage awareness of the body, the bell or rattle the child’s feet or ankles can be laid. The child’s awareness of the body can be increased with the use of tactile stimuli. When the child is lying on its back, one of the possible interventions that can help to develop awareness of the body means to capture the child’s hands and to touch the feet with them. The child is leading slowly to a sitting position, which strengthen the muscles of the head, neck and body. • Creativity in encouraging the movement of the child: Music, songs that include a presentation of some actions, like dancing, can also help a child to develop finer motor skills. The development of the child’s awareness of the body may also encourage the child to be massaged with lotion, baby powder or oil, soft tissues using the names of body parts that are massaged. The same can be done when a child is bathing or dressing, as these are ideal opportunities for a child with a damaged eyesight to learn the names and functions of the body. It is also important to do this with the child by sitting behind him, because it allows the child to feel the adult`s movements and what he is trying to show, especially when he shows how to manipulate objects. Playing with the ball, particularly the ball which emits a sound, should be involved in the child’s activities to encourage skills fetch, holding objects in his hand, transferring and throwing of objects. • Encourage the raising of the child`s head: Encouraging a child to raise the head when lying on stomach, it`s recommended for the time when a child is active during the day. Among children who have preserved some degree of eyesight batteries, toys with bright, contrasting colors with toys such as yellow and red and mirrors can be used to encourage the raising of the child`s head. A good way to encourage a child to raise his head is 189 APES 1(2011) 2:187-191 Stanišić, I. and Stanišić, M. : THE INFLUENCE OF... rada u predškolskim ustanovama [Kindergarten Fit for Children - a manual for the inclusive model of preschool institutions. In Serbian.] Beograd: Save the Children Eškirović, B.M., Vučinić, V.J. & Jablan, B.Đ. (2001). Neke tiflodidaktičke osnove nastave fizičkog vaspitanja sa slabovidim učenicima [Some tiflodidactic basis of physical education students with low vision. In Serbian] Beogradska defektološka škola, (1), 67-76. Ferrell, K.A. (2000). Growth and development of children. New York: American Foundation for the Blind. Grbović, A. (2006). Ispitivаnje fizičkih sposobnosti slаbovidih učenikа – rаvnotežа [Examination of the physical abilities of visually impaired students – balance. In Serbian] Beogrаdskа defektološkа školа, (2), 109-122. Jablan, B. (2003). Motorne funkcije dece sa oštećenjem vida [Motor function of children with visual impairments. In Serbian] Beogradska defektološka škola, (3), 97-105. Kavčić, R. (1975). Uloga fizičkog vaspitanja u razvijanju orijentacije i mobilnosti slepe i slabovide dece. [The role of physical education in the development of orientation and mobility of blind and visually impaired children. In Serbian.] Specijalna škola, (24), 285-292. Maksimović, J. (2006). Korektivni rad sa decom oštećenog vida predškolskog uzrasta [Corrective work with visually impaired children of preschool age. In Serbian. Zbornik radova (Proceedings),Učiteljskog fakulteta, Užice, (7), 269-284. The Canadian National Institute for the Blind. (2004). A Strong Beginning: A Sourcebook for Health and Education Professionals Working With Young Children Who Are Visually Impaired or Blind. CNIB. Warren, D.H. (1994). Blindness and Children: An Individual Differences Approach. Cambridge NY: Cambridge University Press. Conclusion Eyesight is the primary motivator for children to move and explore their environment, to manipulate objects and interact with people and in this way to learn about the world around them. There are three main restrictions associated with lack of eyesight and its impact on the movement: limited range and variety of experiences with people and the environment, because a child with a damaged eyesight does not have a direct experience that provides the eyesight, limited ability to move through space, which limits opportunities for enrichment experience and social contact, limited control over the environment and relations with the environment, because the child lacks the visual information about shape, size, position and orientation of objects from the environment. A child with a damaged eyesight has little or no observation of space beyond that which only covers its body. All of these restrictions can negatively influence the child’s motor development, and therefore child with a damaged eyesight requires special encouragement, stimulation and intervention to move and explore. Both blind and children with a damaged eyesight do not have the same opportunities to imitate and to model the patterns of movement as children of with the undamaged eyesight. It also can be less skillful in activities that require visual observation and motor coordination, such as throwing and catching a ball. While working with the child with a damaged eyesight it is important to create opportunities for a variety of movements and positions through which it can learn to walk. It is desirable to involve movements and positions that are short in duration (several minutes) when you start to work with the child, because it will create an opportunity for a pleasant and positive experience for the child. References Došen, Lj. & Gačić-Bradić, D. (2005). Vrtić po meri deteta - priručnik za primenu inkluzivnog modela Correspondence: Irena Stanišić High school for professional education of teachers in preschool Luke Ivanoviæ 22, 37000 Kruševac, Serbia E - mail: irena_s@verat.net 190 APES 1(2011) 2:187-191 Stanišić, I. and Stanišić, M. : THE INFLUENCE OF... VLIJANIETO NA O[TETENIOT VID VRZ MOTORNIOT RAZVOJ UDK: 796.012.4-056.262-053.5 (Stru~en trud) Irena Stani{i}1 i Milan Stani{i}2 1Visoka {kola za stru~ni studii za obrazovanie na vospituva~i, Kru{evac, Srbija 2Okru`en zatvor, Kru{evac, Srbija Apstrakt Vidot ima zna~ajna uloga vo motorniot razvoj na deteto, poradi toa {to e vo pr~inska vrska so telesnoto dvi`ewe. Vidot e primaren motivator za dvi`eweto na decata za prou~uvawe na svojata okolina, za koristewe na objektite i za ostvaruvawe na interakcijata so lu|eto, so {to go soznavaat svetot koj gi opkru`uva. Vidot gi stimulira i poddr`uva po~etnite refleksi na podignuvaweo na teloto, {to vsu{nost e od klu~no zna~ewe za adekvatnoto naso~uvawe na glavata i trupot pri koordiniraite dvi`ewa. Vo sprotivno, deteto so o{teten vid mo`e da poka`uva namalena sposobnost za prefrluvawe na te`inata na teloto i vrteweto na trupot i gorniot del na teloto. Ovie faktori mo`e da vlijaat vrz kvalitetot na dvi`ewto na trupot, ramenicite i gornite ekstremiteti, {to ~esto se izrazuva vo vid na atipi~na polo`ba na teloto i dvi`eweto na telesnite dvi`ewa. Klu~ni zborovi: perceptivni informacii, ramnote`a na teloto, odewe, motorna koordinazija, muzika 191 192 APES 1(2011) 2:193-196 Hadzivanova, I.: THE FUNCTION AND IMPORTANCE OF... THE FUNCTION AND IMPORTANCE OF A PSYCHOLOGIST PSYCHOTHERAPIST IN TRAINING PROCESS, COMPETITIVE CYCLE OF LEADING SPORTSMAN I AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE HOLISTIC GESTALT APPROACH IN DEVELOPING (PROGRESSING) OF THEIR POTENTIALS UDC:796.42.015:159.9.019.2 (Professional paper) Ivana Hadzivanova Clinic of Psychiatry, Skopje, Macedonia Abstract Despite of the spreading laymen`s opinion that sportsman are an example of physical and psychological health , the statistic has shown that about 20 - 25% of sportsmen need professional help for reducing and eliminating the barriers in their sporting progress and personal development.In my opinion, Gestalt psychotherapy is the most useful and the most adequate for training the leading sportsmen, it is an effective method in developing and getting characteristics necessary for topping achievement, and above all, for getting human virtuous characteristics.The treatment, of those, who have blocked their potential and have developed pathological way of reacting and behaving, has an aim to make sportsman aware of the blocking mechanism , and to help him to find his own way for using his potential in achieving the optimal results, in order to be successful in a professional sport. Keywords: coaches, phychiatry, anxiety, emotional stability Despite of the spreading laymen`s opinion that sportsman are an example of physical and psychological health , the statistic has shown that about 20-25% of sportsmen need professionalhelp for reducing and eliminating the barriers in their sporting progress and personal development.In my opinion, Gestalt psychotherapy is the most useful and the most adequate for training the leading sportsmen, it is an effective method in develing and getting characteristics necessary for topping ach-ievement, and above all , for getting human virtuous characteristics. The treatment, of those, who have blocked their potential and have developed pathological way of reacting and behaving, has an aim to make sportsman aware of the blocking mechanism , and to help him to find his own way for using his potential in achieving the optimal results, in order to be successful in a professional sport. It is well known and approved that the psychological skills, that the leading sportsmen have, are the meritorious and determinative for their success and achieves.The sportsmen who have mental power and are self-conscious, are the best in their field of sport , and they have capability to show their best performance and to get optimal results. The opinion in the past was that, these characteristics and skills are inherited genetic, or they are learned and developed during the earliest age. But, nowadays, generally accepted opinion is that the sportsmen and trainers (coaches) are capable for permanent, unlimited teaching and developing of new psychologies skills and techniques that can have the main part in getting optimal sporting results. The psychology of a sport is applied science and is engage with study and analyse of psychological aspects of all modes and contents of sports culture, as well as, behaviour of all participants in it, in order to describe, define and control such a behaviour, all with one purpose: to give direction to the sportsman for getting personal and sporting competence and also to increase the sporting efficiency . The specific field of sporting psychology is rapidly progressing during the passing years, 193 APES 1(2011) 2:193-196 Hadzivanova, I.: THE FUNCTION AND IMPORTANCE OF... although this science is still treated as a recent one.The importance of a sport psychologist, or a psychologist- psychiatrist therapist as the integral member of a team for training and health, is already well known. A psychologist is able to educate a professional sportsman to skills , to help him in over coming and processing a new, locomotor skills, to learn him to have a self control and to know how to bare with the tension of competition and competitive animosity, as well as to increase the level of awareness necessary to the body for optimum performance.The psychologist also, help the sportsman to reach the necessary concentration, help to focus sportsman attention and to ignore the destructors during the competition. A psychological training should be the integral part of a sport holistic training concept. A psychotherapist has a great function in taking care for emotional health of a sportsman.The psychological stress of a sportsman, very often, may occur as a psychosomatic disturbing symptoms and repressive, unaware aetiology that can`t be recognized at all. The stress can appear in a different psychosomatic difficulties and complaint, as distracted sleeping, in abusing substances, as irritating and susceptibility, anorexia, bulimia or other gastrointestinal problems. Te stress can also appears as a muscle tensions and incapability for relaxing, and also as growth anxiety, and culminate with panic attack. In some situation, although a sportsman is body injured he is incapable for psychological recovering. The first step of the sportsman is looking for a help by common doctor, which is based on psychological somatic difficulties and because of the awareness of a sportsman for the real aetiology of the symptom. Even if he is aware of the psychological factor, it is possible to avoid psychotherapist because of existing stigmatism of psychological anomies. Unfortunately, the situation in our sporting clubs, at the moment, is that they work without psy-chiatrists at their disposal. That is one more difficulty for those who need and look for such a help. If the sportsman asks help from a psychologist, who has a certificate and is well educating, with longterm adequate education in psychotherapy, the next step is tete-a-tete communication that has to be made carefully and professionally.This communication through conversations develops the conversation into psychotherapy scance , and if this situation repeats, a psychotherapy process has begun. This process continues with many individual meetings. Through this meeting one can detect problems with a trainer, with other sportsmen in the team, members of the family, social environment, with himself or, some anxiety maybe, because of an important future competition, uncertainty , loss of confidence and motivation, overtraining, indecision in transferring in a sport`s career and etc. It is necessary, very often, more attention has to be devoted to the internal motivation for training, which at the same time, makes their self-confidence stronger that is essential for successfull competition. Those sportsmen who believe in their capability and believe that they have done everything to be well prepared for competition show less symptoms of insecurity and anxiety, than those who were able and should have made more efforts and to show more energy , but they had not enough motivation to do that. All abovementioned proves that the psychologist-therapist takes the main part in working with professional sportsmen. Although there is laic`s opinion that the sportsmen are the most healthy people both, in body and in mind (“In healthy body healthy mind”) some of statistic data shows that there is even about 20-25% among the sportsmen, persons who need professional help for elimination and reducing of different barriers through(in) their sporting progress and personal development. Psychological studies confirm that characteristics that have been developed with the leading - sportsmen , make them different from the others, and they are the following: - emotional stability - self-control - less prone to anxiety and psychosomatic symptoms -expressed forms of extroverted behavior and expression - greater self-confidence - confidence in themselves and minded - higher degree of persistence and tolerance - responsibility and care for themselves expressed necessity for domination and leadership - competence and achievement - greater capacity for successful adaptation and performance under stress conditions - adequate internal motivation in training conditions These are qualities which can be developed with necessary capacity, with potential and suitable work . Unfortunately, an adequate education for sporting psychology has not been existing in our country, yet. 194 APES 1(2011) 2:193-196 Hadzivanova, I.: THE FUNCTION AND IMPORTANCE OF... But several psychotherapy’s courses exist and actively have been applied , such as:transactional analysis, cognitive-behavioral therapy, psychodrama, Gestalt therapy, systemic- family therapy, integrative treatment approach and etc. Taking into consideration my theoretical , long-term education, working with clients and my personal experience as a sportsman and competitor in individual and collective sports, my attitude isthat Gestalt psychotherapy is the most adequate and most effective for working with the leading sportsmen. Abovementioned properties, necessary for superior performances, but also virtuous human traits, have being achieving by applying of this method .On the other hand, working with those, who have blocked their potentials and develop ways of pathologicresponse and behaviour, means to go towards achieving awareness of the way and the reasons for blocking . But also, the aim is to find their own , new way of restarting the use of their potential. Gestalt therapy is a humanistic trend in psychology , due to the fact that training techniques allows a person to use all its potentials, to develop and use them in every field of his life. Etymologically, Gestalt is a German word that means a completeness, configuration ,integrity of the form. Gestalt therapy is phenomenological approach, which works as it would appear now and here. Its founder Fritz Perls , was a devotee of Freud at the beginning , and was a psychoanalyst, Later, he made revision of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory , so he created Gestalt psychotherapy that has grown into a psychotherapy nowadays and is number one in the world, with a growing trend. My pleasure is to say that this psychotherapy is implemented therapy in our country, as well. Gestalt therapy is used by clients who are healthy, young and adults persons who`s aim is maturation, self-discovery, integration, development and psychological homeostasis, and there is absolutely included a professional sportsman and competitor. Gestalt psychotherapy contains several techniques that enable contact with yourself now and here and resolve the unfinished situations and fixations in the past.These techniques allow realising of the tethered energy necessary for progress and becoming of the self-regulation of the organism.What I have to mention is that in Gestalt therapy the basic motive power and immanent instinct is aggressiveness, i.e. the active human being. This characteristic is consider as a positive human trait, that is necessary for moving forward (to prog- ress),despite the current opinions that the aggressiveness associates on violent behaviour and that is characteristic that should be overcome (suppressed) and, for some people, such a behaviour should be condemned. Properly directed aggression of the sportsman, i.e. his moving energy is one that will lead him to his aim (target). Excess amount of aggressiveness fully sublimated through training gives to a human being in general, possibility of catharsis and is really a physiological wisdom of the body. During the work in Gestalt therapy are used: technique of contact with yourself and awareness of yourself in the present, phenomenological approach, amplification, an empty chair technique, work on dreams, also water ??experiments are made by active imagination and visualization, psychodrama, the body is using also, as well as nonverbal gestures and speech.All of these techniques are applicable and effective in psychotherapy also in a work with sports professionals, and the results - are undoubtedly confirmed by the experience. Conclusion My opinion is that every professional club in any sporting discipline, as well as individuals, leading sports professional needs and it is desirable to have regular contact and work with an associate psychologist, Gestalt psychotherapist, who would be available as throughout the training process and in the competitive cycle. Only in this way can be used most of the potential that a leadingsportsman possesses, without oversights the psychological aspects of personality that is equally important as the physical loco-motor part of the sportsman is. Implementing the holistic Gestalt concept means to work with the person as a whole ,composed of all its various parts, getting a new quality, which means progress in the sport, leading scores, moving the upper limit of achievements and finally new records. Literature Cox R. H. (2007). Sport psychology, Concepts and Aplications. New York: McGraw-Hill Deci, E.L. (1975). Intrinsic motivation. New YorkLondon: Plenum Press Lazarevic, Lj. S. (1994). Psiholoska priprema sportista [Psihological preparation of athletes. In Serbian]. Beograd: Fakultet fizicke kulture Mladenović, U. (1981). Osnove psihologije sporta. [ The basics of psychology of sport. In Serbian ] Novi Sad: Zavod za fizičku kulturu Vojvodine 195 APES 1(2011) 2:193-196 Hadzivanova, I.: THE FUNCTION AND IMPORTANCE OF... Perls, F. (1951). Ego Hunger and Aggression: A revision of Freud’s theory and Method. New York: Julian Press Perls, F., Hefferline, R. F., & Goodman, P. (1980). Gestalt therapy: excitement and growth in the human personality. Original from the University of California. New York: Bantam Books Williams Jean M. (2009). Applied Sport Psychology: Personal Growth to Peak Performance McGrawHill Higher Education. New York: Pennsylvania State University Correspondence: Ivana Hadzivanova Clinic of psychiatry, Belgradska bb, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia E-mail: hadzivanova@gmail.com FUNKCIJATA I ZNA^EWETO NA PSIHOLOGOTPSIHOTERAPEVT VO TRENA@NIOT PROCES I NATPREVARUVA^KIOT CIKLUS KAJ VRVNITE SPORTISTI I IMPLEMENTACIJA NA GE[TALT HOLISTI^KIOT KONCEPT PRI RABOTATA ZA RAZVOJ NA NIVNITE POTENCIJALI UDK:796.42.015:159.9.019.2 (Stru~en trud) Ivana Haxivanova Univerzitetska klinika za psihijatrija, Skopje. Makedonija Apstrakt Iako me|u laicite vladee misleweto deka sportistite se etalon na zdravjeto vo fizi~ki i psihi~ki pogled, nekoi statisti~ki podatoci poka`uvaat deka me|u sportistite ima duri okolu 20-25 % li~nosti na koi im e potrebna stru~na pomo{ za otstranuvawe ili namaluvawe na raznovidnite psiholo{ki pre~ki niz nivniot sportski napredok i li~en razvoj. Verojato e deka Ge{talt psihoterapijata e edna od najadekvatnata i najdelotvornata rabota so vrvnite sportisti, i istovremeno efikasna metoda da se razvivaat i postignuvaat osobini koi pred sé, se potrebni za vrvni dostignuvawa i doblesni ~ove~ki osobini. Od druga strana pak, vo rabotata so onie sportisti koi gi blokirale svoite potencijali i razvile patolo{ki na~ini na reagirawe i odnesuvawe, so nea se nastojuva postignuvawe svesnost za na~inot na blokirawe barawe na svoj, nov na~in tie potencijali povtorno da po~nat da se koristat, i so niv da se postignat maksimalni rezultati i uspeh vo profesionalniot sport. Klu~ni zborovi: treneri, psihijatrija, anksioznost, emocionalna stabilnost. 196 APES 1(2011) 2:197-199 Aćimović, D. et. al.:SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL... SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL ACHIEVEMENTS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE IN SPORT UDC: 796.001.894/.895 (Professional paper) Danilo Aćimović1, Aleksandar Joksimović2 and Omer Špirtović1 1State University in Novi Pazar, Department of Bio-chemical and Medical Sciences, Novi Pazar, Serbia 2University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Niš, Serbia Abstract Sport today is one of the main direct promoters of science and technology. Contemporary achievements of sportsmen are greatly based on scientific and technological findings, which directly speak about great interconnection and intertexture between sport and development of science and technology in general. Keywords: training, transformational processes, anthropological characteristics, methodology, method of measurement, Development of science and technology in modern world is not only significant but also quite necessary, considering that contemporary world, human society increasingly depends in its development from advancement of science and accompanying technology as a manifestation and expressional element of scientific progress. It is impossible to talk about any advancement, if that advancement is not related to new scientific findings and technologic achievements of the modern world. The field of sport is also a part of the altogether scientific and technological development of the world. Sport today is one of the main direct promoters of science and technology. Contemporary achievements of sportsmen are greatly based on scientific and technological findings, which directly speak about great interconnection and intertexture between sport and development of science and technology in general. In order to substantiate such opinions we shall first consider the influence of science on sport, and after discuss further influence of science and technology on sport and influence of sport on science and technology. Under science in sport, we consider in general “…regulations of management of transformational processes of anthropological characteristics under the influence of programmed training, in order to create desired conditions (results) in different sport disciplines, and effects of those processes on human organism.” As it can be noticed, in these definition dominates the attitude “…regulations of management of transformational processes of anthropological characteristics” which clearly points out that the author connects certain natural laws in development of humans to development of human anthropologic characteristics. Still, on contrary to natural physiological development of a man, under the influence of scientific findings and development of technological functions, natural predispositions of a man as a sportsman are scientifically moved forward. To substantiate this it is enough to compare sport results of older generations with the results of contemporary sport generations. On the other side, sport anthropology deals with basic anthropologic characteristics, through scientific laws, within sport methodology, while considering other transformational processes would be in the area of so-called sport methodology. Science as a basic postulate of contemporary 197 APES 1(2011) 2:197-199 Aćimović, D. et. al.:SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL... world regarding sport and its establishment, requires the following considerations and approaches to the analyses of sport: determination of desired condition, implying development of the model of complexity (equation of specification) in certain sports or sport disciplines, meaning that it is necessary to priory determine on which anthropological characteristic depends the result in sport activities, what is their significance, mutual relations, relations regarding certain sport phenomena and their changeability under the influence of training, considering genetically limitations, determination of condition of sportsmen, whose anthropological characteristics are the closest to the desired conditions of the sport activity that help achieving priory set goal of transformation of the subject, and regarding this possibilities of knowing or not knowing the desired condition of the subject, construction of management model, that is, development of transformational process of relevant anthropological characteristics, implying the method of measurement and condensation of measured data, in order to calculate their quantity and quality changes, and necessary basics for conduction of diagnostics, programming, controlling, data processing and analyzing of derived effects of training, and valorization of training, according to which many relevant anthropological characteristics can be changed, implying development of most adequate program model in particular sport activities which will, through control and evaluation of their efficiency lead to optimal transformational results.” Change and development of scientific findings depend greatly upon validity and level of development of research methodology, which further implies application of scientific methods and adequate technological procedures. According to this, sport methodology tries to discuss its scientificmethodological procedures through study of the problem, subject and goals that are being researched and therefore is narrowly related to theoretical and practical results of certain anthropologic disciplines. In any case, methodology approach and its conceptualization in scientific research and within sport are based on determination of founded scientific laws. They are still consisted of expla- nation, prediction and transformation (procedure of making changes). Methodological procedure in solving certain sport problems would therefore have to be based on the following methodological knowledge and techniques: methodology of research, methods for data measurement, methods for data processing, and technology of research. When considering technology in sport, it belongs to the management constituents of cybernetics and has fundamental significance in sport. “Effect of training technology management in one interactional system on relation coach-sportsmen depends on one side on the information the sportsmen receives and on the other side on the information about the condition of the sportsman in the form of conducted corrections.” Therefore, when talking about the process of training, we consider above all the behavior of the subject, his cumulative charge, but also feedback. Opinions of the most scientists, experts and coaches are almost the same – the effect of the use of technological knowledge is dependent on the quantity and quality of the information that competitor (sportsman) receives from one side, and quantity and quality of the information from the sportsman, that is, his work as a sportsman that coach receives. Complete application of technology of training is conducted on relation of trainer – sportsman with the use of adequate interactional relations of relevant scientific disciplines and personnel. The purpose of interactional relations is to achieve maximal level of preparation of sportsman through creative and constructive work, that is, that coach with his work prepares the sportsman for greatest efforts of the competition. Reference Aćimović, D. (2004). O shvatanju menadžmenta rizika i njegovoj primeni u sportu [The understanding of risk management and their applicationin sport. In Serbian.] Niš: Ekonomika. Bartoluci, M. (1994). Razvoj sporta i poduzetništva. Kineziologija, 26 (1-2), 60-66. Đorđević, B. (2003). Menadžment [Management. In Serbian.] Priština/Blace: Ekonomski fakultet Tomić, D. (1989). Teorija sporta [The theory of sport. In Serbian.] Beograd: Naučna knjiga. 198 APES 1(2011) 2:197-199 Aćimović, D. et. al.:SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL... Correspondence: Danilo Aćimović State University in Novi Pazar Department of Bio-chemical and Medical Sciences Vuka Karadžića bb, 36300 Novi Pazar, Serbia E - mail: dacimovic@np.ac.rs NAU^NO-TEHNOLO[KI DOSTIGNUVAWA I NIVNOTO ZNA^EWE VO SPORTOT UDK: 796.001.894/.895 (Stru~en trud) Danilo A}imovi}1 , Aleksandar Joksimovi}2 i Omer [pirtovi}1 1Dr`aven Univerzite vo Novi Pazar, Oddel za Bio-hemiski i medicinski nauki, Novi Pazar, Srbija 2Univerzitet vo Ni{, Fakultet za sport i fizi~ko vospituvawe, Ni{, Srbija Apstrakt Denes sportot e vo direktna promocija so nau~no-tehnolo{kite dostignuvawa i eden e od afirmatorite na naukata i tehnologijata. Sovremenite dostignuvawa na sportistite vo golema merka se zasnovuvaat na nau~nite i tehnolo{kite soznanija. Toa neposredno zboruva za golemata me|uzavisnost i isprepletenost me|u sportot i razvojot na naukata i tehnologijata. Klu~ni zborovi: trening, transformacioni procesi, antropolo{ki karakteristiki, metodologija, metodi na merewa 199 200 APES 1(2011) 2:201-204 Stefanović, R. and Lilić, : PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS,RESOURCES ... PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS, RESOURCES, DEVELOPMENT AND TRAINING TASKS FOR THE STEEPLECHASE RUNNER UDC: 796.422.35.015.68 (Professional paper) Rade Stefanović and Ljubiša Lilić University of Prishtina, Faculty of Physical Education, Leposavić, Kosovo and Metohija, Serbia Abstracts Long distance running requires from the athletes to overcome many difficulties during trainings and competition. That is why a strong will plays an important role in the preparatory period. Especially steeplechase running requires extraordinary efforts, so it is not accidental that these runners are the most persistent and the most aware long distance runners. There has to be a good ratio of the athlete’s height and weight. The athletes of medium height achieve the best results but taller athletes are also suitable for achieving higher score. Keywords: training, competitions, endurance, aerobic capacity, anaerobic capacity, aerobic oxidation INTRODUCTION Hurdling is running on middle and long distance under special conditions where a runner has to overcome/jump over a number of the so-called “dry and water” hurdles. The word steeple is an English word for a tall pointed church bell tower, whereas chase has the meaning of a race, so the steeplechase would be a long race with church bells used by runners as road signs. Endurance is a core feature of the steeplechase runners. During the preparatory period of the training the steeplechase runners primarily work on gaining their endurance. In other words, endurance can be defined as the counter-fatigue ability. While running across fields and meadows, the steeplechase runners even jumped over wooden fences of the farms. Steeplechase is not an artificial athletic creation although in the competitive sense it appeared relatively late as a separate discipline. This exceptional and attractive combination of running and jumping over the hurdles, found its source and role model in everyday life and human search for the paths of evolution and emancipation. PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS AND TRAINING TASKS OF STEEPLECHASE Unlike hurdling, steeplechase doesn’t have the same number of steps between the hurdles. It depends on the runner’s speed, his/her good command of the jumping technique over the hurdles, the bounce ability using either of the legs, fatigue, body position in the race, etc. When running over hurdles, the constancy of number and length of the paces depends on the “hurdle feeling” and especially on the fact whether the runner can use either of legs. Gaining and training endurance activity and ultimately any other activity requires energy. It is not possible to do anything before you satisfy your energetic needs. This means that every human activity is connected with energy consumption. When the muscles are contracting, a direct source of energy is decomposition of adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) – energy-rich compounds. Consumed ATP reserves which are usually of small quantities in body, need to be quickly filled up, otherwise the muscles will loose their ability to contract. The renewal of ATP reserves produces the chemical 201 APES 1(2011) 2:201-204 Stefanović, R. and Lilić, : PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS,RESOURCES ... reaction of dual nature: aerobic reaction in the presence of oxygen and anaerobic reaction in which oxygen takes no part. When running the steeplechase, the need for oxygen is huge primly because of the activity duration rather than intensity. This practically relates to the energy consumption as well. This need for oxygen is usually satisfied during the activity. Development of aerobic and anaerobic capabilities Endurance is developed only when the necessary level of fatigue is reached during training. Since the fatigue isn’t the same when having endurance exercise with different type of training loads, a crucial question is the nature of caused fatigue. What is also important is the type of caused fatigue, because it causes reactions of desired character and size during trainings. The aerobic oxidation is mostly used when running long distance. This primarily relates to the preparatory period of training. However, it would be mistaken to eliminate the significance of anaerobic capabilities for several reasons, since during long distance running there are sudden and frequent rhythm changes and this is the reason why a runner should be well prepared. The same goes for steeplechase running since this is the discipline with drastic rhythm changes, as well. If we consider that the 3,000 m length is close to the upper limit of the middle distance, then the necessity to include anaerobic capabilities into training is much bigger. It would be a mistake to take the achievement of better results or having a great volume of training activities as quality indicator. The best results should be achieved in competition rather than during trainings. In addition, a large number of training activities doesn’t serve to its purpose. If we can achieve the same size of body reactions with a smaller number of training activities then we don’t have to increase it. The activities for improving aerobic training capabilities are the activities which can provide achievement of maximum value of the heart and breathing performance as well as maintaining of high oxygen consumption for a longer period. During the aerobic capability improvement, equal and different variations of repetitive and changing rhythm of the training methods are used. This training method of equal rhythm is widely used at the initial phases of aerobic capability improvement trainings. This kind of training is oriented towards learning the following characteristics of the training load components, such as: the intensity of work, length of the section, resting intervals, the type of rest, and number of repeating parts of the training load. Having a continuous or interval type of training of the same quantity leads to approximately the Aerobic capacity Steeplechase is running in which aerobic oxidation is predominately used. During running, oxygen consumption relates to aerobic processes. A person’s aerobic capacity can be characterized by his/her maximal oxygen volume which can be consumed per a minute. Aerobic capacity determines the entire body functions and influences the oxygen consumption and its use in the tissues. Aerobic capacity include the capacity of the external respiratory system, circulatory system, blood vessel system, oxygen utilization in the tissues depending on the level of tissue respiration, as well as the harmonization of all body systems. The aerobic oxidation is the most efficient, physiologically and energetically most suitable. Anaerobic capacity Anaerobic process leads to accumulation of the body products which were not completely decomposed. These products are being removed not only during running/training but also during the recovery period when a sportsman is using the oxygen much more. This excess of the oxygen which is called the “oxygen debt” serves as a measure of anaerobic reactions. Maximum oxygen debt is an indicator of anaerobic capacity (anaerobic capabilities). The so called functional “ceiling” transport of energy that is the energy capabilities are characterized by aerobic and anaerobic capabilities. Anaerobic processes are consisted of two types of reactions. Within first type of reaction, creatine phosphate is decomposed and it is called creatine phosphokinase, its phosphate groups are transferred to adensinediphosphate which regulates ATP. Other reaction – glycolysis – consists of fermented decomposition of carbohydrates into lactic acid while the part of released energy is used to restore ATP reserves. 202 APES 1(2011) 2:201-204 Stefanović, R. and Lilić, : PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS,RESOURCES ... same increase of abilities. Having this kind of sport knowledge and experience, the greatest sport results with long-term loads cannot be achieved neither by continuous type or interval type of training. It is obvious that it needs an optimal combination of both types of training. The training cycle schedule for linking aerobic and anaerobic capabilities is as follows: at the beginning – development of respiratory capabilities, then glycolytic and at the end alactic capacity, which defines the capacity for absorbing the energy of creatine phosphokinase reaction. Referring to individual training, a reverse order would be more appropriate. Regarding the relation of aerobic and anaerobic capacity, the values for long distance running are as follows: for 3,000- meter track the relation is 3:1, for 5,000-meter track the ratio is 5:1, and for 10,000-meter track the ratio is 10:1. today it is not. Only with long-term and systematic work we can achieve the highest sport achievements. It is known that the ancient Hellenes emphasized the importance of preparation before the Olympic Games in Olympia. Hellenic athletes were preparing for a year before the Olympic Gam-es and used the last month to make final trainings and to have elimination at Olympia. The training system even consisted of cycles. These were the four-training cycles – the so - called tetrads. CONCLUSION Steeplechase is a discipline belonging to longtrack discipline combining running and jumping over hurdles. Steeplechase is a discipline for improving health, persistence and basic physiological ability, especially endurance. Steeplechase training has to be based on a scientific basis. It should be focused on general physical preparation first and then on specific training activities. To achieve good steeplechase results it is necessary to be good at running disciplines of 1,500 m, 5,000 m and sometimes 10,000 m. For top results it is necessary to train two times a day and run at least 600 km on a monthly basis within preparatory period. Trainings should be conducted on a range of terrains. The preparatory period should last at least 5 to 6 months. Within the preparatory period it is necessary to work on developing of endurance as well as on developing on speed. The work on general and specific endurance should be combined in both preparatory phases. Warming-up activity is also significant. Steeplechase runners have to warm-up at least one hour and within this warming/up activity they have to run at least 6 km, to loosen up at least 10 minutes and perform at least 6 100-meter sprints. The best distance for general endurance activities is the 30/kilometer distance. The activities for developing strength are mostly done in the preparatory period. To develop strength it is necessary to use diverse methods but mostly hops and light weights with many repetitions. These activities should be continued during competitions but having different focus. The technique of running the steeplechase is needed to be developed in the preparatory period, and then connect the technique elements during the competitions. The improvement of tactics should be worked on within this period. TRAINING OF A STEEPLECHASE RUNNER To achieve high sports results in running over hurdles at 3,000 meters, athletes have to be not only tough, but also quite fast, strong, to possess a high level of coordination movement, mobility as well as the technique of running and running over the hurdles. Training is a pedagogical process within versatile physical education as well as education of moral and other features aiming at developing a versatile personality and achieving top sport results in certain sport branches. The goal of sport training is preparation for achieving top sport results, health improvement as well as satisfying personal interests and desires. Today, training provides complete pedagogical results only when it represents the versatile educational process, focused on development of physical and mental skills, building a broad base of training knowledge, skills and habits. During sport development of an athlete, the training should be understood as a continuous series of annual training cycles in which a certain period of the following annual cycle is on the higher level than the corresponding period of the previous cycles. The level of training knowledge and scientific development in this direction has led to realization that today’s achievement of high score in athletics is very difficult. If it used to be necessary to achieve certain goals within several sport seasons, 203 APES 1(2011) 2:201-204 Stefanović, R. and Lilić, : PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS,RESOURCES ... BIBLIOGRAPHY Lenert, S. (1981). Atletski skokovi [Athletic jumps. In Serbian.] Novi Sad: Zavod za fizičku kulturu. Opavski, P. (1997). Osnovi biomehanike [Fundamentals of Biomechanics. In Serbian.] Beograd: Jugoslovenska trenerska škola. Stefanović, Đ. i Stefanović, R. (2002). Teorija i metodika atletike [The theory and methodology of athletics. In Serbian.] Beograd: samostalno izdanje autora. Enciklopedija fizičke kulture A-O [Encyclopedia Phisical Culture. In Croatian.] (1975). Zagreb: Jugoslovenski leksikografski zavod. Ilić, S. (1994). Istorija fizičke kulture – staro doba i srednji vek [History of Physical Education – old age and the Middle Ages. In Serbian.] Beograd: Fakultet fizičke culture. Keler, B. (1983). Tehnika atletskih skokova [Technique athletic jumps.In Serbian.] Novi Sad: Novi Sad: Zavod za fizičku kulturu Vojvodine. Correnspondence: Ljubiša Lilić University of Priština Faculty of Physical Education Dositej Obradović b b, 38218 Leposavić, Kosovo-Metohija, Srbija E - mail: ljubolilic@sbb.rs FIZIOLO[KI OSNOVI, SREDSTVA, RAZVOJ I ZADA^I NA TRENINGOT KAJ TRKA^ITE NA STIPL-^EZ UDK: 796.422.35.015.68 (Stru~en trud) Rade Stefanovi} i Qubi{a Lili} Univerzitet vo Pri{tina, Fakultet za sport i fizi~ko vospituvawe, Leposavi}, Kosovo i Metohija, Srbija Apstrakt Tr~aweto na dolgi pateki bara od natprevaruva~ite nadminuvawe na mnogu te{kotii vo tekot na treningot na natptrevarite. Poradi toa, potrebnata komponenta vo podgotovkite za postignuvawe na vrvni sportski rezultati igra mo{ne zna~ajna uloga. Tr~aweto stipl~ez bara vonredni napori, taka {to ne e slu~ajno {to trka~ite vo ovaa disciplina se edni od najupornite i najsovesnite trka~i na dolgi pateki. Trka~ite vo ovaa disciplini mora da imaat proporcionalen odnos na nivnata telesna viso~ina i te`ina. Najdobri rezultati postignuvaat trka~ite so prose~na telesna viso~ina, no isto taka, takvi rezultati mo`at da postignuvaat i trka~i so povisok rast. Klu~ni zborovi: trening, natprevari, izdr`livost, aeroben kapacitet, anaeroben kapacitet, aerobna oksidacija 204 APES 1(2011) 2:205-209 Živanović, N and Ranđelović, N.: REGISTERED FORMS... REGISTERED FORMS OF VIOLENCE IN SPORT UDC: 796: 316.624 (Professional paper) Nenad Živanović and Nebojša Ranđelović University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Niš, Serbia Abstract Sport is a social event, and as such, it is impossible to view it outside of a particular society. Thus, sport is what modern society makes it. Violence is seeping into our everyday life. It is no coincidence that certain researchers mention “daily violence”. Violence is expanding due to the mass-media, by means of which it is entering our homes. Registered sport is an integral component of our everyday lives, and it is almost a logical conclusion that it is not immune to violence which usually has a very negative outcome. The very language that sports commentators use is the poisoned language of violence: victory, defeat, attack, defense, resistance on the part of the opponent, the destruction of the opponent and the like. Taking a broader view, violence in sport is a component and expression of violence in social life in general, especially the violence that is often the most effective form of communication between individuals and groups, which is often manifested precisely in relation to sport as a kind of social reserve for violence. Keywords: society, mass-media, aggression, communication, fans, political groups INTRODUCTION athletes, violence against sports umpires, violence against sports journalists and the like. One should bear in mind that all of the victims of violence could at another point be perpetrators, and at yet another, the victims of violence. These roles change depending on the context, influence of the situation, the personality factor, the activities in the field, the course of the concrete training or competitive process. The terms aggression and violence in sport are most frequently used as synonyms, but a difference must be made between aggressive and socalled assertive behavior. Assertive behavior in sport includes a firm, decisive, strong game in which the players use legal means in order to achieve an aim. For this reason, assertive behavior is an essential component of success in sport. Aggression in sport is behavior which lies outside the rules of the game of sport, and which is deliberately aimed at hurting or injuring the other participants, irrespective of whether at the core of this behavior we find the Sport is a social event, and as such, it cannot be analyzed outside of a society. Accordingly, sport is what modern society makes it. Violence has seeped into our everyday life. It is no coincidence that certain researchers mention “daily violence”. Violence is expanding due to the mass-media, by means of which is enters our homes. Registered sport is an integral component of our everyday life and it is almost a logical conclusion that it is not immune to aggression and violence which usually leads to a negative outcome. Violence in sport has become a world-wide problem present on almost all the continents. DEFINING VIOLENCE IN SPORT In sport it is customary for unfriendly and aggressive behavior to be called violence, which leads us to speak of viewer violence, violence in the field (violent actions during a game, mutual verbal or physical attacks among the players), the violence of parents and/or the coach against child 205 APES 1(2011) 2:205-209 Živanović, N and Ranđelović, N.: REGISTERED FORMS... desire to achieve a certain aim (instrumental or “good aggression”), or to cause pain and hurt someone else (hostile or “bad aggression”). Violence means aggressive behavior with a particular aim in mind. Some forms of sport such as volleyball, basketball, soccer, and baseball can contain an aggressive tactic, but eventually actual violence will expand beyond the limits of the rules of sports competitions. Contact sports such as: American football, rugby, boxing and wrestling contain a certain level of physical violence, but include limitations and penalties for excessive use of force. A high level of violence, the kind that takes place during a physical fight (boxing), can occur as something that is contrary to the rules of the game, but could still be expected or even valued in a certain way (effort). Actually, even when an activity is violent and outside the rules of the game, it could still be an acceptable and expected part of the game. The level of acceptability of violence outside the rules of the game can be based on cultural patterns or gender differences or could be related to the history of the development of sport. Irrespective of which part of defining violence in sport we are dealing with, the analysis of all the aspects of violence must include the behavior of all the participants in the sports event: the players, the fans, the spectators and the relatives of all those who are indirectly included in the sports event. Starting from the definition of aggression (Baron & Richardson,1994) “as any form of behavior whose only aim is to do damage or harm to another human being which is motivated to avoid this type of treatment”, what we consider violence in sport is every use of illegal means or excessive force, in any form, on the part of the athletes, coaches, umpires, parents, spectators and other participants in sports or those involved in it (staring from the preliminaries, competitions, judging and reconstruction, to their media coverage), which harms those who are taking part in the sports event. manifests itself, and which cannot be classified into a limited and predetermined number of subcategories, since each day new forms occur which did not exist before and which appear in various sports, but are most frequently to be found in collective sports, primarily in the case of sports games. Explicit violence is usually expressed as physical violence (hitting, tripping, slapping, pulling ears, punishment through additional exercise, bodily harm, fights) and can be recognized in the immediate influence it has on the human body (causing injuries of various types and significant load on the body), which might lead to more severe damage to the entire health status. Physical violence, then, means the dissolution of the anatomical-physiological unity and the usual operating method of the human body. The range of physical violence is relatively wide: from causing light bodily harm to its ultimate form – murder. Graver physical violence is easily noted and recognized on the basis of the data gathered during a medical exam. Physical violence in various forms is something that all those involved in sport can resort to, but today it is widespread in the behavior of fans and athletes. There is no sport, or sports discipline and competition, without the fans. Where we find fans, there we find violence which in a way is aestheticized as “violence in sport”. Excessive and violent behavior of the fans in certain types of sport is especially prominent today. The aggressive behavior of fans today unites quite often both physical and psychological violence. It even has a specific name and ways of expression – hooliganism. “Hooliganism represents a certain manifestation of social violence which cannot be explained as interpersonal interaction which is marked by aggression. This type of behavior is usually linked to the fans as organized groups related to various sports, mostly team sports, such as soccer, basketball, handball and the like. In this sense hooliganism can be defined as an occurrence which consists of vandalism, and systematic and organized types of aggression of young fans, which are aimed against similar opposing groups within and outside the stadium”. (Roversi & Balestri, 2000). The athletes who participate in individual sports today, in comparison to the period just before the end of the last century, THE CLASSIFICATION OF VIOLENCE We could say that the overall violence that is present in sport in the widest sense can be divided into two main categories: explicit (visible at first sight and obvious) and non-explicit violence (invisible at first sight and less conspicuous). Each of these categories has several forms in which it 206 APES 1(2011) 2:205-209 Živanović, N and Ranđelović, N.: REGISTERED FORMS... are more and more often the perpetrators of violence. This violence is usually directed against the opposing team, but it is not rare that the violence is aimed against the judges, even against the players of the fans’ own teams. They usually resort to violence with the aim of frightening their opponents. This type of behavior could also be a part of the strategy developed on the part of the coach or the players themselves. The parents of athletes, even though that is a rare occurrence, sometimes become aggressive and use violence against the coaches, the players of the opposing teams, and other parents. Some scare their children or punish them because they did not fulfill their expectations. Non-explicit violence is the kind of violence that does not have an obvious physical manifestation or which is derived from explicit violence. It is most often qualified as psychological violence which influences the psyche of the participants in sport. This type of violence is very difficult to determine since it does not always have clearly visible consequences and reactions which might indicate its presence. It is, considering its many manifestations, to be found even more often than physical violence. This type of violence includes mockery, humiliation, insults, the use of swear words and name calling, inciting to unethical and unsporting behavior, high expectations, constant criticism and the like. Taking into consideration the various sources which inform us about sports events and sport in general (the press, TV, and the internet) we can, based on the different examples which represent various types of violence, create the following classification of violence in sport, which is certainly not exhaustive. - According to type of manifestation - According to focus - According to the participants (perpetrators) - According to the victims - According to the causes - According to the location in question - According to type of manifestation - Physical violence - Psychological violence - According to focus 1.According to the athletes 1) one’s team members 2) members of the opposing team 3) fans 4) coaches 5) members of the club management 6) sponsors 7) the media 8) members of political groups 9) regular citizens 10) members of criminal groups 2. According to the judges 1) athletes 2) members of the club management 3) the fans 4) the media 3. According to club representatives 1) athletes 2) fans 3) members of political groups 4) sponsors 5) the media 4. According to the fans 1) the athletes 2) opposing athletes 3) law enforcement officials 4) the media 5. According to regular citizens 1) the fans 6. According to law enforcement officials 1) the fans 2) the athletes 7. According to the media representatives 1) the fans 2) athletes 3) club management representatives According to the participants (perpetrators) - the athletes - the fans - the club representatives - law enforcement officials - the media - the sponsors - members of criminal groups - the parents According to the victims - athletes - judges - members of the club management - the fans - law enforcement officials - representatives of the media - regular citizens 207 APES 1(2011) 2:205-209 Živanović, N and Ranđelović, N.: REGISTERED FORMS... According to the cause Caused by conflicts which originated during a sports manifestations Caused by conflicts which originated outside the sports manifestation Caused by conflicts which originated outside of sport According to the location - at sports settings – stadiums – all these are types of behavior which are seriously punished in everyday life and which are a legal and legitimate part of the “sports fight”. Sports competitions have by their very nature started to resemble war. Practically speaking, they mimic war clashes. This is also indicated by the expressions that dominate sport: opponent, victory, defeat, attack, defense, counter-attack, charge, line of defense, attack strategy, breaking the opponents line of defense , developing lines of attack, providing support for the fans, taking out the opponents’ head player by means of constant charges and forcing him to retreat, huddling in rank, holding the lines of defense, creating panic in the enemy’s lines, striking an opponent in such a way that he cannot recover, incapacitating the fighting ranks, forcing the opponent to retreat to his territory, destroying the opponent’s game, breaking the opponent’s moral, brining him to his knees, beating him to the end, forcing him to surrender, destroying his desire to fight, to cowardly give in, to be defeated heroically defending one’s goal line, fighting to the end, preparing for the deciding charge… Scoring a point in basketball or a goal in soccer represents the defeat of those who are defending the goal, with the scored points symbolically representing the value of the bounty that has been won. Each attack is a fight, each game a war, in which whoever was able to win in the greatest number of struggles and in this way claim the greatest number of points (the greater bounty) wins. - outside of sports settings The manifestation of violent behavior Violence in sport, as we have already mentioned, can take various forms, and the activities themselves can also be quite varied: - insulting - intimidation and threats - initiation (ritual violence) - blackmail - kidnapping - doping - trade - fights - physical harassment - hooliganism - murder CONCLUSION Based on all of the above, we can conclude that violence in sport is a very complex occurrence which takes various forms. Violence in sport has always been and always will be a key ingredient of and manifestation of violence in social life in general. The causes and reasons for its presence are also linked to social and cultural values, and to a great extent depend on the set goals of the individual, but more so on social groups and society as a whole. Setting wrong goals, from the ethical point of view, can lead to various social deviations, even in sport as a social activity. This is why we have situations in sport when behavior which is otherwise forbidden by law is not only allowed, but encouraged or even required (in boxing or in other contact sports): deliberate or accidental negligence (the so-called “sliding starts” in soccer); the deliberate cause of grievous bodily harm, (as is the case in boxing); planning to commit murder and being an accomplice in it (coaches, club owners); inciting to commit grievous bodily injury and murder (umpires who only follow the “rules of the game”) REFERENCES Baron, R. A. & Richardson, D. (1994). Human Aggression. New York: Plenum. Božović, R. (2007). Agresija i nasilje u sportu [Aggression and violence in sport. In Serbian.] Sociološka luča, 1 (2). Crowd violence at Australian sport. Australian Society for Sports History .(1992). Sydney: Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Western Sydney. Dominique, B. L. & R. Stéphane, H. (2004). Sports et violences en Europ. Éd. du Conseil de l’Europe; Strasbourg. Roversi, A. & Balestri, C. (2000). Italian Ultras Today: Change or Decline? European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, (8), 183-199. Simonović, Lj. (1995). Sport, kapitalizam, destrukcijа [Sport, capitalism, destruction. In Serbian.] Beograd: Lorka. 208 APES 1(2011) 2:205-209 Živanović, N and Ranđelović, N.: REGISTERED FORMS... Correspondence: Nenad Živanović University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education Čarnojevićeva 10A, 18000, Niš, Serbia E-mail: zivanovic@fsfv.ni.ac.rs REGISTRIRANI FORMI NA NASILSTVOTO VO SPORTOT UDK: 796: 316.624 (Stru~en trud) Nenad @ivanovi} i Neboj{a Rangelovi} Univerzitet vo Ni{, Fakultet za sport i fizi~ko vospituvawe, Ni{, Srbija Apstrakt Sportot e op{testvena pojava, i kako takov, nevozmo`no e da se sogleduva nadvor od bilo koe op{testvo. Spored toa, sportot e takov kakvo {to e sovremenoto op{testvo. Vo na{iot sekojdneven `ivot navleglo nasilstvoto. Ne e ni malku slu~ajno {to oddelni istra`uva~i, s# pove}e zboruvaat za ,,nasilstvoto na sekojdnevieto”. Nasilstvoto svojata ekspanzija ja do`ivuva blagodarenie na mas-mediumite, so ~ija pomo{ navleguva vo na{ite domovi. Registriraniot sport e sostaven del na na{eto sekojdnevie, taka {to logi~ene e zaklu~okot deka toj ne e imun od agresivnosta i nasilstvoto, koi ~esto imaat tragi~en zavr{etok. Ve}e samiot jazik so koj se slu`at komentatorite, pretstavuva zagaden jazik na nasilstvoto: pobeda, poraz, napad, otpor na protivnikot, rasturawe na protivnikot i sli~no. Po{iroko razgleduvano, nasilstvoto vo sportot e sostaven del i izraz na nasilstvoto vo op{testveniot `ivot vo celina, osobeno na nasilstvoto kako pozastapen najefikasen oblik na komunikaciite me|u poedinecot i grupata {to ~esto jasno doa|a do izraz tokmu vo sportot kako svoeviden op{testven rezervat za nasilstvoto. Klu~ni zborovi: op{testvo mas-mediumi, agresivnost, komunikaci, naviva~i, politri~ki grupi 209 210 APES 1(2011) 2:211-213 Vangelov, V. : DUST – HARMFUL AGENT TO HEALTH... DUST – HARMFUL AGENT TO HEALTH OF TEACHING AND COACHING STAFF UDC: 796.02:613 (Professional paper) Vasko Vangelov Professor of Physical Education, Bitola, Macedonia Abstract Harmfulness of dust in school and sports facilities for physical education and training process has been treated in a general and approximate sense. The impact of dust reflects not only to health of teachers of physical education, but also to health of students and athletes. Therefore, it is necessary to provide application of substantive and legal criteria for maintaining sanitary conditions, and also for neutralization presence of dust in school sports halls. In this respect, systematic and continual ecological measurements should be taken for determining the dust level, and particularly the level of its micro particles with harmful influence to health of physical education teachers, sports coaches, students and athletes. Keywords: students, athletes, sports halls, health, ecological measurements So far, situation and conditions in which teaching in physical education and training process are practiced have been treated very little. Furthermore, hygienic conditions, and especially reasons that cause harmful effect of dust in school sports halls, have not been treated sufficiently. Teachers of physical education and sports coaches spend several working hours a day in closed and inadequate hygiene sports halls. This situation has constantly been present over the forty-year working experience of physical education teachers and sports coaches. There is no need for explaining and presenting arguments how big is the impact of this situation on health of professional cadres who organize and conduct teaching and training processes. Also, the situation is particularly worrying taking into account presence of so-called micro dust which is characterized by small harmful particles that physical education teacher permanently breath in, thus increasing the risk of pulmonary diseases. This inconvenient situation does not only endanger health of physical education teachers and sports coaches, but also health of young people during their physical exercises together with their teachers and coaches, usually in indoor under-ventilated halls due to actual financial and economic conditions. In this context, it should be borne in mind that adverse effect of dust which is most evident with students and athletes living in urban environments, where pollution from exhaust gases and industrial facilities, as well as smog correlates negatively with dust in school and sports halls. Presence of dust with its harmful micro particles in school and sports halls where teaching in physical education and training process are practiced, almost can not be determined through appropriate measurements. Therefore, it is hart do say how much dust is present in a certain environment and to what extent it is harmful to health of students, athletes, teachers and sports coaches. From ecological point of view, especially in today’s modern living conditions, it is unacceptable and inhuman practice for further organization of the physical practicing process for students and athletes. Over the last several years in the Republic of 211 APES 1(2011) 2:211-213 Vangelov, V. : DUST – HARMFUL AGENT TO HEALTH... Macedonia have been built a great number of modern school sports halls and other indoor sports facilities which satisfy elementary hygienic standards and normative in respect of their ventilation for conducting the physical training process. Anyway, this convenient situation should be continued with additional building of sports halls, but it is also important to take maximal care about maintaining hygienic conditions and particularly about controlling normal percent of dust presence in the halls. The purpose of aforementioned facts and consideration in this scientific paper is not to point out critics for hygienic situation and dust presence in sports halls, in which teaching process and free activities in physical education are conducted, but to take as many as possible preventive activities and provide convenient ecological conditions. Accordingly, based on these activities, the main function and tasks of physical education would fulfilled more efficient and successful (both from personal and social aspect), as well as professionalism of cadres (teachers and coaches) who realize this function. Therefore, based on the analysis of hypothetical and real situation of hygienic conditions in school and sports halls, the following main conclusions are possible: In functioning of existing and new school and sports halls, maximal care is necessary for application of material and legal system criteria for maintaining high level hygienic conditions, and also for maximal avoiding dust presence during teaching and free activities in physical education and training process. Hygienic conditions and dust presence in school and sports halls should be controlled on a regular base with appropriate ecological measurements. Results of these measurements need to be used for useful health programming and organization of teaching and free activities in physical education and sports training process. LITERATURE Andrijašević, S. (1999). Sport kao javno dobro. [Sports as public welfare. In Serbian]. Zagreb: Faculty of Physical Culture. Naumovski, A. (2007). Управување, користење и одржување на спортските објекти, терени и училишните спортски сали. Методски и организациски претпоставки во спортот и спортските активности и физичкото и здраввственото образование кај децата и младите (Voveden zbor) [Management, use and maintenance of sports facilities, sports fields and school sports halls. Methodical and organizational presumptions in sports and sports activities and physical and health education with children and youth. In Macedonian] (Foreword). Fizi~ka kultura, 35(2), 11-15. Polić, B. (1967). Humanizacija fizičke kulture. [Humanization of Physical Culture. In Serbian.] Beograd: Jugoslovenski zavod za fizičku kulturu. Partizan – Novinska izdavačko-propagandna ustanova. [ukova-Stojmanovska, D. (2000). Istra`uvawa vo higienata na telesnoto ve`bawe (Avtorizirani predavawa) [Physical Exercise Hygiene Research. In Macedonian.] (Authorized readings). Skopje: Fakultet za fizi~ka kultura. Correspondence: Vasko Vangelov, Profesor ul Milton Manaki, 20 7000 Bitola Rebulic of Macedonia 212 APES 1(2011) 2:211-213 Vangelov, V. : DUST – HARMFUL AGENT TO HEALTH... PRA[INATA - [TETEN AGENS ZA ZDRAVJETO NA NASTAVNI^KITE I TRENERSKITE STRU^NI KADRI UDK: 796.02:613 (Stru~en trud) Vasko Vangelov Profesor po fizi~ko obrazovanie, Bitola, Makedonija Apstrakt Tretirano e vo voop{tena i orientaciona smisla {tetnoto vlijanie na pra{inata vo u~ili{nite i sportskite sali za fizi~ko obrazovanie i trena`niot proces. Toa vlijanie se odrazuva ne samo vrz zdravjeto na nastavnicite po fizi~ko obrazovanie, tuku i vrz zdravjeto na u~enicite i sportistite. Poradi toa, potrebno e da se vodi gri`a za primena na materjalni i pravni kriteriumi za odr`uvawe na higienskite uslovi, a vo ramkite na toa i za neutralizirawe na mo`nostite za prisutnosta na pra{inata vo u~ili{ite i sportskite sali. Vo taa nasoka, neophodni se sistemski i postojani ekolo{ki merewa za utvrduvawe nivoto na pra{nata, a osobeno na nejzinite mikro-~esti~ki koi {tetno vlijaat vrz zdravjeto na nastavnicite po fizi~ko obrazovanie i sportskite treneri, kako i na u~enicite i sportistite. Klu~ni zborovi: u~enici, sportisti, sportski sali, zdravje, ekolo{ki merewa 213 214 APES 1(2011) 2:215-219 Drašković, J.K. et. al.: THE COACHES THE PEDAGOGUE... THE COACHES THE PEDAGOGUE UDC: 796. 071.43 (Professional paper) Jelena-Krulj Drašković, Sladjana Vidosavljević and Radomir Arsić University of Priština – Kosovska Mitrovica, Kosovo i Metohija, Teacher Ttraining Faculty, Prizren-Leposavić, Serbia Abstract The aim of this work is to stress the importance of the coach to be good pedagogue for young sportsman. We assume that the best result in sport belong to those sportsman whose coach has good pedagogic approach. The work with children represents the gratest satisfaction for the coach-pedagogue because he is the witness of child’s growth and development. The education is the largest pedagogic concept which refers to forming of the personality. For children, the coach is not only the instructor in demostrating of the sport skills, but also the model to which they want to be similar. Thanks to pedagogy the coach-pedagogue acquires grater abillity to transfer the skills to children on easily understandable way by forming the positive emotion of children to the sport they are performing. The task of the the coach is to motivate children for sport practicing by favorite firstly the playning games, companionship and than the sport ethics and fair-play and in the and the value of good results. By his presence, the coach influences on the positive work atmosphere and good cooperation in the sport group and the tactic empathy can have the positive influence on the good and good results of the sportsman. Keywords: pupils, education, sport ethics, fair-play, sport skills, reward, punishment knowledge, abilities and skills, especially creative human resources. Hence the imperative task of training, in which the control part of the central figure coach, the adoption of functional knowledge and skills and education of man in a measured and responsible behavior. In addition, it must be significantly taken into account and the parallel development of other human socio-psychological characteristics,flexibility and dynamism, a willingness on the exploits of the risk, the individual sleeves (actualization and achievement), and teamwork. ‘’Education in the sport derives its knowledge from any vision of man we want in the future ’’ (Tomić, 1992). Today, the word sport means in particular The territory of human creativity, specifically in the health of biological, sociocultural and ethical educational functions and known for its goals and ways of their implementation. This, of course, requires the trainer to considerably expand the range of svijih knowledge and interests. Coach INTRODUCTION Often we hear that every job is meaningful only if it is also fun, and coaching certainly is. But in addition to being fun, responsible and challenging. At first, the coach is a teacher, later a mentor who guides the player and eventually a consultant. A good coach-teacher shows the way athletes, teach them wisdom, honesty, courage. It focuses on the psycho-physical development of its players, is a creative, responsible, authoritative, loyal. In an interview with the athletes he chooses, but should not be deaf to the feelings of the players. From the above we can conclude that in the modern world significantly changed the role of sports coaches. Modern sports coach, makes a connection between science and practice, determining the content leading up to its methodological and life experience that has accumulated years of scientific and theoreticalknowledge. Development of sports, determined, therefore, 215 APES 1(2011) 2:215-219 Drašković, J.K. et. al.: THE COACHES THE PEDAGOGUE... educator can not only meet their solid technical knowledge of specific disciplines, but must be well versed in the elements and pedagogical, psychological, sociological and medical sciences because its function is closely adjacent to these areas. ‘’If the teacher wants to educate a man in every respect, it needs to know in every way’’(Ushinsky, 1957). So the coach if he wants good results on the ground, it must first of all to his players well known, thus being a good coach not only know the tactics of sport which is dealt with, but know know the pedagogy. gogy was practical discipline, and theorical problems of education, primarly in ethical aspect, were subjects of philosophy. The education is the subject of pedagogy, and not just that, it’s very important also the organization about pupil and with pupil, because on that way can be achieved some tasks and aims. The pedagogy is not occupied just with child and some person in this moment, it doesn’t rest upon to philisophy, psycology and other related sciences, but also its perspecitive, so it’s necessary that in its basis has developed theory and philisophy about man, society and education. “The specificity of pedagogy is that through styding educational phenomenon in this moment, always aspire to determine and propose behavior for future- how to take process, how to predict treatment of pupils and teachers and elements of their relation in process of realization of assignments and aims of education, which are always symbol of future and mark of future (disered) state.” (Djordjevic & Trnavac 1992). Although pedagogy in its investigationses considering biological and sociable dimensions of personality of some pupil, it includes in group of sociable sciences, with emphasized humanistic orientation. That’s the reason why many people treted the pedagogy as expressive example of humanistic science, which exists in the interests of child and man. The education is one of the primary conditions of sociable life and continuous development of society. It’s related organicly and it’s imbuing with other humans activities and also there is in all interpersonal relations. Because of that, the field of work of pedagogy is problematic inexhaustible. The pedagogue has to be maximally engaged, and it’s necessary to have sence for differentiation of problems and knowing about educational and school system on the whole. Educational pedagogical institution is the school- where is properly directed school and out - of school work of pupils with pedagogical influence. Primery school task is identification and direction, and for that is necessary expert who knows very well problems of school and out-of -school education, as well as organization and presentation of teaching work. The pedagogue can fight successfully, direct and surmount realizations of “all” problems. Knowing general children’s and educational psychology, biological development of child, then defectol- THE ROLE AND FUNCTION OF PEDAGOGUE The notion pedagogy (on greek-paidagogos) originates as compound word from greek words paiodos, paidos – which means child and ago, again which means to take. The notion paidagogos “ that who takes a child” was the name for slave who takes a child of master and takes care of its security, especially when the child is out of home. In ancient Greece paidagogos is not real teacher, because he isn’t educated, but just make possible to a child to acquire some specific experience. He makes a child more able for life, helps it to orient itself in some environment. In the beginning the pedagouge was person who was taking care of a child, then he was person who was taking child of master to the teacher. Later, the pedagogue became the name for person who bring up childrens and educate them- the teacher of cild. In ancient Roma pedagogus – pedagogue, this name is related for captured educated slave, that was the slave of home, the teacher to childrens of its master. He was real teacher who was teaching a child of slaveholder “about everything”, basically making able a child for life, taking care of development and education-on some way, the slave was nurse and teacher to child. The pedagogy appears relative later as special scientific discipline, in the beginning of 19 th century. Johan F. Herbart is one of the first founders of pedagogical science. J. F. Herbarye had intoduced pedagogy in the work of university discilines, he used term “pedagogy” which was accepted mostly in Europe and other contries of the world. As science- scientific discipline-pedagogy started with development introducing schooling as general obligation of young people. Before that, the peda216 APES 1(2011) 2:215-219 Drašković, J.K. et. al.: THE COACHES THE PEDAGOGUE... ogy and others, it’s capable to enter in psychological problems. With pedagogical - psychological observing, conversations, experiments, comun work with children at school, it can understand, help and direct every educational activity and on that way can help in realization of aims and assignments of school. Modern school wants to create versatile educated person, so the functions of pedagogue are: - permanently folowing of development of pupils - folowing of development of pupils - preffesional informing and directing pupils for occupation - creation and raising of teaching process on higher level - intesive and continuous work with parents - daily activity and coordination with sociable environment For this realization, the pedagogue must be with all factors which are engaged in problems of education of children, youth and adults. Therefore, he must be mayor factor in connection of these factors which are important for education of young people and proffesional directing and development of this work. which the caoch applies. If it si democratic style, the coach supports democratic tolerant, non-violent, free comunication in team, in contrast of autoritative style, where coach tries to prevent with presion failure, he is arrogant and unfriendly. For lesfer (indolent) coach is characteristic indifference, pedagogical passivity, adversely has infuence on motivation of sportsman… From all of these, democratic style of work is the best for education of students. The success of pedagogical work of coach and development depend of communication between coach and sportsman. The coach is a builder of this communication. SPORTS COACH WITH AND WITHOUT PREFIH-PEDAGOGUE We can mention once again that the coach of younger ages, it should be pedagogue, psychologist, biologist, model of youth. To be more successful, the coach has to develop different abilities: proffesional knowledge, organizational skills, then skills of communication, motivation and management of group. The coach must have educational role, in other words, he should transfer experience and knowledge on young sportsman. The coach must know basis of humans development if he wants to bring about quality educational role, for example: intelectual, healthy biological, motor, emotional and sociable development. Namely, procedures must be adjusted with developed phases where there are players. Today, unfortunately, the job of coach of young ages has people who give a bad example to children. They are very nervous, smoke cigarets all the time, and some of them drink alchocol during the match. We have also examples of coaches who roar to children, call them insulting names, and sometimes hit, especially when they are dissatisfied with results. For these coaches we can’t say that they are pedagogues, because their pimarly aim is victory at any price, and not general development of childrens and youth. Good, we can say modern coach pedagogue, need to know how to use method of reward and punishment for sportsmen. Generally speaking, the reward is positive result of behavior or individual activity (therefore, the praise only has the value and meaning of SPORTS COACH When we talk about coach, usualy mean on knowledge which he has about sport, about tactics, knowing players or some physical preparations. However, the role of coach is not just to know tactics, prepare team, but more bigger and important. The role isn’t easy and the coach can’t be everybody, or must clear, successful coach. It should be borne in mind that coach with his atitude to young man (sportsman), has a lot of influence on its psychological and sociable growing in the most sensible moment of life - adolescence. Because of that it’s not just enough narrowness of proffesional preparation, but also permanent education of pedagogy. The coach is idol for young people, the teacher, leader, doctor, psychologist, but most of all the pedagogue. One of the most important educated roles of coach is continuously stimulation of sportsman in active individual or groups learning , psychomotor exercises, conditional-physical strengthening, mental elevation and complete psychophysical development. It’s very important style of work 217 APES 1(2011) 2:215-219 Drašković, J.K. et. al.: THE COACHES THE PEDAGOGUE... awards). Being positive, the reward is also information to some person that its reaction, activity was good, regular and adequate. Because of that, the result of reward is reapiting activity of person for which it has awarded. Just that is purpose of award. The award makes sense of self-esteem, confidence and success on every individual. The punishment is negative result or activity of individial. It comes after reaction which we consider bad or undesirable, and its aim is that reaction wouldn’t repeat once again. When we use punishment it should be more careful that that one who is punished wouldn’t understand punishment as revenge. It’s also worse if the coaches make fear from punishment on young sportsmen, which it generalizes on individual who punishes, but also on contents which with punishment it should be adopted regularly. For example, some boy can feel fear from coach and training, that in the end he will start with hating a sport, and from time to time he will stop going at training. The punishment can undermine a self-confidence of every individual. The coach who knows to use all of this in practice, we can say that is successful coach-pedagogue. If coach wants to be pedagogue, he should be: more focus on what childern are doing well, and not to look on theirs mistakes. He needs to give them more praises and recognitions with smiling. he should: give praises honestly,develop real expectations in line with ages of sportsmen, organize training which should be more varied per activities, and that every individual be more active create atmosphere which will reduce fear from testing of theirs skills. The coaches need to look on errors as normal part of process of learning and be full of encouragament. The coach has to spread enthusiasm, good mood and positive thinking, which are transfering on childern. It’s good to talk with them, listen all the time with smiling. The coach can realize this with whole contens of work and dominating of features of style of its pedagogical action, but also with some intentional psycho-pedagogic based motivational actings. INSTEAD OF CONCLUSION For pedagogy of sport it’s important: “to emphasize that sport is educational sociable institution, full of games, and which the aim is physical and spiritual improvement of person. ”(Kokovic, 2000). When we talk about this theme, instead of usual conclusion, it’s better and affective to give declaration of real examples of coache pedagogue, which trough work they have showed what means the coach and how can he leads some team on real way. Branko Jankovic, the legend of ex-Yugoslavia, the handball coach, on question: What one coach has to have for being successful? he corresponded: “The coaches have big responsibility. Sport is not just a feeling of competitor, but also of families, friends. For directing of development of child it can’t be useful just teacher pr parent, but also the coach. The person who has humans values, organized abilities, abilities of leadership, that one can be successful coach. It’s not all on the paper and it can’t be all drawn.” Radomir Antic, selector of serbian representation of footbal, says that successful coach, exept tactics, has to know all his players. And that could be possible if he breathes as they do. To players you have to elicit respect, some dose of fear, but also feeling that you are friend and that you want to help all of them. It’s important to have the same aim. Good coach must know psyche of player and when, and how to behave to him. In the same time the coach is parent, teacher and pedagogue to all players. And that can’t be every body. (SportsJournal, 12.08.2009.) REFERENCES Djordjevic, J., & Trnavac, N. (1992). Pedagogija [Pedagogy. In Sebian.] Beograd: Naucna knjiga. Ilic, M. (2003). Pedagogija sporta [Pedagogy of sport. In Serbian.] Banja Luka: Centar za sport. Cox, H.R. (1998). Sport Psychology. Boston, Mc Craw- Hill. Kokovic, D. (2000). Sociologija sporta [Sociology of sport. In Serbian.] Beograd: Sportska akademija. Krulj, S. R., Kacapor S., & Kulic, R. (2003). Pedagogija [Pedagogy. In Serbian]. Beograd: Svet knjige. Malt, J. (2005). Pedagogija-teorija osposobljavanja [Pedagogy-theory training. In Serbian.] Zagreb: Školska knjiga. Martines,R. (1987). Coaches guide to sport 218 APES 1(2011) 2:215-219 Drašković, J.K. et. al.: THE COACHES THE PEDAGOGUE... psychology. Champaing-Illinois, Human Kinestetics Publishers Tomic, D.S. (1992). Trenersko umeće [Coaching skills. In Serbian.] Beograd: SIA Jarvis, M. (2004). Sport Psychology. London and New York: Routledge Dnevne novine [Daily newspapers. In Serbian.]n ’’Sportski žurnal’’ 12.08. 2009. Correspondence: Jelena-Krulj Drašković University of Priština – Kosovska Mitrovica, Kosovo i Metohija, Teacher Training Faculty, Prizren-Leposavić, Serbia 38218 Nemanjina bb, Leposavić, Serbia E - mail:chadja@ptt.yu SPORTSKIOT TRENER KAKO PEDAGOG UDK: 796. 071.43 (Stru~en trud) Jelena Kruq – Dra{kovi}, Sla|ana Vidosavqevi} i Radomir Arsi} Univerzitet vo Pri{tina Kosovska Mitrovica, Kosovo i Metohija, U~itelski fakultet, Prizren – Leposavi}, Srbija Apstrakt Celta na trudot e da se uka`e kolku e zna~ajno za mladite sportisti deka trenerot treba da bide dobar pedagog. Najdobri rezultati vo sportot }e imaat onie sportisti ~ij trener, pred sé, se odlikuva so dobar pedago{ki pristap. Rabotata so decata pretstavuva posebno zadovolstvo za trenerot - pedagog, bidej}i od samiot po~etok, e svedok za nivniot rast i razvoj. Vospituvaweto e naj{irok pedago{ki poim koj se odnesuva na formiraweto na li~nosta. Za pomladite vozrasni kategorii na deceta, toj ne e samo instruktor za poka`uvawe na sportskite znaewa, tuku primer na koj sakaat da li~at. Blagodarenie na pedagogijata trenerot-pedagog, steknuva sposobnost da im gi prenesuva tie znaewa na decata na lesen i razbirliv na~in, vsaduvaj}i im qubov kon sportot so koj se zanimavaat. Trenerot ima zada~a da gi motivira decata za zanimavawe so sport, taka {to }e im dava prednost na igrite, dru`eweto, sportskata etika i fer-plejot, a potoa na vrednostite od dobriot rezultat. So svojot pristap, trenerot vlijae vrz povolnata rabotna atmosfera i dobrata sorabotka vo grupata na sportistite, taka {to takti~kata elementarnost mo`e da da se odrazuva vrz raspolo`enieto i dobrite rezultati na sportistite. Klu~ni zborovi: учениci, vospituvawe, sportska etika, fer-plej, sportski znaewa, награда, kазна 219 220 APES 1(2011) 2:221-223 Joksimović, A.:SPORTS FORM OF ALPINE SKIERS... SPORTS FORM OF ALPINE SKIERS UDC: 796. 926.015.3 (Professional paper) Aleksandar Joksimović University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Niš, Serbia Abstract. There are several definitions of sports form, but they are common to the sport of form consists of harmoniously the unity of all components that provide the highest level of specific work skills. The main indicator of the level of sporting form, are the achieved results in the competition. In order to analyze sports form, it is necessary to get to know the following components: The legality of the development of sports form; Mana- gement of sport and form; Methods of determining the sports form. Indicated components must be viewed as a dynamic phenomenon that is constantly evolving, changing and adapting appropriate conditions. Keywords: competition, management, methods, technical quality, tactical quality, psychological preparation It is a condition characterized by great skier ability in competitive conditions. The subject of this work represents a theoretical and practical settings, and review of sports form of alpine skiers. Then, indicate to certain laws, management and methods of determining the sports form. The problem of this work indicates that the development of sports form observed three phases: phase entry in the sports form, the phase of relative stabilization of sports form, and a phase of temporary fall of sports form. The aim of this paper is that the application of better organization of work, use the appropriate management of the training and the legality of the work, as well as use appropriate methods for rapid and rational mastering stage form of entry into the sport form, and the longer maintenance of sports form of skiers. Introduction Sport form is a reflection of the unity of optimal physical fitness, mental, technical and tactical quality of skier. Signs of a certain state of the organism in which the factors that make this form in such a harmonious whole that their choice allows athletes to achieve certain level of ability, (which allows him to achieve high sport results). But we cannot form a sport seen as a permanent phenomenon that is moving, evolving and changing and whose path of development has its own dynamics, its laws which we must comply. Sport form is a condition of athletes in a particular stage of development training process when the skier is ready to achieve the highest sports results. Sport Form is the maximum state of readiness for achievements in sports by athletes comes after proper preparation of each new level of development (Matvejev, 1964). Sport form is such a state of athletes that are characterized by the ability to achieve high sports results and stable maintenance of these results in participation in competitions during the long period of time. Based on this we can say that the sport form of state but also because it changes the process and indicate a high level of preparedness skier, which enable successful participation in the competition. Methods of sports form in skiing If training is systematic, intense and complete it is so realistic to expect rapid growth and higher level of sport forms and vice versa. Poor training and not systematic work greatly affect the extension phase of entry into the sports form. It is often times the reason that in a certain period, an athlete is unable to achieve expected results. In the development of sports form, there are 221 APES 1(2011) 2:221-223 Joksimović, A.:SPORTS FORM OF ALPINE SKIERS... three phases: - Phase entry into the sports form, - Phase of relative stability and maintenance of sporting forms and - Phase temporary fall sports form. sports form. Some athletes achieved a high sport form especially at the expense of physical fitness, the other on account of technical or tactical training process etc.Some will even prepare your good psychic to build a more solid physical basis, others on the basis of modern technical and tactical preparation. Each of these preparations (physical, mental, technical, tactical), represents a combination of a whole series of specific factors, which may not always have the same value for each athlete. For these reasons, sports form, and its development process, we have seen from another perspective: - It is necessary to assess the value of certain factors that participate in the process of sports form. - Their relationship and a way of regulating the mutual influence of individual factors in the process of building the sports form. - And to develop and nurture mutual trust of coach-athlete, then we can talk about the proper motivation (reward, praise, punishment, just a look is enough). Characteristics of sports forms Sport form is manifested – fast entering of the organism in strenuous physical work, the achievement of economy of movement and speed of execution of the organism from hard physical labor. Components of sport forms are: physical, technical, tactical and psychological preparation, in addition to this one of the characteristics and educational and quality. Preparatory, competitive and transitional periods Phase of entering the sport form is characterized primarily by increasing gradually the primary, abilities and characteristics, and ends with the initial formation of sports form. Phase of maintain the sporting form is characterized by stabilization of sports form, which ensures the achievement of sports results. Phase temporary loss of form sports are characterized by changing the direction adaptation process, ie, the transition of recovering the organism level. The duration of an entire cycle of creation, maintenance and decline, sports forms depends primarily on athlete’s quality level - His individual characteristic, - Condition of training process, - Ways of training and others. This means, in order to successful manage the sport form we need to know: - what are all the factors that influence the development of sports form: - To what extent they influence. - What relationship exists between them? - How to operate the internal factors (talent and constitution). - How can we positively impact their use for the purpose of increasing the level of their sport form? Signs of a mechanism of managing sports form use those ones form of content work; the means and methods as well as external and internal factors that in most concrete situations can affect the certain changes take place as planned. Sporting a form of skiing has its specificities and the result of mutual action of the entire series is very different, even similar factors, where individual skills play a big role in the construction of Conclusion Given the theoretical and empirical settings that are shown in this paper, as well as subjects, issues and objectives of this study we can conclude the following:That for a successful, stable and sports form must be taken into account first of all: - Laws of development of sports form - Management and sports forms - Methods of determining the sports form. Of course, that these components must be considered as dynamic phenomenon, which is constantly evolving, changing and adapting to new conditions appropriate. REFERENCES Andersen, R. E., & Montgomery, D. L. (1988). Physiology of Alpine skiing. Sports Medicine, 6(4), 210-21. Hadžić, R., Radosav, S. & Joksimović, A. (2009). Takmičarska forma alpskih skijaša u dečijem uzrastu [Competitors form of skiers in children’s age. In Serbian.] Sportekspert , 2(2), (33-34). Joksimović, A. & Joksimović, S. (2007). Plan and program of training in the technical disciplines of Alpine Skiing. Proceedings of XI International Scientific Conference FIS Communications. (pp. 53-59). Niš: Faculty of Physical Education. Joksimović, A. (2008). The physical preparation of alpine skiers. Fizička kultura (Skopje), (1), 55-60. Joksimović, A. (2009). Skijanje – tehnika [Skiing – technique. In Serbian.] Knjaževac: GIP Timok. 222 APES 1(2011) 2:221-223 Joksimović, A.:SPORTS FORM OF ALPINE SKIERS... Kostelić, A. (2005). Prikaz i analiza kondicijske pripreme Ivice i Janice Kostelić tijekom sportske karijere [Overview and analysis of fitness and preparation Janica Kostelic edges during career. In Croatian.] (Unpublished BA thesis), Zagreb: Kineziološki fakultet. Matveev, L.P. (1966.). Problemi periodoizacije sportskog treninga [Problems of periodization of athletic training. In Serbian.] Beograd: Jugoslovenski zavod za fizicku kulturu. Malacko, J. (2000). Osnove sportskog treninga [Fundamentals of sports training. In Serbian] Beograd: Fakultet za fizičku kulturu. Rieder, M., & Fiala, M. (2006). Skiing Fitness. Conditioning Training for Ski Sports. Oxford: Meyer und Meyer. Stojanović, T. & Joksimović, A. (2005). Carving skiing: technique. Banja Luka: Center for sport. Zahorjević, A. (1972). Sportska forma [Sports form. In Serbian.] Beograd: NIP Partizan. Correspondence: Aleksandar Joksimović University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education Čarnojevićeva 10A, 1800 Niš, Serbia E - mail: joksimovicaleksandar@yahoo.com SPORTSKATA FORMA NA ALPSKITE SKIJA^I UDK: 796. 926.015.3 (Stru~en trud) Aleksandar Joksimovi} Univerzitet vo Ni{, Fakultet za sport i fizi~ko vospituvawe, Ni{, Srbija Apstrakt Postojat pove}e definicii na sportskata forma, no zedni~ko im e deka nejzinata osnova ja so~inuva harmoni~noto edinstvo na site komponenti koi ovozmo`uvaat najvisokio nivo na specifi~ni rabotni sposobnosti. Osnovni pokazateli na nivota na sportskata forma se postignatite rezultati na natprevarite. Za analizirawe na sportskata forma neohodno e da se steknat soznanija za slednite komponenti: zakonitostite za razvojot na sportskata forma; upravuvaweto so sportskata forma; metodite za odreduvawe na sportskata forma. Ovie komponenti mora da se tretiraat kako dinami~ka pojava koja neprekinato se razviva, menuva i se prisposobuva na soodvetnite uslovi. Klu~ni zborovi: natprevari, metodi, upravuvawe, takti~ki kvaliteti., tehni~ki kvaliteti, psiholo{ka podgotvenost 223 224 APES 1(2011) 2:225-227 Šiljak, V and Boškan, V. : MULTI-SPORT COMPETITIONS ... MULTI-SPORT COMPETITIONS UDC: 796.09 (100) (091) (Professional peper ) Violeta Šiljak and Vesna Boškan Alfa University, Faculty of Management in Sport, Belgrade, Serbia Abstract Apart from the Olympic games, world championships, the university students games – The Universiade, there are many other regional sport movements organized as well. The World Games, the Asian Games, the Panamerican Games, the Commonwealth Games, the Balkan Games and so on, are some of multi-sport competitions all having the mutual features of competitions in numerous sports which last for several days. Some sports which are not a part of the Olympic Games programme are included into these world/regional games. These games are organized with the intention of improving international sport/competitions. Keywords: Olympic games, World Games, students games, regional sports Introduction Multi-sports competitions are organized sports events that last several days and include competition in great number of sports/events. The Olympic Games as the first modern multi-sport event serve as a model for organizing all other major multisports competitions. These several-day events are held in a host city, where the winners are awarded medals and competitions are mostly organized every four years, although some of them take place each year. In orientation - the regional games are certainly the best known. Besides them, there are those that are organized by different orientations: political, religious, ethno-religious, according to age group, for extreme sports, by gender and sexual orientation, for the disabled and others. The subject of this research relates to multisport events held all over the world. As most of these competitions are organized for the specific audience, participating countries or community, this paper emphasized regional multi-sports competitions. The aim is to highlight their importance, both in practice and in theory of physical culture. The results indicate insufficient awareness of sports population about possible participation in one of them. Games Association under the patronage of the International Olympic Committee. Some of the sports that were in the program of the World Games have become the Olympic disciplines (such as triathlon), while some of them used to Olympic sports in the past, but not any more (such as rope pulling). The selection of sports at the last World Games was done based on the criterion adopted by the IOC on August 12, 2004. Given the attitude of the IOC and to limit the Olympic Games to 10,000 participants, it is unlikely that some of these sports shall become Olympic sports. Some of the sports taking place at the World Games include: orienteering, body building, power lifting, swimming with fins, squash, water skiing, karate, etc. The World Games hosts those sports that can be held in the existing facilities available to a host city, without the necessity to build additional facilities are not built for games. Asian Games are a sporting event consisting of several sports and are held every four years. Athletes from all over Asia take part. The Games are controlled and regulated by the Olympic Association of Asia under the IOC supervision. Medals are awarded for each discipline, starting from 1950. The Asian Games were created to show unity and cooperation among three nations: Japan, Philippines and China. The first East Asian Games were held in Manila in 1913. Other East Asian nations joined later. The games were abolished in 1928 when Japan invaded China and annexed the Philippines. After the Second World War a large number of independent countries wanted to organ- Regional Games World Games are an international sporting event which was first held in 1981. The program of these games includes even the sports that are not included in the Olympic Games program. World Games are organized by the International World 225 APES 1(2011) 2:225-227 Šiljak, V and Boškan, V. : MULTI-SPORT COMPETITIONS ... ize a new way of competition. During the XIV Olympic Games in London, the Indian representative of the IOC, Indian representative of the IOC Mr. Guru Dup Sandhu, proposed to sports leaders of the Asian teams to hold a discussion on renewal of the the Asian Games. They agreed to form the Asian Athletic Federation. In February 1949 the Asian Athletic Federation was formally established and named the Federation of Asian Games. It was decided to hold the first Games in 1951 in New Delhi and that the Asian Games would be held regularly every four years. The idea for the organization of the Pan American Games resulted from the continuity of the Central American Games, organized for the first time in 1920. In 1932 the first plans were made for the Pan American Games and the Pan American Sports Organization was established. The first Games were officially held in Buenos Aires, but the World War II postponed them to 1951. Mr. Since then the Games have been held every four years, with the participation of all new disciplines for more than 5000 athletes from 42 countries. There were some attempts to organize the Pan American Winter Games as well, but without much success. The Games planned for 1989 had been delayed for a year later due to bad weather, because at that time only the Alpine games could be held. The Games in 1993 were completely deferred, and since then the Pan American Winter Games were not held any more. Commonwealth Games are a multi-sport event which is held every four years and elite athletes of the Commonwealth of nations participate in them. The first such games known as the British Empire Games were held in 1930. The Games were renamed over time several times, and since 1978 they have become known as the Commonwealth Games. Although the athletes from only t six countries participate in these Games (Australia, Canada, England, New Zealand, Scotland and Wales), they are very interesting because of participation of the best athletes. Balkan games are a sports event, organized every year since 1930 featuring the countries of the Balkan Peninsula. The idea of organizing sporting competition in the Balkans was directed towards rapprochement and mutual development of sport in this area. Not all the Balkan countries were involved in them since their beginning. Since 1936 the Games involve all the countries of the Balkan area, our country included. Mediterranean Games were first held in 1951 with an objective to gather them all the nations that surround the Mediterranean Sea. Arctic Winter Games are designed to enable the athletes of the sub polar north to compete in the conditions in which they live. The first Games were held in 1970 in Yellowknife in the Northwest Territories of Canada. The participants in these Games are the athletes of Yukon, Alaska and the Northwest Territories of Canada, Russia, Norway, Sweden and Finland. Since then, they have been regularly held in different places and with an increasing number of competitors. The Games are held every two years and their program includes the following sports: alpine skiing, badminton, basketball, biathlon, cross country skiing, dog sled racing, figure skating, gymnastics, ice hockey, snowboarding, table tennis, volleyball, wrestling and others. Jeux de la Francophonie connect nations and the regions of the world where French is the common language. Additionally, sports competitions are accompanied by cultural events. In 1997, seven art competitions were held (sculpture, photography, painting, fairy tale, traditional inspiration dance, poetry, song), and there were only four sports in which men competed (boxing, judo, soccer and athletics) and four sports in which women competed (judo, basketball, athletics and tennis). In addition to the stated regional sports competitions the following games are also well- known: Pan-African Games, Pan – Arabic Games, Pacific Games, Canadian Game, Nordic Games, et al. Educational aspect Considering the perspectives of the 21-century sport, the world-famous educators have recognized the problem and decided to devote twenty-first century to children’s sports (Šilljak, 2007). This world movement should be joined by the sports teachers from all countries that are members of the IOC and to offer their contribution by educating young generations both in practical and in theoretical part of sports culture. Awareness of future sports population in our region about possible participation in some of these multi-sport competition is negligible. Although these games are organized for the purpose of promoting international sport / events as they involve also sports not contained in the Olympic competition program, they are generally known to participants and a small number of audience because they are not adequately covered by the media. Conclusion In the course of XX century, the development and spreading of almost all forms of physical education across the planet led to appearance of the so 226 APES 1(2011) 2:225-227 Šiljak, V and Boškan, V. : MULTI-SPORT COMPETITIONS ... called modern sports movement. New sports branches emerge, an increasing number of sports clubs, sports associations and international sports associations and competitions have been formed. The global sports events as Modern Olympic Games, University Games, World and continental sports competition in a particular sports branch, with their emergence and development very quickly led to professionalism and commercialization of sport. Bearing in mind the fact that in almost all periods of the history of mankind, professionalism in sports led negative phenomena in sport, it can be concluded that it is not advisable to repeat the mistakes, but prevent them with quality education. In modern times, sport has taken a very important role as a planetary phenomenon. References Encyclopedia of Physical Culture, (1975). I vol. from A–O, Zagreb: JLZ. Encyclopedia of Physical Culture, (1975). II vol. from P–Ž, Zagreb: JLZ. Ilić, S.; Mijatović, S. (2006). History of Physical Culture, Belgrade: DTA Trade. Metchnikoff, R., A. Estes, S.G. A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education – From Ancient Civilizations to the Modern World, WCB – McGraw–Hill, San Diego State University, USA. Šiljak, V. (2007). History of Sport, Belgrade: Faculty of Management in Sport. Fortin, F. (2000). Sports, The Complete Visual Reference, Ontario: A Firefly Book. Correspondence: Violeta Šiljak Alfa University, Faculty of Management in Sport Palmira Toljatija 3, 11070, Belgrade, Serbia E - mail: vsiljak@yahoo.com MULTI - SPORTSKI NATPREVARI UDK: 796.09 (100) (091) (Stru~en trud) Violeta [iqak i Vesana Bo{kan Alfa Univerzitet,Fakultet za menaxment vo sportot, Belgrad, Srbija. Apstrakt Pokraj Олимписките игри, светските првенствa, студентските игри igri - Универзијадата, во светот се организираат и други регионални спортски натпревари. Светските игри, Азиските игри, Пан Американските игри, Игрите на Комонвелтот, Балканските игри и други, се некои од мулти-спортските нтпревари кои имаат заедничка карактеристика на повеќедневни натпревари во многу спортови. На овие светски/регионални игри, се вклучени и спортови кои не се во олимписката програма на натпревари. Овие игри се организираат со цел да се унапреди меѓународниот спорт/натпреварите. Клучни зборови: Олимписки игри, светски игри, студентски игри, регионален спорт 227 228 APES 1(2011) 2:229-233 Boškan, V. and Šiljak, V.: THE NEEDS AND WAYS OF ... THE NEEDS AND WAYS OF ENGAGEMENT OF PR IN SPORTS EDUCATION OF THE YOUNGSTERS UDC: 796.038:37 (Professional paper) Vesna Boškan and Violeta Šiljak Alfa University, Faculty of the Management in Sport, Belgrade, Serbia Abstract One of the basic functions of PR in sports is to represent a sports organization and its creation of strategic–communication politics. The management of sports organization should use PR as an instrument of strategic–communication politics so as to create and realize intern and the extern relationships with the basic relation groups. The subject of this work is the necessary everyday connection of PR and children’s sport and it is related to the presentation of conditions in the last decade (in our region) as well as consideration of the methods for improvement and overcoming of the same unacceptable position of the sports education of the youngsters. The goal of this work is to point the possibilities and ways of working of PR sector in the formation of basically strong and stable children’s sport with the existence of huge and constant support of the public and society. Instead of up to now almost complete non-existence of PR in sports activities of the youngsters, the representatives of public relations should take the primary initiative with the maximum engagement in everyday work. Keywords: sport management, children’s sport, sport clubs, electronic media, sport education, sport sciences Basic grounds of PR in sport education: a permanent dialogue with the changeable surroundings; PR is a part of the sport management; PR is a function of management, research and analysis of the surroundings factor ; means of motivation and informing… The necessary existence of everyday connection of PR and children’s sport is the subject of this work through which is shown the position of sport at the earliest age (3 – 10 years old ) as well as consideration of metods for improvement and evercoming the same unacceptable position of sport education of to say uneducation of the youngest. The aim of this work is to present the possibilities an ways of work of PR sector in the foundation of basically strong and stable children’s sport with the creation of constant support of the public and society. The work consists of two thematic wholes which basic directions are presented and clarified: I. The need for the existence of PR in sport education of the youngsters * what is and what is not PR, condition analysis; I.The ways of engagement of PR as an equal member of the management * sustainable development strategy. I.The need for the existence of PR in sport education of the youngsters * what is and what is not PR What do we get with the existence and active functioning of PR person of service? it makes better the understanding inside an organization as well as with the public; creation of the subject’s identity in this case subject is children’s sport); stimulation of team atmosphere feeling; it provides better informing of all the participants; it influences the positions, action and reaction of the public… Also it is important to point out that public relations aren’t: Polishing outside world with giving incorrect and invalid information; better word for propagands; a goodwill lying and hiding the truth.Scientific, 229 APES 1(2011) 2:229-233 Boškan, V. and Šiljak, V.: THE NEEDS AND WAYS OF ... technological and practical knowlegdes acquired by education, experience, communication, making the data bases and expert systems brought the world to irrefutable fact that a human potential is the main quality today and tomorrow and it largely depends on: health, activity and timely informing of the population, education personal system of values, habits and creativity. It is up to the state and society to be aware of its potetntials and to recognize, develop and cultivate them at the right time starting from the earliest age. To recognize, to develop, to cultivate, to support, to set directions, to properly educate, to survey… And these happen everyday in the sport activities of the youngest?! To a great sorrow of both these things don’t happen!!! And who is RESPONSIBLE We all know very well that the children are not, so we can only blame ourselves and ourselves only – grown up, educated, distingwished, famous… who forgot their biggest treasure. Unfortunately in this part of the text it is inevitable to point out that upbringing of the future healthy, strong, tough, resistent to the templations nation begins from the birth that is from the moment when a child is capable with parent’s help to perform exercises suitable for his age. Every year in a development of a young being is a special one and irreplaceable and most of the psychologists and pedagogies agree that all the child acquires during 3 – 10 years of age presents the base for the child’s further development and life. The next is information which is really worrying and which should immediately be changed that is completely changed by new facts and better numbers: a small number of mothers ( that is a small number from the urban places and in rural there are no schools for the pregnant women ) goes to the school for the pregnant women where they can learn which exercises should be done with the newly – born so as to strengthem the baby;even smaller number reads and follows the literature intended for the upbringing of the children, they are rather learnt by their mothers, grandmothers; a big number of children is raised by grandmothers and grandfathers until the age of 7 ( and even later) “ Why does he/she need kindergarten when he/she has enough place in a house or a garden where he/she can run?” – But who does he/she run?!;in the preschool institutions work teachers who sometimes with their looks and later with the knowledge of sport culture cannot by any means be a model for the creation of the future sport personality; just some sport kindergartens in the urban places manage to keep their position and only in them children 3 – 10 years old should get a proper physical education;in primary schools teachers usually use physical education classes to catch up the syllabus from maths, native language or other subjects that was left out. Some well organized sport clubs mostly have in the bigger towns young ones who are from the age of 7. It has already become negative to number all the facts which surround us and in which our children grow up. And it is not yet mentioned “ the promising “ influence of electronic media – radio and television stations, the internet, mobile providers – through which to out houses enters who ever wants and how he/she wants and when he/she wants. Where will we come if we go on like this? What will the future generations look like? Who will have enough strength, the excessive energy, a lot of will and inexhanstible motives to fight with the XXI century challenges and turbulences which it brings with itself? And why this questions are not asked from the assembley rostrum? It would bi so nice to watch the news which begins with the practical examples in which you invest every day in a sport, especially in the children’s sport and you are in touch with the improvement of the nation and you decrease the number of desperate and depressive “ loosers “ and at the same time you increase the number of life fighters? Yes, we all know that, we are horrified over statistic reports, we pay for the therapies and expensive medical remedies but it is a fact that we do very little. And we have forgotten to point out constantly that SPORT as a social whole has a unique and significant role in the harmonic development of the whole mankind and its mutural connection and sharing of the ideas. Sport, as a noble fight, has a much bigger importance than a sheer competition: it contributes to psycho – physical development, it awakens only positive values such as a ethics and moral, it develops team spirit, it connects people of different cultures, it sets the broken diplomatic connections… I.The ways of engagement of PR as an equal member of the management 230 APES 1(2011) 2:229-233 Boškan, V. and Šiljak, V.: THE NEEDS AND WAYS OF ... indeed proved sport functions as part of social activities) should present the base of directions for the activities of the engaged experts in the public relations field related to sport education of the youngest children. In the first phase of work nothing can be left to any chance, inertion or improvisation but we should bassed on the detailed analyses bring some decisions, plans and aims of working which will be presented and hastened in public relations engagement in all the segments of work with the basic in a long time ago proved sport sciences – the history of sport, sport management, sport marketing, information science in sport, sport psychology, sport sociology… A theory which has so far shown and proved in practice its positive practical side is sustainable development – to deal with those activities which can during longer period of time keep maintain or they can automatically renew by themselves. Sustainable development is especially for the countries in transition and also for the sport as a social whole, practical solution for overcoming many many difficulties in everyday work and survival of many clubs, associations, societies ( top and amateur ones ). Now we have an obstacle which is finance and material possibilities of children’s sport and sport in general, as well as educational system, health care and their similar fields. A solution intrudes itself (at least one for now, but there will be undoubtedly many). We only need to mention to the responsible persons (ministers, presidents of the municipalities, associations, clubs…) that an enterprising may of thinking for a long time has brought great results and that we shouldn’t hesitate to use it every minute. An enterpreneur is a person ready to risk, ready for new ideas, an innovator who follows a dynamic process, invests his/her time and money, bravely and cautionsly with a certain dose of adventure. An enterprising decision means leaving up to now way of working and thinking, wishing for a new job – an idea, and harmonizing internal and external factors. All you need is to be clever and to show to the interested economy subjects a business opportunity with the previous idea analysis and its programming. For a successful enterprise we need three moving forces: agitators, a business opportunity and necessery means. * Sustainable development strategy The basic problem of PR in children’s sport is his/her almoust complete non – existence in the frames and scales of children’s sport in the Republis of Serbia territors (and the situation is almoust identical in the whole our region ). If few sparkles of PR activity (mostly needed for the personal political or party promotion), which appear in the “ big “ actions connected to the children’s sport and led by state authorities are rare and pale and unfortunately of short term. Therefore in the second part of this work a special attention is paid to different aspects of everyday role, significance and usefulness of PR can, know and need to contribute to the development of children’s sport on our grounds. We can conclude through the history of sport development that the youngsters were taken care of even in the earliest recorded days of civilization. The significance of sport for children was seen then and now in the proper development, building of a team spirit and victorians character, learning fair – play relationship, respect of the adversary and yourself, building up a fighting spirit, competition thinking and beliefs, Olympic spirit as well as fight against all earthly vices and addictions: alcohol, cigarettes, drugs, laziness, depressiveness, boredom… All important directions of PR expert activity which are the most useful for the context of this work, are given in the numbering – sharing sport functions (according to a few authors) and it is especially significant for the further part of this work to number them all: Pedagogical – educational; Health – recreational; Preparatory; Etalonic; Euristic; Hedonistic; Estethic; Observing; Socializing; Political; Economical. Therefore in all previously mentioned segments, characteristics and functions of significance and importance of sport it is essential to put in the right position timely and meeting high standards children’s (kindergartens, clubs, associations) and school (especially in the preschool age and from I to IV grade of primary school) sport so that we could on time secure a sport national identity, healthy generations and new top results in all life fields. All numbered sport functions (there can be more or less, depending on the author, but they are 231 APES 1(2011) 2:229-233 Boškan, V. and Šiljak, V.: THE NEEDS AND WAYS OF ... We will be the agitators, sport workers, PR will present children’s sport as an excellent business opportunity (and of course before that PR will establish and arrange mutural practical and useful professional and constant collaboration with the mass – media – and if need be an obligatory collaboration) whereas the necessary means will be provided by the economy subjects who can by all means do that and they still don’t know that thay want it. Future programme of everyday activities of public relations in the field of children’s sport should be made so as to: activate children any youth, teachers, professors and pedagogues, parents and members of the family and also the public; to provide the support of state, school and health institutions, sport associations, sport persons and experts, media and eminent individuals because the problem of passiveness is something that happens to all of us. When a young person 18 years old takes over a complete responsibility for his/her life, doings and obligations, the society and its law standards think that he/she should be responsible for his/her acts and to suffer a punishment for a commited offence and other acts breaking the law. It is naïve to say and not to write down that part of the blame is on social surroundings in which “ the sinful individual “ has been groving up and missed the education about what is good to be done and what is not. And a complete education of the future persons could and can be realized through sport engagements and activities. Nobody expects and it’s not realistic for every child to be a top sports person who will set the new records on every competition. However, it would be nice if everyone knew at the earliest age of life how important the sport spirit and education are so that in some close future finding of adequate sport experts in all the fields as well as inclined sponsors, donors and media patrons would be easier. This mission exactly should be the goal of PRs’ engagement so that in future even their part of activities would be made easier and simplified. Is it useless to say or not but in any case it is true: all previously written lines lose their meaning if there are no generations who will practise sport and love it in their own way who will find their own way of enjoying it daily and who will feel it as a main motivator in achieving life goals through a healthy and properly directed growing up. Literature Šiljak, V. (2007). Istorija sporta [The history of sport. In Serbian.] Beograd: Fakultet za menadžment u sportu. Tomić, D. (2002). Public relations. In Serbian.] Beograd: Fakultet za menadžment u sportu. Kastratović, E. (2004). Osnove menadžmenta sa menadžmentom u sportu [The management basic with the management in sport. In Serbian.] Beograd: Institut za razvoj malih i srednjih preduzeća. Džamić, L. (1996). PR. In Serbian.] Beograd: autor. IREX fondacija. (2003). PR i marketing medija [PR and marketing media. In Serbian] London: IREX fondacija. Ilić, S. (1994). Novi vek i savremeno doba [New age and modern times.] Beograd: autor. Correspondence: Vesna Boškan Alfa University, Faculty of Management in Sport Palmira Toljatija 3, 11070, Belgrade, Serbia E - mail: vesnastn@hotmail.com 232 APES 1(2011) 2:229-233 Boškan, V. and Šiljak, V.: THE NEEDS AND WAYS OF ... POTREBA I PRAVCI NA ANGA@IRAWETO VO SPORTSKOTO OBRAZOVANIE NA NAJMLADITE UDK: 796.038:37 (Stru~en trud) Vesna Bo{kan i Violeta [iqak Alfa Univerzitet, Fakultet za menaxment vo sportot, Belgrad, Srbija Apstrakt Edna od osnovnite funkcii na odnosite so javnosta (PR) vo sportot e da ja pretstavuva sportskata organizacija i nejzinata kreacija za sozdavaweto na strate{ko-komunikasiska politika. Rakovodstvata na sportskite organizacii bi trebalo da go koristat PR-ot, kako instrument na strate{ko - komunikaciskata politikata pri osmisluvaweto i realizacijata na internite i eksternite odnosi so osnovnite relaciski grupi. Predmetot na ovoj trud e neophodnata sekojdnevna povrzanost na PR-ot i detskiot sport. Toj se odnesuva na prezentiraweto na sostojbata vo poslednata decenija (vo regionot), kako i razgleduvawe na metodite za koregirawe i nadminuvawe na neprfatlivite pozicii na sportskoto obrazovanie na najmladite. Celta na ovoj trud e da se prezentiraat mo`nostite, i pravcite za deluvaweto na PR sektorot pri formiraweto na bazi~no silniot i stabilen detski sport, so postoewe na ogromna, bezrezervna i konstantna poddr{ka od javnosta i op{testvoto. Namesto dosega{noto, re~isi celosno nepostoewe na PR-ot vo sportskite aktivnosti na najmladata vozrast, pretstavnicite na odnosite so javnosta, treba da prezemat osnovni inicijativi so nekoleblivo i maksimalno zalagawe. Klu~ni zborovi: sportski menaxment, detski sport, sportski klubovi, elektronski mediumi, sportsko obrazovanie, sportski nauki 233 234 APES 1(2011) 2:235-237 Joksimović, A. et. al. : NATURAL FORMS OF ... NATURAL FORMS OF MOVEMENTS IN SKIING AS RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY UDC: 796.035:796.921 (Professional paper) Aleksandar Joksimović1, Danilo Aćimović2 and Emilija Petković1 1 2 University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Niš, Serbia State University in Novi Pazar, Department of Bio-chemical and Medical Sciences, Novi Pazar, Serbia Abstract Natural forms of movement (walking, running) in skiing have an important impact especially on the health status of participants, as well as developing a sense of security in the ski-skier system. Of course, if done in appropriate circumstances and under the control of experts, which takes into account the extent and intensity of load that must be adequate capability and capacity of participants. Constant and systematic involvement in recreation man creates positive habits, primarily designed for organized, meaningful and useful way of implementation of the natural form of movement as a tool in recreational skiing Keywords: elements of skiing, natural movement, health status, intensity, methods, motor abilities rses, students should be aware of the surprises to expect them to ski (speed, lubricity, volatility, etc.). Use of natural forms of movements (walking, skating) certainly contributes to the development of sense to establish a better sense of balance and security in the system skier-skis which may later contribute to the efficient adoption skiing knowledge. Its tools, content and methods, recreation has an impact that using the natural form of movement (walking, skating, etc..) overcome a sense of security in the system skier-skis so that this system has become a single system. The development of base security is lost unnecessary fear, which has an important role in learning and mastering skiing. The issue of stability and balance on skis is made easier through the game, (who will be faster, better, better, etc.) or using the natural form of movement (walking, jogging, skating, etc.). Natural forms of movement in the snow take an important place. All activities can be conducted using natural forms as a means of movement are very suitable for use in working with beginners. An expert in the field of recreation has to know the methodical application of dosing activities in relation to the age category taking into account their overall abilities and capabilities. Introduction Natural forms of movement in skiing as a recreational activity has a special significance and value through programs and activities that directly raise the contributions of physical ability in obtaining a feeling of security system skier-ski, so that this system has become a single entity as well as establishing a better balance in that system. In determining the scope and intensity of work load, it is necessary beforehand to determine the health status of participants. Natural forms of movement as a recreational activity especially in winter conditions (snow ball fight, sledding, etc.) represent an ideal area to start the process of teaching skiing. Practicing these activities in the natural environment and in the snow environment for students is an important prerequisite to undertake the skills alpine skiing. With a certain satisfaction that the game offers, well-designed organization and the application of appropriate methodological procedures grow in an organized exercise (which allows mastering techniques of alpine skiing). Length of stay of participants in the snow shall be determined according to their capabilities. It is known that most students successfully submitted and accepted all the loads through the game and well-organized exercise. So before the skiing cou235 APES 1(2011) 2:235-237 Joksimović, A. et. al. : NATURAL FORMS OF ... The subject of this paper is the natural forms of movement as a recreational activity of skiing. These activities help in creating positive habits, primarily designed for organized, meaningful and useful way of implementation of free time. The problem of directed towards a better organization and realization of the natural form of movement (walking, running, skating, etc.) as a recreational activity in skiing. The aim of work was defined by depicting natural forms of movement (walking, skating, running, etc.) and methodological procedures of program content and recreational activities. Using natural forms of movement (walking, jogging, skating, etc.) as well as recreational activities provide candidates relief, fear losing and develop a sense of security in the system skier-skis as well as developing a sense of balance and security developments on the ski. The issue of stabilityand balance on skis is made easier through the game, (who will be faster, better, better, etc.) or using the natural form of movement (walking, jogging, skating, etc.). skis on snow. Turning - We will give two basic types of turning: - Turning around the peaks of skis and - Turning around tails of skis - In the first, and in another case, sticks and serve as a backbone and facilitate movement of skis. Climbing When climbing is used mainly in two ways: Side-steppingclimbing Herringbone climbing When a skier is Side-stepping climbing The upper ski, and the same time raise both blends. In pitched climbing, you always want to go to that level forward. The role of the sticks as well as in the previous climb, as well as help support the attraction of the lower legs.Simply position yourself across the Fall line of the slope. Make sure to position your Skis parallel to each other and perpendicular to the Fall line. Also, let your Ski edges dig into the snow. This will keep you from sliding. Start making small steps. Slightly shift your weight on your downhill Ski. Step up with your uphill Ski and let its edge dig into the snow. You can also use your Ski Pole for added support. Slightly shift your weight on your uphill Ski and then move your lower Ski upward. Again, you can use your downhill pole to maintain balance. Keep “walking” sideways until you reach the area where you want to be. Falling and rising Falling generally can be, forward and back, it is often inevitable fall forward. In this case the body should be extended to fall on the chest. In the falling back, try to fall back or sideways. Downhill - The main characteristics of the stance: - The angle between the femoral and lower leg 1000 - The angle between the forearm and upper arm 1000 - Sticks parallel to each other - Body upright - Looking ahead ski Plow Skis are constantly in a Plow position. Ankles as well as knee and hip joints are bent. Line of gravity of the body falls behind the heel, the body is relaxed, hands naturally crouch next to the body and held parallel rods behind the body. Plowing should be ongoing, and the body weight equally distributed on both skis. Internal edges of both skis are more or less strongly placed to influence and regulate the speed of movement. Methodical procedure The issue of stability and balance on skis is made easier through the game, (who will be faster, better, better, etc.) or using the natural form of movement (walking, jogging, skating, etc.). Natural forms of movement in the snow an important place. All activities can be conducted using natural forms as a means of movement are very suitable for use in working with beginners. An expert in the field of recreation has to know methodical application of dosing activities in relation to age category taking into account their overall abilities and capabilities. Natural forms of movement as a recreational activity of skiing: the basic skiing stance, walking and skating, turning, climbing, falling, rising, descent and the plow. - The basic skiing stance The basic attitude of ski primarily angle between the surface; Tibia and femur; Then the angle between the forearm and upper arm; Parallel sticks. Body is upright. Walking and skating Coordination of movement is essentially the same as when walking; No skis, basic characteristics are sticks that are extended arm. Skier to rely on the stick the same hand beside and behind the legs, which is in step (in contrast to the pace of cross-country skiing) added to the motion of walking and sliding movement. In this exercise pay special attention to developing a sense of skating 236 APES 1(2011) 2:235-237 Joksimović, A. et. al. : NATURAL FORMS OF ... Alpine Skiing. Proceedings of XI International Scientific Conference FIS Communications. (pp. 53-59). Niš: Faculty of Physical Education. Joksimović, A. (2007). Tehnika i metodika skijanja [Technique and methodic of skiing. In Serbian.] Niš: SIA, Joksimović, A., Joksimović, S. & Jovanović, D. (2007). Imitacione vežbe u alpskom skijanju [Imitation exercise in alpine skiing. In Serbian.] Proceedings of XI International Scientific Conference FIS Communications. (pp. 53-59). Niš: Faculty of Physical Education Joksimović, A. (2008). The physical preparation of alpine skiers. Fizička kultura (Skopje), (1), 55-60. Joksimović, A. (2009). Skijanje – tehnika [Skiing – technique. In Serbian.] Knjaževac: GIP Timok. Simić, М. (2001). Alpsko skijanja– teorijaimetodika [Alpine skiing – theory and methodic. In Serbian.] Priština: Fakultet za fizičku kulturu. Conclusion Natural forms of movement (walking, running, skating, etc.) in skiing have an important role in the acquisition of basic stability and the balance in the system of skier-ski as a unique system. The development of these components (stability and balance) removes the needless fear, and thus the quality preparation for the upgrade, that is, starting the process of training skiers. Of course, with respect for certain principles and methods, while taking into account the age groups. REFERENCES Hadžić, R., Radosav, S. & Joksimović, A. (2009). Takmičarska forma alpskih skijaša u dečijem uzrastu [Competitors form of skiers in children’s age. In Serbian.] Sportekspert , 2(2), (33-34). Joksimović, A. & Joksimović, S. (2007). Plan and program of training in the technical disciplines of Correspondence: Aleksandar Joksimović University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education Čarnojevićeva 10A, 1800 Niš, Serbia PRIRODNITE FORMI NA DVI@EWATA VO SKIJAWETO KAKO REKREATIVNA AKTIVNOST UDK: 796.035:796.921 (Stru~en trud) Aleksandar Joksimovi}1, Danilo A}imovi}2 i Emilija Petkovi}1 1Univerzitet vo Ni{, Fakultet za sport i fizi~ko vospituvawe, Ni{, Srbija 2Dr`aven Univerzite vo Novi Pazar, Oddel za Bio-hemiski i medicinski nauki, Novi Pazar, Srbija Apstrakt Prirodnite formi na dvi`ewata (odewe i tr~awe) vo skijaweto imaat zna~ajno vlijanie, pred sé, vrz zdravstveniot status, kako i vrz ~uvstvoto na sigurnost vo odnos na sistemot skija~skii. Se razbira deka toa }e bide pouspe{no, dokolku se odviva vo adekvatni uslovi i pod kontrola na stru~no lice koe vodi smetka za obemot i intenzitetot, usoglasen so mo`nostite i sposobnosti na skija~ite. So postojanoto i sistematskoto vklu~uvawe vo rekreacijata, ~ovekot sozdava pozitivni navki, vo prv red, za smislen, organiziran, sodr`aen i korisen na~in za sproveduvawe na prirodni formi na dvi`ewata kako rekreativno sredstvo vo skijaweto. Klu~ni zborovi: skija~ki elementi, prirodni dvi`ewa, zdravstven status, intenzitet, metodi, motorni sposobnosti 237 238 APES 1(2011) 2:239-242 Aćimović, D. et al. SIGNIFICANCE OF INFORMATION AND... SIGNIFICANCE OF INFORMATION AND ADVERTISING SYSTEMS IN THE FUNCTION OF SPORT COMPETITIONS UDC: 796.08: [007:004 (Professional paper) Danilo Aćimović1, Aleksandar Joksimović2 and Omer Špirtović1 1 State University in Novi Pazar, Department of Bio-chemical and Medical Sciences, Novi Pazar, Serbia 2 University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Niš, Serbia Abstract Competitions in sport are the basic purpose of existence of sport organizations and sport clubs. Significance of sport competition also lies in the fact of increasing interest of public for the results of the competition, and promotion of the best in the competition. In order to achieve and add significance to sport competition different informational and advertising systems are included, with the direct function to promote sport competition. Keywords: public, management, sport clubs, profit, principles, promotion Organizational activity of management in total is subjected to competition, mutual contests among similar contestants or similar sport clubs. This simplification of significance of management and sport competition (contest in sport) is not just the opinion of the author of this monograph, but it can be found in wider relevant social structures (especially among direct participants of sport events). Competitions in sport are the basic purpose of existence of sport organizations and sport clubs. Impossibility to participate in the competition (justified or not) brings to possible participant or candidate, as well as to ownership structure in sport, great economical loss and even sometimes elimination and liquidation of sport club or organization from sport register. Such ending is difficult for all subjects interrelated in the chain of sport competition. From this reason, all subjects of sport management give their maximal contribution in order to, based on achieved results, collectively or personally participate in acquired gain (profit). The power of competition can be seen in the fact that many renown researchers from different field analyze encounters of sport participants and search for answers: why sport competitions engage such large number of participants and why do sport events get global and media significance. Significance of sport competition also lies in the fact of increasing interest of public for the results of the competition, and promotion of the best in the competition. The audience phenomenon is therefore the subject of analysis also, not only from the aspect of sociological study but also from the aspect of economical profit. Largest competitions, on the world level, always imply attendance of audience in largest numbers and therefore the biggest possible profit level. In order to achieve and add significance to sport competition different informational and advertising systems are included, with the direct function to promote sport competition, but also are the direct servers of the whole system of the certain sport competition. A special segment of sport competitions represent direct participants – sportsmen. In amateur sport of the past, in former socialistic countries, basic motive of sportsmen of that age was the principle of patriotism, as the highest value, which 239 APES 1(2011) 2:239-242 Aćimović, D. et al. SIGNIFICANCE OF INFORMATION AND... mobilized those sportsmen to the ultimate limits of their abilities. Although, after the end of the competition the best received awards from their country, the money itself was of not of great value to the contestants. The participation in the competition itself was valued more than anything else, just as being selected and relied upon by the government body of the homeland (to represent it). With the fall of the political model of socialism failed the model of socialistic sport. Only one model of sport was left on the sport market as a ruling one – capitalistic. Capitalistic model of competitions basically implies competing on profit grounds. Participation of sportsmen in largest sport competitions, although under the motto of “it’s important to participate”- is far from model of old Olympic games based on such grounds. While in the past Olympic games implied the spirit of honor and representing of the city or region the sportsmen came from, Olympic competitors today are above all contestants-profiteers. The only goal of sportsmen today (as it seams) is adequate profit based on achieved results. Certainly, many professional sportsmen would not agree with our opinion and such qualification, but it still leaves the overpowering facts testifying about all possible malevolent machinations in top-level competitions, with the purpose to promote certain contestants, their sport unions or countries, or to achieve better results. Winners today value their participation in sport competitions by completely new moral principles, which are a product of world economical relations. Although still competing in the name of their country, many sportsmen know well their personal interest in the participation. In order to save the reputation of the country participants rely on certain mimicry, as much as organizers and representatives of the state that sends them to competition. In order for mimicry to be consistent, they always perform under their country’s flag and emblems, in order to make the whole spectacle of the competition more convincing in the eyes of the audience. The significance of informational activity and media promotions lies in creating the atmosphere of most exclusive competition in order to increase the attendance of audience and raise profit. According to dr. Dragan Životić, the constituents of sport competition can be the following: - sport - commercial - media - educational Between set parameters, it is possible mutual comparison, grouping and modeling. In addition, there is a mutual conditionality and correlation. On the first glance, it is possible to group commercial and media elements and interrelate sport and educational elements. Based on knowledge acquired in practice it can be concluded that the greatest influence among these listed elements has the commercial factor of the competition. As commercial factor can hardly be imagined without media then it becomes clear that both these elements are in the first plan of the competition. The other two, sport and educational factors, are secondary. Regarding principles of sport competitions, we should specify that they consist of the following: - openness (equal opportunity for all contestants to take part in the competition), - wideness (including largest possible number of contestants and sport organizations), - selectiveness (coming from the quality of the participants), - continuity (continuity of numerous competitions, which provides constant contestants), - conformity (unique system of competitions for all participants and regions), - gradation (possibility of advancement of participants into higher levels of the competition), - compatibility (possibility for sportsmen to take part in competitions in the country and abroad), - specificity (taking care of every sport and its uniqueness, development, material base, territorial - coverage, communicational connections, interest of the surroundings, tradition, etc.), -economy (adjustment of competition system with financial and material possibilities of the society). Within the same type of sport competition, we can make difference between: number of participants and composition of participants. Considering number of participants we have: control, preliminary, selective and main competitions. Control competitions have the goal to control technical and competition elements within anthropological characteristics and abilities of the sportsman. Preliminary competitions have the pur240 APES 1(2011) 2:239-242 Aćimović, D. et al. SIGNIFICANCE OF INFORMATION AND... pose to adapt the sportsmen to situations and conditions regarding the type, level and period of the competition. Selective competitions are dealing with selection of individuals within sport organizations or unions in order to take part in domestic or international competitions. Main competitions are those demanding from participants achieving top-level results. According to composition, competitions can be individual and team competitions. - Individual competitions are taking part between two or more competitors and their value is expressed in achieved number of points. -Team competitions are held with the help of organized team competition leagues. - According to the number of participants, the competitions can be mass or top-level. - Mass competitions are those that promote the number of competitors (cross, school competitions, workers sport manifestations). - Top-level competitions are those where best representatives in competition disciplines take part and therefore, the best top-level results are expected. - Considering evaluation of certain sport competitions, there are those that are valued by: point system (every team competes with every team) - cup system (competition is held according to the system of elimination) In conducting the system of sport competitions, we can make difference between: - calendar competition (season competitions) - according to convention (through notification of participants about the schedule of competitions, - conditions, place, timetable, etc. REFERENCES Aćimović, D. (2003). Menadžment u sportu, O nekim aspektima primene menadžmenta u nastavi [Management in sport. On some aspects of application management in the classroom. In Serbian.] Niš: Serbona, Bartoluci, M. (1990). Neke mogućnosti primjene marketinga u sportu i sportskoj rekreaciji [Some possible applications of marketing in sport and recreation. In Croatian.] Sport - Indok žurnal, (4) Đorđević, B. (2001) Izazovi menadžmenta [The challinge of management. In Serbian.] Priština / Blace: Ekonomski fakultet. Rajić, A. (1993). Upravljanje sportom i obrazovanje sportskih menadžera [Management of sport and sports education managers. In Serbian.] Godišnjak (5). Beograd: Fakultet za fizičku kulturu.. Tomić, M.. (1993). Studije sportskog menadžmenta [Studies of sports management . In Serbian.] Godišnjak (5). Beograd: Fakultet za fizičku kulturu.. Correspondence: Danilo Aćimović State University in Novi Pazar Department of Bio-chemical and Medical Sciences Vuka Karadzića bb, 36300 Novi Pazar, Serbia E - mail: dacimovic@np.ac.rs 241 APES 1(2011) 2:239-242 Aćimović, D. et al. SIGNIFICANCE OF INFORMATION AND... ZNA^EWETO NA INFORMATIVNITE I PROPAGANDNITE SISTEMI VO FUNKCIJA NA SPORTSKITE NATPREVARI UDK: 796.08: [007:004 (Stru~en trud) Danilo A}imovi}1 , Aleksandar Joksimovi}2 i Omer [pirtovi}1 1Dr`aven Univerzite vo Novi Pazar, Oddel za Bio-hemiski i medicinski nauki, Novi Pazar, Srbija 2Univerzitet vo Ni{, Fakultet za sport i fizi~ko vospituvawe, Ni{, Srbija Apstrakt Natprevarite vo sportot pretstavuvaat osnovna cel za postoeweto na sportskite organizacii i sportskite klubovi. Sportskite natprevari, poradi se pogolemiot interes na publikata i prompovirawe na se podobri natprevaruva~i, ima posebno zna~aewe. Za ostvaruvawe i afirmirawe na funkcijata i zna~eweto na sportskite natprevari, se vklu~uvaat razli~ni informativni i propagandni sistemi. Klu~ni zborovi: publika, menaxment, спортски клубови, profit, principi, промоција 242 APES 1(2011) 2:243-247 Raković, A. et. al. MODEL OF SPECIFIC EXERCISES... MODEL OF SPECIFIC EXERCISES IN RACE WALKING UDC: 796.421. 012.4 (Proffesional paper) Aleksandar Raković, Daniel Stanković and Aleksandar Joksimović University of Niš, Faculty od Sport and Physical Education, Niš, Serbia Abstract The aim of this research was to explain the model of specific exercises in race walking and to show training methods in race walking. The paper gives vivid illustrated explanation of 22 specific exercises and training methodics of race walking. In sum one can conclude that specific exercises in race walking can adequately influence correct coordination of arms, pelvis and by enhancing regular performance can directly impact the improvement of the technique of race walking which is specific and difficult and whose flaws can end up in disqualification from the competition. Also training methods should be rationally used in the instruction of race walking without any haste because the habit formation of movements and techniques is a slow one. Keywords: competition, physical activity, methods of learning walking technique Methods of learning are used to acquire and master technical and tactical knowledge of the athletes. Based on the criterium of the manner of motor learning in training process one uses analytical, syntetic, complex, situational and ideo-motor methods. Race walking is one of the athletics discipline and differs from the regular walking by its technique. Therefore in the instruction of the technique of race walking one should first of all make corrections of regular usual walking (posture and body movements). In the instruction of the technique of race walking following methodics objectives and tasks are set: Contemporary advancement and civilization on the one hand make life perfect but on the other hand distances man from Nature. So man’s movement activities and negative ecology bring out harm to man’s organism. Therefore we face the increase of illnesses, decrease in immunity and endangering of man’s life. Physical activity is a vital factor in proper development. The aim of this paper is to explain the model of specific exercises in race walking and to show training methods in race walking. Methodics of race walking instruction In practical training work one uses methods of exercising and methods of motor learning. Methods of exercising are used to develop and maintain different anthropological and mostly physical abilities. According to the criterium of overload of the athlete in training process one uses: continued method (training exercises are performed without interruption) and interval method where after the elapsing of the training exercise there follows a short interval of longer or shorter rest, so called time for stabilization followed by the new training activity. Task 1. Introducing the race walking technique The race walking technique is demonstrated by the teacher (trainer). Lecture with short explanations is delivered in usual walking speed with mild tempo. The trainees should be allocated in such a manner that a demonstrator of the technique is visible sidewise, in front and backwards. Besides practical explanations the teacher uses kinograms and video clipps. Upon demonstration of the technique trainees are asked 243 APES 1(2011) 2:243-247 Raković, A. et. al. MODEL OF SPECIFIC EXERCISES... To instruct rotation of the hip around the vertical axis one uses opposite turning of the shoulders and pelvis (shoulders to the right, pelvis to the left, and vice versa), walking while the right leg goes less forward and more to the left (zig zag step), and vice versa (Figure 2). To master complete leg erection that a walker use to thrust himself on the surface one uses the exercise walking up the hill trying to emphasize release of the leg in knee joint. To avoid excess tension of the muscles it is possible to perform the exercise standing and on the move, while transferring body weight from one to the other leg. All recommended exercises for the teaching of race walking technique are repeated several times. to do the exercises themselves 2 – 3 times 50 – 80 meters. The teacher should notice any serious mistakes (running, bent knees, etc.) and point out to them. Task 2. Teaching leg and hip movements in race walking Basic form of training starts with slow walking where the extended leg is on the surface with the simultaneous body turn and hand movements as in usual walking staying in that position until the moment of vertical. Then the speed is increased gradually to the expense of the regular step. Training of the extension of the swing leg forwards is performed with short steps of 60-80m, walking in circle of circumference 5- 6 m and walking in formation of the „snake“, 2- 4 m to the left, then to the right, in turns some 40-60 m. These trainings are done with while line walking of 50-60 m (Figure 1). Task 3. Teaching hands and legs movements in race walking During race walking hands should be bent in the elbows joint under the 90 degrees angle, or slightly smaller angle and make linear moves. It is necessary to bear in mind that shoulders must be relaxed, and hands must move freely and without any tension. to resolve this problem following exercises should be performed: walking with Figure 1. Race walking along the lines on the road Figure 3. Race walking with gymnastics bat hands behind head, behind back, on chest, on hips, clasped hands, extended hands, walking with bats in hands or on shoulders. (Figure 3). If our aim is to increase the amplitude of hands then it is to walk with relaxed hands. Distance of walking with the shown exercises is 100 - 150 m. Number of repeated exercises depends on the regularity of their performance and the speed of the acquired movements. Task 4.Training of the complete race walking technique While trying to master the race walking technique it is necessary to repeat different exercises numerous times whose aim is to master character- Figure 2. Opposite turning of shoulders and pelvis 244 APES 1(2011) 2:243-247 Raković, A. et. al. MODEL OF SPECIFIC EXERCISES... istic elements of walking. Therefore it is important to pay attention to: position of the head and body, softness and flexibility of the body, hands and leg movements, optimal length of the steps, free extension of the leg onto the surface, if possible with low transfer of the foot in relation to the surface, timely removing of the heel from the surface, coordination of all movements. Basic means of training race walking technique encompass the following exercises: walking with different speeds at different distances (400-800 m and more) with warning to the mistakes of the leg, hand, pelvis, body posture and finding the optimal relation of the length and frequency of the steps. the left and right hands by the body harmonizing the movement rhythm with the steps - walking with alternate hands towards the front and upwards, body leaning mildly to the front - walking with as much long steps feet near the surface, hands lowered in the area of shoulders, moving by the body, body leaning mildly to the front, - short steps heel walking - walking with bending hands, body leaning mildly to the front, with somewhat shorter steps - walking with alternate hands backward rotation - walking with hands on hips and emphasized shorter steps of increased frequency - relaxed race walking with extended steps and emphasized vertical phase with two or three with relaxed walking - walking with deliberate interviewing of feet along the straight line, hands by the body, slouched shoulders, body leaning mildly to the front, hyperrotation in pelvic axis - walking with a deliberate interweaving longitudinal foot over the line, arms beside the body, shoulders relaxed, the body sloping gently forward, hiperrotation in pelvis axis - zig zag walking – “snake like moving ”, with abrupt changes of movement direction - walking with sidewise trunk bending in the vertical phase to the opposite side in relation to the standing leg hip”shooting “ to the left with trunk rotation to the right and vice versa - stretching of the back side of the thigh while moving, initial leg position in extension, leaning on the heels, trunk flexion with continuous extended leg position to the pain limit, avoid too long step, exercise is to be performed with maximum coordination and stability, between the extension of legs make two inter steps in regular walking type: - stretching of the front side of the thigh while moving - skip in standing for hands, elbows bent under 90 degree angle, fingers mildly flexed, shoulder axis as relaxed as possible - short intervals to 100m walking with about 90% maximal speed of the walker Task 5. Improving the race walking technique While teaching the race walking technique a demonstrator must find for himself the adequate walking tempo, in relation to the optimal proportion of the length and frequency of the steps, with the breathing rhythm, with the softness, amplitude of the body, legs, and hands movements, and finally with the overall complexity of all the movements. While planning distances of walking (400 m - 2.000 m and more) and including climbing and sloping on different slopes, these are all equally important parameters of the level of general and physical preparation. This model of specific exercises in race walking will be displayed by textual explanations for the specific exercises for arms, hips and legs. - walking standing skip, pay attention to the stabile trunk position, body leaning mildly to the front, feet facing the surface all the time, alternate change of the vertical phase - walking with interwoven hands at the neck - walking with extended hands, thumbs interwoven, body leaning mildly to the front, moderate speed of moving, slightly shorter step - alternate flexion and extension walking with front extended hands, where in extension phase fingers are opening, and in flexion phase fingers are closing and bringing to the position of the shoulders - alternate flexion and extension of the lower arm walking in front position where in extension phase fingers are opening, and in flexion phase fingers are closing and bringing to the position of the shoulders - walking with alternate lowering and lifting of 245 APES 1(2011) 2:243-247 Raković, A. et. al. MODEL OF SPECIFIC EXERCISES... will try to correct and eliminate them. It is not recommendable to hurry and force the results at the expense of the technique. Situational method is used in the competition level where acclimatization to the competition conditions is necessary, which is the case in senior age and in already proven and experienced competitors. Conclusion Race walkers success is determined by the level and structure of many an ability, knowledge, and features that an athlete possesses at each level of his sports career. Perfection of movements in elite sport has reached a moment when the coach and the athlete as well cannot use just their experiences to estimate the errors in the technical realization of the movements. Specific exercises in race walking can in an adequate manner influence regular handwork, pelvis work and leg work and the correct performance of these exercises can directly improve the race walking technique which is very specific and difficult and whose flaws directly cause disqualification from the competition. Apart from the everyday training process specific exercises in race walking can be used as a warm up before the competition so everything above mentioned helps us conclude that how important it is to perform these exercises on a daily basis Training methods of the complete race walking technique should be used prudently and gradually without hurry because the process of forming the movement habits and technique lasts long. In training methods it is vital for the coach to be present every day because he will find and reveal possible errors in body, legs, and hands movements and References Branković, M. i Bubanj, R. (1997). Atletika-tehnika i metodika [Athletics, techniques and methods. In Serbian.] Niš: Filozofski fakultet. Korčok, P., Pupiš, M. (2006). Všetko o chodzi [Evrithing training about walking. In Czhes.] Banska Bystrica: Fakulta Humanitnich vied. Жилкин, А.И., Кузмин, В.С., Сидорчук, Е.В. (2006). ЛЕГКАЯ АТЛЕ ТИКА. Москва Ozolin, N. G., Voronkin, V. I., Primakov, J. N. (1989). Legkaja atletika, Moskva. Pavlović, R. (2010). Atletika Athletics. In Serbian.]Istočno Sarajevo: Fakultet fizičkog vaspitanja i sporta. Stanković, D. i Raković, A. (2010). Atletika [Athlrtics. In Serbian Niš: Fakultet sporta i fizičkog vaspitanja. Tončev, I. (2001). Atletika tehnika i obučavanje [Athletics, techniques and training. In Serbian.] Novi Sad: Fakultet fizičke kulture. Correspondence: Aleksandar Raković University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education Čarnojevićeva 10A, 1800 Niš, Serbia E - mail: raka@fsfv.ni.ac.rs 246 APES 1(2011) 2:243-247 Raković, A. et. al. MODEL OF SPECIFIC EXERCISES... MODEL NA SPECIFI^NI VE@BI KAJ SPORTSKOTO ODEWE UDK: 796.421. 012.4 (Stru~en trud) Aleksandar Rakovi}, Daniel Stankovi} i Aleksandar Joksimovi} Univerzitet vo Ni{, Fakultet za sport i fizi~ko vospitiuvawe, Ni{, Srbija Apstrakt Celta na trudot e da se objasni eden model na specifi~ni ve`bi za sportskoto odewe i prika`at negovite metodi za obu~uvawe. Vo trudot se navedeni 22 specifi~ni ve`bi i metodikata za usvojuvaweto na sportskoto odewe. Od analizata na ve`bite e konstatirano deka tie mo`at na adekvaten na~in da vlijaat vrz pravilnata rabota na racete, karli~niot pojas i nozete. Na toj na~in, direktno se podobruva tehnikata na sportskoto odewe koja e osobeno specifi~na i te{ka za izveduvawe. Vo sprotivno, neadekvatnata tehnika mo`e direktno da predizvika diskvalifikacija na u~enicite vo tekot na natprevarite .Zatoa, metodite za obu~uvawe na sportskoto odewe, treba racionalno da se koristat: postapno, bez brzawe, bidej}i procesot na formiraweto na motornite naviki i tehikata na izveduvaweto trae dolgo vreme. Klu~ni zborovi: natprevari, fizi~ka aktivnost, metodi na u~ewe, tehnika na odeweto 247 248 APES 1(2011) 2:249-256 Kalkovski, J : DETECTION OF DIFFERENCES... DETECTION OF DIFFERENCES – THE BASIS FOR A QUALITATIVE CORRECTION OF PRACTICAL TEACHING OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION FOR SPECIAL STUDENTS OF THE FACULTY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND DETECTIVE UDC: 796.8: [378:343.9-057.87 (Preliminary communication ) Jadran Kalkovski European University – Skopje, Faculty of Detectives and Criminology, Skopje, Macedonia Abstract Apart from theoretical lectures, the students pursuing undergraduate studies at the Faculty of Detectives and Criminology at the European University also attend and need to pass the exam for the subject of Special Physical Education. The curriculum content of the Special Physical Education subject gives students the opportunity to discover and learn the elements of various martial arts, such as karate, judo, and selfdefense. At the same time, particular attention is paid to improving students’ general physical condition. As the Faculty of Detectives and Criminology is relatively new, its first and second year curricula are not immune to appropriate changes. Of course, these changes should aim at improving the quality of lessons, motivating students to attend the lessons regularly by presenting the curriculum as best as possible and establishing realistic parameters for evaluating students’ results. Also, the experience gained throughout the previous two years should be a good basis for preparing a good training program for the students in their third year of studies. Keywords: martial arts, physical condition, motor skills,training program, tests, t-test and self-defense and also to improve their general physical fitness. The curriculum for general physical fitness includes: increase of the explosive power of arms and shoulders, the power of the abdominal muscle region, the explosive power of legs, speed (anaerobic) and general (aerobic) condition and exercises for increasing students’ space coordination. Certain tests conducted to evaluate students’ results before (initial parameters) and after taking the curriculum (final parameters) provide sufficient quantum information for creating a framework which would incorporate certain corrections aiming to improve the curriculum. The initial and final parameters from the tests help devise corrections to the current training program and create a new one that would improve students’ perform- INTRODUCTION The enrollment of new students at the first academic year imposed the problem of an alarmingly low level of motor skills and physical fitness. Having detected this problem, great attention should be given to the preparation of training programs. Most importantly, a module should be found that would enable active participation of the students with lower fitness and less developed skills, without resulting in the stagnation of the students with better physical fitness and developed motor skills. The curriculum program enables permanent activity for the students throughout the whole academic year. The curriculum gives students the opportunity to master the martial arts elements of judo, karate, 249 APES 1(2011) 2:249-256 Kalkovski, J : DETECTION OF DIFFERENCES... ance. The method of evaluating students through partial exams gives an opportunity for detecting the flaws of the training program and intervene on time. Table 1. Basic statistical parameters (Average value, Minimum, Maximum) Basic descriptive statistics Push-ups.1.M 29 Average value 42,24 24 70 Push-ups.2.M 29 42,28 17 76 Push-ups.1.F 16 15,94 2 23 Push-ups.2.F 16 22,63 8 45 Sit-ups.1.M 29 48,41 28 72 Sit-ups.2.M 29 49,55 25 70 Sit-ups.1F 16 36,19 27 50 sit-ups.2.F 16 39,63 15 52 Jump .1.M * 29 229,31 150 270 Jump .2.M * 29 223,10 160 265 Jump 1.F * 16 153,75 120 185 Jump .2.F * 16 152,50 120 195 Running.1.M 29 75,69 67 87 Running.2.M 29 77,34 52 87 Running.1.F 16 91 74 103 Running.2.F 16 92,19 82 106 Students METHODS This research includes the results achieved by 143 students (94 boys and 49 girls) at the first and second year of the undergraduate studies on their first, second, and third partial exams, with the results of 61 boys and 20 girls being processed in the first academic year and 33 boys and 29 girls in the second academic year. Four tests were used to evaluate students’ physical fitness: - explosive power of arms and shoulders-pushups; - explosive power of abdominal muscle regionsit-ups; - explosive power of legs-standing long jump - running 11m x 24 These tests and their findings fully meet the requirements for designing quality instruments for evaluating the achieved results. They also have an affect on the curriculum contents and give directions for whether and how much the dosage and number of classes should be corrected. Minimum Maximum According to Table 3, most of the results achieved by female students in the first group (1st year), or 43.75% of them, lie between 15 and 20 push-ups, while in the second group (2nd year) most, i.e. 31.25% of them lie between 20 and 25 push-ups. According to Table 4, most of the results achieved by male students in the first group (1st year), or 37.93% of them, lie between 40 and 50 sit-ups, while in the second group (2nd year) most, i.e. 37.93% of them lie between 50 and 60 sit-ups. According to Table 5, most of the results achieved by female students in the first group (1st year), or 43.75% of them, lie between 35 and 40 sit-ups, while in the second group (2nd year) most, i.e. 25.00% of them lie between 45 and 50 sit-ups. According to Table 6, most of the standing long jump results achieved by male students in the first group (1st year), or 34.48% of them, lie between 200 and 220 centimeters, while in the second group (2nd year) most, i.e. 27.59% of them lie between 220 and 240 centimeters. According to Table 7, most of the standing long jump results achieved by female students in the first group (1st year), or 25.00 % of them, lie between 140 and 150 centimeters, while in the second group (2nd year) most, i.e. 27.59% of them lie between 160 and 170 centimeters in. RESULTS The students in the first and second undergraduate year were randomly divided into two groups. The first group (1st year) consisted of 29 male students and 16 female students, and so did the second group (2nd year). The basic statistical analysis (Table 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9) showing the minimum, the average, and the maximum achieved results as well as the frequency of the results is sufficient for making initial conclusions about the difference between the two groups of students. The findings from the T-test (Table 10,11,12,13,14,15,16 and 17) make it is possible to determine the substantial differences between the students of the first and the second group. Basic statistical parameters have been conducted: According to Table 2, most of the results achieved by male students in the first group (1st year), or 51.72% of them, lie between 30 and 40 push-ups, while in the second group (2nd year) most, i.e. 51.72% of them lie between 40 and 50 push-ups. 250 APES 1(2011) 2:249-256 Kalkovski, J : DETECTION OF DIFFERENCES... Table 2. Clustering for the explosive power of arms and shoulders - push-ups in the frst group of male (Push-ups.1.M) and the second group (Push -ups.2.M) Push-ups .1.Ì 10 < x <= 20 20 < x <= 30 30 < x <= 40 40 < x <= 50 50 < x <= 60 60 < x <= 70 Studens 0 3 15 5 2 4 % 0 10.34 51.72 17.24 6.90 13.79 Push-ups.2.Ì 10 < x <= 20 20 < x <= 30 30 < x <= 40 40 < x <= 50 50 < x <= 60 60 < x <= 70 70 < x <= 80 Students 1 2 6 15 4 0 1 % 3.45 6.90 20.69 51.72 13.79 0 3.45 Table 3. Clustering for the explosive power of arms and shoulders - push-ups in the frst group of female (Push-ups.1.F) and the second group (Push-ups.2.F) Push-ups .1.F 0 < x <= 5 5 < x <= 10 10< x <= 15 15< x <= 20 20< x <= 25 Students 0 1 2 3 7 3 % 0 6.25 12.5 18.75 43.75 18.75 Push-ups .2.F 0 < x <= 5 5 < x <= 10 10 < x <= 15 15 < x <= 20 20< x <= 25 25 < x <= 30 30 < x <= 35 35 < x <= 40 40 < x <= 45 Students 0 3 0 3 5 4 0 0 1 % 0 18.75 0 18.75 31.25 25.00 0 0 6.25 Table 4. Clustering for the explosive power of a bdominal muscle region - sit-ups in the frst group of male (Sit-ups.1.M) and the second group (Sit -ups.2.M) Sit-ups .1. Ì 20< x <= 30 30 < x <= 40 40 < x <= 50 50 < x <= 60 60 < x <= 70 70 < x <= 80 Students 2 6 11 6 2 2 % 6.90 20.69 37.93 20.69 6.90 6.90 Sit-ups .2. Ì 20 < x <= 30 30 < x <= 40 40 < x <= 50 50 < x <= 60 60< x <= 70 According to Table 8, most of the running results achieved by male students in the first group (1st year), or 41.38% of them, lie between 70 and 75 seconds, while in the second group (2nd year) most, i.e. 31.03% of them lie between 75 and 80 seconds. According to Table 9, most of the running results achieved by female students in both the first (1st year) and second group (2nd year), or 31.25% of them, lie between 85 and 90 seconds. The application of the T-test helps determine the difference not only between the groups but also between the male populations from different gro- Students 3 2 9 11 4 % 10.34 6.90 31.03 37.93 13.79 ups and between the female populations from different groups separately: According to Table 10, the differences between the male populations from the first and second group regarding their explosive power of arms and shoulders (push-ups), is insignificant and it amounts to p=0.99. According to Table 11, the differences between the female populations from the first and second group regarding their explosive power of arms and shoulders (push-ups), is noteworthy and it amounts to p=0.02. According to Table 12, the differences between 251 APES 1(2011) 2:249-256 Kalkovski, J : DETECTION OF DIFFERENCES... Table 5. Clustering for the explosive power of abdominal muscle region - sit-ups in the frst group of female (Sit-ups.1.F) and the second group (Sit-ups.2.F) Sit-ups .1. F 20 < x <= 25 25 < x <= 30 30 < x <= 35 35 < x <= 40 40 < x <= 45 45 < x <= 50 Students 0 4 3 7 0 2 Sit-ups.2. F 10 < x <= 15 15 < x <= 20 20 < x <= 25 25 < x <= 30 30 < x <= 35 35 < x <= 40 40 < x <= 45 45 < x <= 50 50 < x <= 55 % 0 25.00 18.75 43.75 0 12.5 Students 1 0 1 1 3 1 4 4 1 % 6.25 0 6.25 6.25 18.75 6.25 25.00 25.00 6.25 Table 6. Clustering for the explosive power of legs – standing long jump (*) in the frst group of male (Jumb1.M) and the second group (Jump.2.M) Jump. 1.Ì * 120 < x <= 140 140 < x <= 160 160 < x <= 180 180 < x <= 200 200 < x <= 220 220 < x <= 240 240 < x <= 260 260 < x <= 280 Students 0 1 0 0 10 10 7 1 % 0 3.45 0 0 4.48 34.48 24.14 3.45 Jump. 2.Ì * 140 < x <= 160 160 < x <= 180 180 < x <= 200 200 < x <= 220 220 < x <= 240 240 < x <= 260 260< x <= 280 Students 1 0 7 6 8 5 2 % 3.45 0 24.14 20.69 27.59 17.24 6.90 Table 7. Clustering for the explosive power of legs – standing long jump (*) in the frst group of female (Jumb1.F) and the second group (Jump.2.F) Jump. 1.F * 110 < x <= 120 120 < x <= 130 130 < x <= 140 140 < x <= 150 150 < x <= 160 160 < x <= 170 170 < x <= 180 180 < x <= 190 Students 1 2 1 4 3 2 1 2 % 6.25 12.5 6.25 25.00 18.75 12.5 6.25 12.5 the male populations from the first and second group regarding their repetitive power of abdominal muscle region (sit-ups), is insignificant and it amounts to p=0.71. According to Table 13, the differences between the female populations from the first and second group regarding their repetitive power of abdominal muscle region (sit-ups), is insignificant and it Jump. 2.F * Students % 110 < x <= 120 1 6.25 120 < x <= 130 1 6.25 130 < x <= 140 3 18.75 140 < x <= 150 4 25.00 150 < x <= 160 1 6.25 160 < x <= 170 4 25.00 170 < x <= 180 1 6.25 180< x <= 190 0 0 190 < x <= 200 1 6.25 amounts to p=0.27. According to Table 14, the differences between the male populations from the first and second group regarding their explosive power of legs (standing long jump), is insignificant and it amounts to p=0.33. According to Table 15, the differences between the female populations from the first and second 252 APES 1(2011) 2:249-256 Kalkovski, J : DETECTION OF DIFFERENCES... Table 8. Clustering for the running in the frst group of male (Running.1.M) and the second group (Running.2.M) Running.1.Ì 60 < x <= 65 65 < x <= 70 70 < x <= 75 75 < x <= 80 80 < x <= 85 85 < x <= 90 Students 0 3 12 9 4 1 Running. 2.Ì 45 < x <= 50 50 < x <= 55 55 < x <= 60 60 < x <= 65 65 < x <= 70 70 < x <= 75 75 < x <= 80 80 < x <= 85 85 < x <= 90 % 0 10.34 41.38 31.03 13.79 3.45 Students 0 1 0 1 3 5 9 7 3 % 0 3.45 0.00 3.45 10.34 17.24 31.03 24.14 10.34 Table 9. Clustering for the running in the frst group of female (Running.1.F) and the second group (Running.2 .F) Running. 1.F 70 < x <= 75 75 < x <= 80 80 < x <= 85 85 < x <= 90 90 < x <= 95 95 < x <= 100 100 < x <= 105 Students 1 1 1 5 3 3 2 % 6.25 6.25 6.25 31.25 18.75 18.75 12.50 group regarding their explosive power of legs (standing long jump), is insignificant and it amounts to p=0.86. According to Table 16, the differences between the male populations from the first and second group regarding their speed condition (running 11m х 24), is insignificant and it amounts to p=0.34. According to Table 17, the differences between the female populations from the first and second group regarding their speed condition (running 11m х 24), is insignificant and it amounts to p=0.66. Running. 2.F 75 < x <= 80 80 < x <= 85 85 < x <= 90 90 < x <= 95 95 < x <= 100 100 < x <= 105 105 < x <= 110 Students 0 3 3 6 2 0 2 % 0 18.75 18.75 37.50 12.50 0.00 12.50 evaluation of female students’ explosive power of arms and shoulders. Having detected this difference, we can conclude that an appropriate correction to the dosage and number of classes of the training micro cycle intended for the female population can lead to a positive trend in annulling the differences in their results. In other words, this information gives a right direction for correcting the training program contents and thus improving the performances of both the male and female students taking the subject of Special Physical Education in the third year. These finding should not only be concluded but fully applied in the corrections of the existing training programs. By breaking free from the constrains of stereotype and implementing the research information as well as the new world research findings in the field of kinesiology into the training programs, we created a new high-quality training program. This approach in using the presented information will become an important segment in conceptualizing the curriculum contents, selecting tests, i.e. confirmation of their representativeness perceived through their stability, validity, and objectivity. CONCLUSION The parameters emerging from the statistical analysis of achieved results show that the first-tofourth semester curricula conceptualized as training programs for general physical fitness of the students in the first and second undergraduate academic years at the Faculty of Detectives and Criminology are practically justified. The tests conducted for evaluation of students’ physical fitness do not present any substantial differences between the groups except the test for 253 APES 1(2011) 2:249-256 Kalkovski, J : DETECTION OF DIFFERENCES... Table 10. T-test for the explosive power of arms and shoulders - push-ups in the frst group of male (Push-ups.1.M) and the second group (Push-ups.2.M) T-test Push-ups.1. Ì Push-ups.2. Ì Mean Group1 Mean Group 2 Valid N Valid N Std.Dev. Group 1 Group 2 Group 1 t-value df p 42.24 42.28 -0.01 56 0.99 29 29 13.00 Std.Dev. Group 2 11.29 Table 11. T-test for the explosive power of arms and shoulders - push-ups in the frst group of female (Push-ups.1.F) and the second group (Push-ups.2.F) T-test Mean Mean Group 1 Group 2 Push-ups. 1.F Push-ups. 2.F 15.94 22.63 t-value df p -2.42 30 0.02 Valid N Valid N Std.Dev. Group 1 Group 2 Group 1 16 16 5.92 Std.Dev. Group 2 9.34 Table 12. T-tes for the explosive power of abdominal muscle region - sit-ups in the frst group of male (Sit-ups.1.M) and the second group (Sit-ups.2.M) T-test Mean Mean Group 1 Group 2 t-value Sit-ups. 1. Ì Sit-ups. 2. Ì 48.41 49.55 -0.37 df p 56 0.71 Valid N Group 1 29 Valid N Std.Dev. Group 2 Group 1 29 12.34 Std.Dev. Group 2 11.11 Table 13. T-test for the explosive power of abdominal muscle region - sit-ups in the frst group of female (Sit-ups.1.F) and the second group (Sit-ups.2.F) T-test Sit-ups. 1. F Sit-ups. 2. F Mean Mean Group 1 Group 2 t-value 36.19 39.63 -1.13 df p 30 0.27 Valid N Valid N Group 1 Group 2 16 16 Std.Dev. Group 1 Std.Dev. Group 2 6.30 10.39 Table 14. T-test for the explosive power of legs – standing long jump (*) in the frst group of male (Jumb1.M) and the second group (Jump.2.M) T-test Jumb. 1. Ì * Jumb. 2. Ì Mean Mean Group 1 Group 2 229.31 223.10 t-value df p 0.99 56 0.33 254 Valid N Valid N Group 1 Group 2 29 29 Std.Dev. Group 1 Std.Dev. Group 2 22.94 24.73 APES 1(2011) 2:249-256 Kalkovski, J : DETECTION OF DIFFERENCES... Table 15. T-tet for the explosive power of legs – standing long jump (*) in the frst group of female (Jumb1.F) and the second group (Jump.2.F) T-test Mean Mean Group 1 Group 2 Jumb.1. F * Jumb. 2. F 153.75 Valid N Valid N Group 1 roup 2 t-value df p 0.17 30 0.86 152.5 16 Std.Dev. Group 1 Std.Dev. Group 2 20.62 20.08 16 Table 16. T-test for the running in the frst group of male (Running.1.M) and the second group (Running.2.M) T-test Running. 1.Ì Running. 2.Ì Mean Mean Group 1 Group 2 75.69 77.34 t-value df p -0.97 56 0.34 Valid N Valid N Std.Dev. Group 1 Group 2 Group 1 29 29 4.83 Std.Dev. Group 2 7.83 Table 17. T-tes for the running in the frst group of female (Running.1.F) and the second group (Running.2.F) T-test Running. 1. F Running. 2. F Mean Mean Group 1 Group 2 91 92.19 t-value df p Valid N Group 1 Valid N Group 2 Std.Dev. Group 1 Std.Dev. Group 2 -0.45 30 0.66 16 16 7.73 7.34 The final objectives are benefits from the highquality classes, high-quality curriculum, better physical fitness of the students and quantum of motor skills. Kurelić,N., Momirović, K., Stojanović, M., Šturm, J., Radojević, Đ. i Viskić-Štalec N. (1975). Struktura i razvoj morfoloških i motoričkih dimenzija omladine [The structure and development of morphological and motor dimensions of youth. In Serbian.] Beograd: Institut za naučna istraživanja Fakulteta za fizičko vaspitanje Univerziteta u Beogradu. Verhošanski, I.J. (1979). Razvoj snage u sportu [Power development in sport. In Serbian.] Beograd: NIP Partizan. LITERATURE Bala, G.(1986). Logičke osnove metoda za analizu podataka iz istraživanja u fizičkoj kulturi [Logical basis of methods for analyzing data from research in physical education. In Serbian.] Novi Sad: Autor. Спасов, Ѓ. (1991). Теорија и методика на спортскиот тренинг [The theory and methodology of sport. In Macedonian.] Skopje: Просветно дело. Correspondence: Jadran Kalkovski European University – Republic of Macedonia Faculty of Detectives and Criminology Kliment Ohridski Blvd 68, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia E-mail: jkalkovski@yahoo.com 255 APES 1(2011) 2:249-256 Kalkovski, J : DETECTION OF DIFFERENCES... POSTIGNATITE REZULTATI - OSNOVA ZA KVALITATIVNA KOREKCIJA NA PRAKTI^NATA NASTAVA PO PREDMETOT SPECIJALNO FIZI^KO VOSPITUVAWE ZA STUDENTITE OD FAKULTETOT ZA DETEKTIVI I KRIMINALISTIKA UDK: 796.8: [378:343.9-057.87 (Prethodno soop{tenie) Jadran Kalkovski Evropski Univerzitet vo Skopje, Fakultet za detektivi kriminalistika, Skopje, Makedonija Apstrakt Studentite od Fakultetot za detektivi i kriminalistika pri Evropskiot Univerzitet vo tekot na dodiplomski studii pokraj toretskata nastava od stru~nite predmeti, go slu{aat i polagaat predmetot Specijalno fizi~ko obrazovanie. Sodr`inite koi se zastapeni vo toj predmet davaat mo`nost studentot da gi zapoznae i sovlada elementite od bore~kite ve{tini kako {to se karate, xudo i samoodbrana. Isto taka, tie ovozmo`uvaat podobruvawe na op{tata fizi~ka podgotvenost. So ogled deka Fakultetot za detektivi i kriminalistika e od ponov datum, nastavnite sodr`ini za Prva i Vtora godina, se podlo`ni na soodvetni promeni. Promenite treba se naso~eni kon podobruvaweto na kvalitetot na nastavata, animiraweto na studentite za redovnosta na nastavata so kvalitetno prezentirawe na sodr`inite i sozdavawe realni parametri za vrednuvawe na postignatite rezultati. Pokraj toa, steknatoto iskustvo vo prethodnite dve studiski godini treba da bide dobra osnova za izrabotka na kvalitetna trena`na programa za studentite od Treta godina. Klu~ni zborovi: bore~ki ve{tini, fizi~ka podgotovka, motorni sposobnosti, trena`na programa, testovi, t-test 256 14th SYMPOSIUM ON SPORTS AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF YOUTH Ohrid, 17th – 19th September, 2010 The Federation of Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia, in cooperation with the Faculty of Physical Culture, Agency of Youth and sports, Union of Sports Federations of Macedonia and Macedonian Police Sports Federation “7th May”, organized the International 14th Symposium on sports and physical education of youth. The main topic of the Symposium was: Sports and physical education in function of the needs of certain social activities (education, health, culture, security, defense, legislation, economy, tourism, urbanism etc.) The Symposium was attended by over 170 participants from a number of countries. They presented over 150 professional and scientific papers in the field of sports and physical education. The participants were welcomed by several representatives of higher education professional and scientific institutions. Also, they were welcomed at the Symposium by Mr. Velimir Stojkovski, Prof. Dr. Sc., Rector of the “St. Cyril and Methodius” University in Skopje. Based on professional and scientific papers presented, as well as discussions that followed, the participants made a number of final conclusions for implementation of the function of sports and physical education and its inter-disciplinary application in activities of other related social activities. Mr. Aleksandar Naumovski, Prof. Dr. Sc., President of the Federation of Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia, made an introductory speech in connection with the main topic of the Symposium. 257 258 GUIDELINES FOR CONTRIBUTORS The Journal ACTIVITIES IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT with ISSN (International Standard Serial Number) 1857-7687, abbreviated title APES and subtitle International Journal of scientific and professional issues in physical education and sport, is published twice a year by the Federation of sports pedagogues of Macedonia. The published papers are categorized according to the scientific and bibliographic standards, or are papers that are presented at scientific meetings. Submissions are peerreviewed anonymously by two independent, competent reviewers. Submissions can be accepted, rejected or returned to the authors for correction. 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Their names are separated by a comma and before the name of the last author the symbol "&" is put. • When a book (monograph) is cited, its title should be written in italic. • When a paper published in a journal is cited, the title of the journal and the year (volume) are written in italic. • All bibliographic units are indicated in the original language in which the paper is written. If the paper is not written in English, the translation of the title in English should be indicated in squared parentheses. The subsequent text shows examples of most common indication of bibliographic units in the “References”. Books (monographs) Example: Graton, G., & Jones, I. (2006). Research methods for sport studies. London and New York: Routledge. If the source is not in English, the English translation of the title is given in squared parentheses, as well as the language from which the translation is made. Example: Naumovski, A. (2004). Osnovni statisti~ki metodi vo sportot. [Basic statistical methods in sport. In Macedonian]. Skopje: Fakultet za fizi~ka kultura, Univerzitet “Sv. Kiril i Metodij” vo Skopje. Journals: The citation of papers in journals is indicated by the journal title, the volume, the number of the issue in parentheses, the first and last page of the paper. 262 Example: Hessler, E., & Amazeen, P. (2009). Attentional demands on motor responsibility coordination. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 80(3), 510-523. If the work is in print, in parentheses, the term "in press" is used instead of the publication year. The volume, the number of the issue and the pages of the journal in print must be stated. Example: Naumovski, A. (in press). Comparison of the predicative value of the anthropometric and motoric latent dimensions for the success in two sport elements of basketball and volleyball. Sport & science. If a paper published in a Supplement is cited, the number of the Supplement is indicated in parentheses, instead of the number of the journal. Example: Bala, G., Golubović, Š., & Katić, R. (2010). Relations between Handedness and Motor Abilities in preschool children. Collegium Antropologicum, 34 (Suppl. 1), 69-75. Chapters in books Example: Čokorilo, R. (2007). Emocionalni razvoj predškolskog deteta. U G. Bala (Ur.), Antropološke karakteristike i sposobnosti predškolske dece (str. 227-248). Anthropological characteristics and abilities of preschool children. In Serbian]. Novi Sad: Fakultet sporta i fizičkog vaspitanja,Univerzitet u Novom Sadu. Papers in proceedings of conferences Example: Hughes, M., & Reed, D. (2005). Creating performance profile using perturbations in soccer. Proceedings of 4th International Scientific Conference on Kinesiology „Science and Profession - Challenge for the Future“, Opatija, 2005, (pp. 34-53). Zagreb: Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb. Doctoral, Master’s and Graduate works Example: Gligorov, S. (2008). Prediktivna vrednost na nekoi bazi~ni motorni testovi analizirana so razli~ni metodolo{ko - statisti~ki postapki vrz uspehot na situacionite motorni testovi kaj ispitanici so natprose~ni motorni sposobnosti. [Predictive value of some basic motor test analysed by different methodological-statistical procedures on the success of the situation motor tests with tested individuals with above-average motor capabillities. In Macedonian.] Doktorska disertacija, Skopje: Fakultet za fizi~ka kultura, Univerzitet „Sv. Kiril i Metodij“ vo Skopje. The citation of undergraduate and master’s theses is identical with the citation of doctoral dissertations. Instead of "Doctoral dissertation" the terms "Master’s thesis" and "Graduate Wo-rk" should be used accordingly. Electronic sources Given the specifics of electronic resources (computer software, computer and information services, on-line sites), their indication in this text is shown by general order of the parts of the bibliographic unit by some examples. 263 On-line Abstract The order of the elements of the bibliographic unit is as follows: Surname, initials of the name. (Year). Title. [on-line]. Journal title, volume, first pagelast page. Abstract from: Name the file collection: name of the unit collection: unit-tag. Example: Mayer, A.S., & Bock, K. (1992). The tip of the tongue phenomenon: Blocking or partial activation? [on-line]. Memory and cognition, 20, 715-726. Abstract from: DIALOG File: PsycINFO Unit: 80-16351 On-line journal, available by e-mail The order of the elements of the bibliographic unit is as follows: Surname, initials of the name. (Year, month). Title. [paper volume]. The journal title [on-line serial publication], volume (number). Available by e-mail: e-mail message, text message. Example: Funder, D.C. (1994, March). Jugmental processand content: Commentary on Koehler base-rate [9 paragraphs]. Psycoloquy [on-line serial publication], 5(17). Avaliable by Email: psyc@pucc Message: Get psyc 94-xxxxx. CD-ROM Abstract The order of the elements of the bibliographic unit is as follows: Surname, initials of the name. (Year). Title [CD-ROM]. Journal title, volume, first page-last page. Abstract from: Source and number of the unit. Example: Mayer, A.S., & Bock, K. (1992). The tip of the tongue phenomenon: Blocking or partial activation? [CD-ROM]. Memory and cognition, 20, 715-726. Abstract from: SilverPlater File: PsycLIT Unit: 80-16351 WWW (Internet, Web page) The order of the elements of the bibliographic unit is as follows: Title page. (Date). City: Publisher. Posted on day. month. year Web page: http header. Example: Electronic reference formats recommended by the American Psychological Association. (19.11.1999). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Made available on 3.5.2000. From the web page: http://www.apa.org/webref.html. 264