ACTIVITIES IN PHYSICAL
EDUCATION AND SPORT
International Journal of Scientific and Professional
Issues in Physical Education and Sport
Editor-in-Chief: Aleksandar Naumovski, Macedonia
Editors: Serjoža Gontarev and Strašo Gligorov, Macedonia
Publisher: FEDERATIN OF THE SPORTS PEDAGOGUES
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UDC 796
ISSN 1857-7687
ACTIVITIES IN PHYSICAL
EDUCATION AND SPORT
International Journal of Scientific and
Professional Issues in Physical Education and Sport
APES
Vol. 1
No. 2
pp. 109-264
Skopje, 2011
CONTENS
FOREWORD
by Aleksandar Naumovski, Prof. Sc. Dr.
President of the Federation of Sports Pedagogues
of the Republic of Macedonia
to the main topic:
SPORTS AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN FUNCTION OF NEEDS
FOR CERTAIN SOCIAL ACTIVITIES (EDUCATION, CULTURE,
SECURITY, DEFENSE, LEGISLATION, TOURISM, ECONOMY,
URBANISM ETC.) ………………………………………………………………………………….……113-115
Borislav Cicović, Danko Pržulj, Dejan Stojiljković and Jelena Kocić
(Original scientific paper)
THE INFLUENCE OF BASIC PREPARATIONS ON THE DEVELOPMENTOF
THE MOTOR AND FUNCTIONAL ABILITIES OF JUDOISTS……………………...117-122
Mladen Živković and Vuk Lazarević
(Original scientific paper)
INFLUENCE OF THE FLEXIBILITY AND EXPLOSIVE POWER
ON THE RESULTS IN SPRINT DISCIPLINES……………………………………...…123-127
Katerina Spasovska
(Original scientific paper)
THE CONNECTION OF MOTORIST ABILITIES FOR ASSESSMENT THE
COORDINATION AND EXPLOSIVE POWER WITH SUCCESSFUL PERFORM
TO GYMNASTIC ELEMENT, MOTOR IN FRONT LOOM ON
PARALLEL BARS………………………………………………………………………..129-134
Dragan Nejić and Saša Marković
(Original scientific paper)
ANTHROPOMETRIC FEATURES – THE IMPORTANT FACTOR OF
VOLLEYBALL SELECTION…………………………………………………………....135-144
Živorad Marković, Zoran Bogradnović, Aleksandar Ignjatoviić
and Sandra Milanović
(Original scientific paper)
EFFECTS OF TWO MODES OF PLANNING OF TEACHING PHYSICAL
EDUCATION ON ANTHROPOMETRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
SECONDARY SCHOOL AGE FEMALE STUDENTS…………………………………145-150
Branka Protić – Gava, Tijana Šćepanović, Nikola Jevtić and Velimir
(Original scientific paper)
FREQUENCY OF POSTURAL DISORDERS IN SAGITAL PLANE OF
YOUNGER-AGED SCHOOL CHILDREN……………………………………………...151-156
Ruždija Kalač, Serjoža Gontarev and Slobodan Stojčevski
(Original scientific paper)
MEASUREMENT FEATURES OF SOME SPECIFICALLY MOTOR
TESTS ON BOXERS……………………………………………………………………157-162
Mladen Živković, Jelena Radičević and Milica Petković
(Original scientific paper)
ADAPTIVE CHANGES OF MOTOR AND FUNCTIONAL ABILITIES OF SCHOOL
CHILDREN UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION.......................163-168
Radomir Arsić, Nevenka Zrnzević and Jelena Krulj-Drašković
(Review)
COMPARASION SPORTS RESULTS DEAF STUDENTS REACHED AT
THE SCHOOL SHAMPIONSHIPS....................................................................................169-178
Aleksandar Joksimović
(Professional paper)
METHODOLOGICAL SHAPING OF SKI
TRAINING..........................................................................................................................179-182
Rade Stefanović and Ljubiša Lilić
(Professional paper)
THE INFLUENCE ON PHYSICAL EXERCISES AND AGE
CHARACTERISTICS ON THE YOUNG SCHOOL-AGE RUNNERS …………...…....183-186
Irena Stanišić and Milan Stanišić
(Professional paper)
THE INFLUENCE OF DAMAGED EYESIGHT ON MOTOR DEVELOPMENT…......187-191
Ivana Hadzivanova
(Professional paper)
THE FUNCTION AND IMPORTANCE OF A PSYCHOLOGIST-PSYCHOTHERAPIST
IN TRAINING PROCESS ,COMPETITIVE CYCLE OF LEADING SPORTSMAN
I AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE HOLISTIC GESTALTAPPROACH IN
DEVELOPING (PROGRESSING) OF THEIR POTENTIALS ………………...…….…193-196
Danilo Aćimović, Aleksandar Joksimović and Omer Špirtović
(Professional paper)
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL ACHIEVEMENTS AND THEIR
SIGNIFICANCE IN SPORT…………………………………………………………...…197-199
Rade Stefanović and Ljubiša Lilić
(Professional paper)
PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS, RESOURCES, DEVELOPMENT AND TRAINING
TASKS FOR THE STEEPLECHASE RUNNER……………………………………...…201-204
Nenad Živanović and Nebojša Ranđelović
(Professional paper)
REGISTERED FORMS OF VIOLENCE IN SPORT …………………………..….……205-209
Vasko Vangelov
(Professional paper)
DUST – HARMFUL AGENT TO HEALTH OF TEACHING AND
COACHING STAFF…………………………………………………………………...…211-213
Jelena-Krulj Drašković, Sladjana Vidosavljević and Radomir Arsić
(Professional paper)
THE COACHES THE PEDAGOGUE…………………………………………………....215-219
Aleksandar Joksimović
(Professional paper)
SPORTS FORM OF ALPINE SKIERS……………………………………..……………221-223
Violeta Šiljak and Vesna Boškan
(Professional paper)
MULTI-SPORT COMPETITIONS ………………………………………………………225-227
Vesna Boškan and Violeta Šiljak
(Professional paper)
THE NEEDS AND WAYS OF ENGAGEMENT OF PR IN SPORTS
EDUCATIONOF THE YOUNGSTERS …………………………………………………229-233
Aleksandar Joksimović, Danilo Aćimović and Emilija Petković
(Professional paper)
NATURAL FORMS OF MOVEMENTS IN SKIING
AS RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY………………………………………………………235-237
Danilo Aćimović, Aleksandar Joksimović and Omer Špirtović
(Professional paper)
SIGNIFICANCE OF INFORMATION AND ADVERTISING SYSTEMS IN THE
FUNCTION OF SPORT COMPETITIONS…………………………………………...…239-242
Aleksandar Raković, Daniel Stanković and Aleksandar Joksimović
(Proffesional paper)
MODEL OF SPECIFIC EXERCISES IN RACE WALKING……………………………243-247
Jadran Kalkovski
(Preliminary communication )
DETECTION OF DIFFERENCES – THE BASIS FOR A QUALITATIVE
CORRECTION OF PRACTICAL TEACHING OF PHYSICAL
EDUCATION FOR SPECIAL STUDENTS OF THE FACULTY OF
CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND DETECTIVE ……………………………………………249-256
th
At the 14 SYMPOSIUM ON SPORTS AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION
OF YOUTH ………………………………………………………………………………………257-257
GUIDELINES FOR CONTRIBUTORS …………………………………..………….259-264
FOREWORD
by Aleksandar Naumovski, Prof. Sc. Dr.
President of the Federation of Sports Pedagogues
of the Republic of Macedonia
to the main topic:
SPORTS AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN FUNCTION OF NEEDS FOR
CERTAIN SOCIAL ACTIVITIES (EDUCATION, CULTURE, SECURITY,
DEFENSE, LEGISLATION, TOURISM, ECONOMY, URBANISM ETC.)
At the 14th SYMPOSIUM ON SPORTS AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF
YOUTH
The premise for setting the main topic of the Symposium is perceiving the function of sports
and physical education of youth for inter-disciplinary integration and implementation in
development of other related social activities. The premise is based on existence of sports and
physical education as inter-disciplinary and supra-summation social activities.The development
stage of the sports and physical education functions is determined by scientific knowledge
arising from researches in a number of social, natural, bio-medicinal and deve-lopment
sciences. In this sense, kinesiology has a dominant, independent and inter-disciplinary role with
a knowledge acquired through its methods, providing significant realization of sports and
physical education functions. This enables satisfaction of personal interests of youth and other
age categories of citizens.
Furthermore, it is not coincidence that sports and physical education have belonged to
different social and economic conditions over the past period. Also, in current events they are
very often defined as activities of a special social interest. Analogously, scientific and social
functions of sports, with physical education as its integral part, are implemented independently,
or together with other administrative body (usually ministry) of other social activity in governments of many countries worldwide. this clearly points to the convenient status and
evaluation of sports and physical education that are in function of realizing social interests of
youth, and to some extent state interests of any country.
Over the past period have been achieved significant results in implementation of this
sports and physical education function. They are noticeable within their program tasks and
commonly manifested through tasks of some other related scientific social activities.
Physical education and sports activities of primary and secondary school students are
organized and conducted within real frameworks. Their program tasks and number of classes
in regular teaching, as well as free activities as a way of their realization, are legally regulated.
In this way regular teaching and free activities of physical education and its sports activities are
implemented with maximal and full coverage of students. At the same time, realization of these
activities correlates to some extent with some program activities of other social activities
conducted in schools. This is especially fact in education generally, health, culture, tourism and
other related social activities.
113
This situation by all means should be continually intensified and expanded, because it
is integral realization of the main function of physical education in the context of general
education and other social activities within the upbringing and education process of students.
Physical education and sports activities of fun character in pre-school institutions are
characterized with similar achievements. They are often conducted through various integrated
forms of body movements with cultural, fun, musical, visual art and other similar activities. In
this way, main program tasks in physical education and fun sports activities, as an interdisciplinary function together with other related activities of students, are conveniently
implemented. However, further affirmation and improvement of this situation is required in the
forthcoming period.
Having in mind existing conditions, situation with these activities implementation
among university students can also be defined as convenient. The main representative of this
state is the “St. Cyril and Methodius” University in Skopje, and the Faculty of Physical Culture
which makes efforts for implementing physical education and sports activities in teaching and
free learning process for students through the Center of Physical Education and Sports.
In order to improve this situation, appropriate measures are necessary to be
undertaken for introducing and expanding teaching in physical education and sports activities
for students of other universities. Realization of these activities should be achieved to a greater
extent through program contents compatible with contents of other social activities such as
health, tourism, culture etc. Contents of such a character (body movements with proper
nutrition, fitness activities, sports and recreation activities and appropriate summer and winter
sports-tourist activities, visit to cultural and historical monuments, folklore activities etc.), would
especially contribute for improving capabilities and features of the anthropological status of
youth.
Under this condition, special relationship can be noted of sports and physical education
with program activities in the field of health. It is indicated by the definition of physical education
in existing practice as “physical and health education”. So, the need for more pronounced
integrated designing of program contents in the field of sports, physical education and health in
a preventive and curative sense, particularly when poor posture and physical deformities with
young people are concerned, is becoming increasingly topical.
Also, there is implementation of sports and physical education in activities such as
security and defense. Applicative program contents for defense and security members require
application of physical education and appropriate sports activities for increasing the level of
their physical fitness. Therefore, work of adequate organizational bodies and organs, and
particularly work of special forces in the field of security and defense, include program contents
for improving psycho-physical and other abilities of people involved in these fields. Having in
mind the importance of physical education and sports activities implementation for fulfilling
tasks in security and defense and achieving social interests, there is a need for further
actualization of this successful implementation.
Over the last few years professional and scientific knowledge about sports and
physical education has been successfully applied in the field of urbanism with construction of
over 100 sports facilities. That has been achieved, among other things, by conceiving
functionality of sports facilities for the needs of physical education of school students and
athletes. This very favorable situation has been improved by including this knowledge in
regulating ownership, management, use and maintenance of these sports facilities.
The function of sports and physical education has also been applied in legislation and
integrated with it as sports legislation. Although legislation has special importance for efficient
function of sports associations and convenient status of athletes activities, it is still not present
enough in practice. Therefore, situation with this kind of legislation requires further intensive
114
improvement, so that legal solutions, among other things, derive adequately from the function
of sports and physical education.
Without going into analysis and further consideration of fulfilling sports and physical
education function for the needs of other social activities, in order to improve it, it is necessary
that adequate inter-disciplinary researches be conducted. Furthermore, researches need to be
conducted with application of multi-variant regressive mathematical and statistical procedures,
where certain parameters of sports and physical education function should be taken as
predictors, and as criteria should be taken a number of parameters of other related social
activities.
Realization of this kind of research would provide generalization of their results, and
conclusions, which would increase the level of inter-disciplinary implementation of sports and
physical education for more efficient realization of needs in the sphere of other related social
activities.
Sports pedagogues, in cooperation with other professional and scientific cadres, are
willing to make their contribution for projecting and realization of this kind of researches, as well
as for their results and conclusions application in the practice and achieving more intensive
realization of social interests of youth and other age categories of citizens.
115
116
APES 1(2011) 2:117-122
Cicović, B., et. al.: THE INFLUENCE OF BASIC...
THE INFLUENCE OF BASIC PREPARATIONS ON THE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE MOTOR AND FUNCTIONAL
ABILITIES OF JUDOISTS
UDC: 796.853.23.015.3
(Original scientific paper)
Borislav Cicović1, Danko Pržulj1, Dejan Stojiljković2 and Jelena Kocić1
1University
of East Sarajevo, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, East Sarajevo,
Bosnia and Herzegovina
2University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Niš, Serbia
Abstract
The aim of our research was to determine the influence of a basic preparation
model of training on the development of the motor and functional abilities of judoists.
The sample of subjects consisted of 28 elementary school children, aged 14 and 15,
who had been included in the training process for future judoists, and involved in the
basic preparation training in the judo clubs of East Sarajevo. Their motor skills were
evaluated with the following tests 1. segmentary speed: hand tapping (MTAP), foot tapping (MTAN) and foot tapping against a wall (MTPZ) and 2. explosive strength: the
standing depth jump (MSDM), the triple standing jump (MTRS) and the quintuple
standing jump (MPTS). Their functional abilities were evaluated by means of the following tests: heart rate after load (FPPOP), maximum anaerobic power (FMARG) and
vital lung capacity (FVKPL). A discriminant analysis was used. The research results
have indicated that the physical exercises involved in the basic preparation model of
training had a statistically significant effect on the increase of the motor and functional abilities of judoists.
Keywords: school children, training process, experiment, model,
discriminant analysis
the effects of training necessary (Anohin 1970,
Bratić 2003, Pržulj 2007).
Motor skills take part in the realization of all
types of judo techniques and enable the strong,
swift, long-term, precise or coordinated performance of various motor tasks (Bratić 1998). Functional abilities of judoists are connected to the
effectiveness of the oxygen transport system (aerobic capacity), the effectiveness of anaerobic energy mechanisms, which enable high-intensity sports
activity when oxygen uptake is smaller than necessary (Gajić 1985, Željaskov 2004, Pržulj 2006).
The aim of our research was to determine the
influence of basic preparation training on the
development of the motor and functional abilities
INTRODUCTION
The sudden increase in sports achievements in
judo the world over make it necessary for experts
to constantly find new means and methods in their
work with judoists (Gajić 1985, Gambetta &
Winckler 2001). The effects of the work which are
achieved in the training process depend on timely
focus, selection and current trends (Bompa 2006,
Milanović 2007). Educating and forming top
judoists takes place systematically over several
phases, and begins at the youngest competitive
age. Each phase in the year-long development of
judoists is characterized by various training content, extent and intensity, which makes scientific
programming of the training process and control of
117
APES 1(2011) 2:117-122
Cicović, B., et. al.: THE INFLUENCE OF BASIC...
of judoists. The subject matter of the research was
to determine whether basic preparation can lead to
any adaptation processes in the body so that in the
final measuring, in comparison to the initial one,
statistically significant changes in the motor and
functional abilities of the subjects can be noted.
METHODS
The sample of subjects consisted of 28 elementary school students, aged 14 and 15, included in
the training process for future judoists, and taking
part in the basic preparation training in judo clubs
in East Sarajevo. Their motor skills were evaluated with the help of segmentary speed tests (hand
tapping MTAP, foot tapping MTAN, foot tapping
against a wall MTPZ) and explosive strength (the
standing depth jump MSDM, the standing triple
jump MTRS, the standing quintuple jump MPTS).
The tests used to evaluate their motor skills were
taken from the research of Kurelić, Momirović,
Stojanović, Šturm, Radojević & Viskić-Štalec,
1975. Their functional abilities were evaluated
with the following tests: heart rate after load
(FPPOP), maximum anaerobic power (FMARG)
and vital lung capacity (FVKPL). The functional
tests were taken from the model of Heimer,
Mišogoj & Bosnar, 1989. To process the obtained
results, the T-test and the canonical discriminant
analysis were used.
The experimental basic preparation model
RESULTS
The results of the T-test of the motor skills
between the initial and final measuring of judoists
are shown in Table 1. By analyzing the obtained
results for the coefficients of the T-value and their
significance (P), it can be concluded that there is a
statistically significant difference in all of the
motor tests at the final as compared to the initial
measuring.
By using a canonical discriminant analysis
(Table 2), a significant discriminant function of
mid-intensity was obtained (CR=69.4%), which
indicates the correlation of the group of data on the
basis of which the discriminant analysis of the
obtained data was carried out. The results of the
discriminant strength of the motor variables determined by means of the Wilks-Lambda were high
Table 1. The significance of the differences between the
motor tests of the subjectsat the initial and final measuring
Motor
tests
MSDM
MTRS
MPTS
MTAN
MTAP
MTAZ
Mean
IN
193.5
421.2
642.5
27.1
35.1
25.2
Mean
FI
210.6
481.0
695.8
32.7
41.2
31.4
TValue
5.28
5.04
5.17
-4.26
-4.14
-3.87
df
P
28
28
28
28
28
28
.001*
.013*
.011*
.036*
.040*
.045*
Table 2. The significance of the isolated discriminant function
of the subjects’ motor skills
The basic preparation of young judoists aimed
at developing their motor and functional abilities
lasted for a period of four weeks, with three hours
of training per week. The basic preparation program realization included various activities
focused on a particular goal: the harmonious and
multifaceted processing of the locomotor apparatus and all its segments, the development of primary strength, flexibility, explosive strength,
capacities for coordination and speed characteristics (the speed of motor reactions, movement
speed, basic locomotor speed during various kinds
of motion). As part of the methodology of the
anaerobic training of judoists, three basic tasks
were being carried out: the increase in functional
abilities of the phosphocreatine mechanism, the
improvement of energy mechanisms and the
increase in the efficiency of nervous structures
under the special conditions of oxygen debt.
Eugenvalue
.337
Canonical
R
.694
Wilks'
Lambda
.653
Chi-Sqr
.
48.022
df
P
6
.002*
Table 3. The factor structure of the
isolated discriminant function
Variables
MSDM
MTRS
MPTS
MTAN
MTAP
MTAZ
Root 1
–.529
–.502
–.470
–.433
.424
.358
Table 4. Measuring centriods of the subjects
Measuring
Initial
Final
118
Root 1
1.460
–1.460
APES 1(2011) 2:117-122
Cicović, B., et. al.: THE INFLUENCE OF BASIC...
Table 5. The significance of the changes in the functional
tests of thesubjects between the initial and final measuring
Functional
tests
FVKPL
FMARG
FPPOP
Mean
IN
3390
3.87
152
Mean
FI
3685
3.12
141
TValue
-4.46
-4.19
-5.18
df
P
3
3
3
.031
.041
.011
Table 6. The significance of the isolated discriminant
function
Eugenvalue
.321
Canonical
R
.680
Wilks'
Lambda
.708
ChiSqr .
40.631
df
3
PLevel
.011*
Table 7. The factor structure of the isolated
discriminant function
Variables
FMARG
FPUPO
FVKPL
Root 1
–.586
.562
.337
Table 8.Measuring centroids
Measuring
Initial
Final
Root 1
–.460
.460
(.653), and this indicates that the differences
between the initial and final measuring in the space
of motor skills of the subjects are statistically significant (P=.002), which is confirmed by the Chi
square test, which has a high value (Shi-Sqr =
48.022).
Table 3 presents the structure of the discriminant function of the involvement of the motor
skills variables in the forming of significant discriminant functions. The results indicate that the
following tests make the greatest contribution to
the discriminant function: the standing depth jump
(MSDM-.529) and the standing triple jump
(MTRS-.502), and quintuple standing jump
(MPTS -.470), while a somewhat smaller contribution is made by foot tapping (MTAN -.433), hand
tapping (MTAP .424), while foot tapping against a
wall (MTAZ .358) made the smallest contribution.
The results in Table 4 present the discriminant
function of the centroids on the basis of all the
motor tests, with a value of 1.460 and -1.460. The
119
significance of the displayed measuring centroids,
tested through the significance of the discriminant
function, indicates that their distance (discrimination) is significant.
The results of the disriminant analysis of the
motor skills in the final measuring of the subjects,
compared to the initial measuring, indicate that
under the influence of the basic preparation training, significant changes in the motor skills of the
subjects had taken place. The greatest contribution
to this difference was made by the tests of explosive strength and to a lesser extent, repetitive
strength.
Table 5 contains the results of the T-test of the
functional abilities between the initial and final
measuring of the subjects in the control group. The
analysis of the T-value coefficients and their significance (P) indicates that a statistically significant difference can be found in all of the tests of
functional abilities, at the final, in comparison to
the initial state.
The canonical discriminant analysis indicates
(Table 6) that a significant discriminant function of
mid-intensity (CR=68.0%) was obtained, which
indicates the correlation between the group of data
on the basis of which the discriminant analysis of
the obtained results was carried out. The results of
the discriminant strength of the functional variables determined by Wilks’ Lambda are high
(.708), which indicates that the differences
between the initial and final measuring in the space
of functional abilities of the subjects was significant (P= .011), as the value of the Chi square test
is high (Chi-Sqr = 40.631).
Table 5 shows the structure of the discriminant
function regarding the influence of the variables of
functional abilities in forming significant discriminant functions. The results indicate that the greatest contribution to the discriminant function is
made by anaerobic strength (FMARG -.586) and
heart rate frequency after load (FPUPO .562), and
to a lesser extent, vital lung capacity (FVKPL
.337).
Table 6 shows the discriminant function of the
centroids on the basis of all of the functional tests
and it has a value of -.460 and .460. The significance of the presented measuring centroids which
were tested through the significance of the discriminant function indicates that their distance
(discrimination) is significant.
APES 1(2011) 2:117-122
Cicović, B., et. al.: THE INFLUENCE OF BASIC...
The results obtained from the discriminant
analysis at the final in relation to the initial
measuring of the subjects indicate that under
the influence of the basic preparation training,
significant changes in the functional abilities
of the subjects had taken place. The greatest
contribution to this difference was made by the
following tests: maximum anaerobic power
(FMARG) and heart rate after load (FPUPO).
CONCLUSION
The research was carried out with the aim of
determining the influence of the basic preparation
model of training on the development of the motor
and functional abilities of judoists. The sample
consisted of 28 subjects who took part in the training process in the judo clubs in East Sarajevo. The
measuring instruments for motor skills consisted
of three tests used to define explosive strength and
segmentary speed. The functional abilities were
determined with the help of tests of aerobic and
anaerobic muscle potential. By using a canonical
discriminant analysis, we determined that at the
end of the experimental period, a statistically significant increase in explosive strength, segmentary
speed and functional abilities had taken place
among the judoists.
DISCUSSION
Motor skills have a direct effect on motor reactions, that is, the motor behavior of humans. One
part of the motor skills is under the significant
influence of the factor of genetics, while another is
under the influence of various exogenic factors,
especially sports activities. For the purpose of
increasing the level of complex motor tasks, such
as explosive strength and segmentary speed, it has
been determined (Najšteter1997, Duraković 2008,
Pržulj 2007) that the transformation processes are
related to the energy component in a statistically
significant manner. Bearing this in mind, in this
research the application of physical exercise in the
work process was under the control of not only the
intensity or the extent of the load, but also the
process of energy renewal, that is, the rest phase,
during which most of the compensation of physiological changes caused by the exercise process
take place (Anohin 1970, Milanović 2007).
During the basic preparation, much care was
taken that rest as a necessary phase in the process
of energy renewal, that is, the process of reestablishing the balance which had been disrupted by
the increased energy consumption, followed
supraliminal load (the intensity of the exercise borders on the maximum abilities of the body).
Special attention was paid to the fact that any further exercise involving supraliminal load followed
at a precise phase of the energy renewal process.
We can assume that such an approach in the
process of basic preparation realization made a
special contribution to the statistically significant
increase in the studies anthropological features at
the final, in comparison to the initial state of the
subjects.
REFERENCES
Anohin. P.K (1970). Teoriя funkcionalnoй
sisтemi. Oпштie vьoпrosi
fizioloгiчeskim mehanizmov [The theory of
functional systems. General questions physiological mechanism. In Russian.] Moskva: Nauka.
Bompa, T. (2006). Teorija i metodologija treninga
[Theory and methodology of training. In
Croatian.] Zagreb: Gopal
Bratić, M. (2003). Džudo, Udžbenik [Judo, a handbook. In Serbian.] Niš: The Faculty of Physical
Education.
Bratić, M. (1998). The quantitative changes that
orginated from the application of different
methodological procedures in the process of
acquiring and improving complex motoric movements in judo [Kvantitativne promene koje
proizilaze iz primene različitih metodoloških procedura u procesu sticanja i unapređivanja kompleksnih motoričkih kretanja u džudou]. Facta
Universitatis, Series: Physical Education, 1(5),
39-45.
Duraković, M. (2008). Kinatropologija, Biološki
aspekti tjelesnog vježbanja [Kinanthropology, the
biological aspects of physical exercise. In
Croatian]. Zagreb: Kineziološki fakultet
Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.
Gajić, M. (1985). Osnovi motorike čoveka [The
basics of human motorics. In Serbian). Novi Sad:
The Faculty of Physical Education.
Gambetta, V. & Winckler, G. (2001). Sport specific
speed [Brzina karakteristična za sport]. Sarasota,
FL: Gambetta Sports Training Systems.
120
APES 1(2011) 2:117-122
Cicović, B., et. al.: THE INFLUENCE OF BASIC...
Heimer, S., Mišogoj, M. i Bosnar, K. (1989).
Faktorska struktura testova za procenu anaerobnog kapaciteta [The factor structure of the tests
assessing anaerobic capacity. In Croatian.]
Kineziologija, 22(2), 107-110.
Kurelić, N., K. Momirović, M. Stojanović, J. Šturm,
Đ. Radojević i N. Viskić-Štalec (1975). Struktura
i razvoj morfoloških i motoričkih dimenzija omladine [The structure and development of the morphological and motor dimensions of the young. In
Serbian.] Beograd: Institut za naučna straživanja
Fakulteta za fizičko vaspitanje Univerziteta u
Beogradu.
Milanović, L. (2007): Metodika treninga brzinskoeksplozivnih svojstava kod djece i mladih,
Kondiciona priprema sportaša [The methodology
of training involving the speed-explosive features
of children and the young, the condition training
of athletes. In Croatian.]. Zagreb: Kineziološki
fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.
Najšteter, Đ. (1997). Kineziološka didaktika
[Kinesiological didactics . In Serbian]. Sarajevo:
Bosna i Hercegovina, Federacija Bosne i
Hercegovine, Federalno ministarstvo obrazovanja,
nauke, kulture i sporta.
Pržulj, D. (2006). Antropomotorika, udžbenik
[Anthropomotorics, a handbook. In Serbian.]
Istočno Sarajevo: Fakultet fizičke kulture.
Pržulj, D. (2007): Kondiciona priprema sportista,
udžbenik [The condition training of athletes, a
handbook. In Serbian.] Pale: Fakultet fizičke kulture.
Željaskov, C., (2004). Kondicioni trening vrhunskih
sportista [The condition training of top athletes.]
Beograd: Sportska akademija.
Correspondence:
Borislav Cicović
University of East Sarajevo
Faculty Physical Education and Sport
East Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Stambulčić bb, 71420 Pale, RS-BIH
E-mail: familijacicovic@paleol.net
121
APES 1(2011) 2:117-122
Cicović, B., et. al.: THE INFLUENCE OF BASIC...
VLIJANIETO NA BAZI^NATA PODGOTOVKA VRZ
RAZVOJOT NA MOTORNITE I FUNKCIONALNITE
SPOSOBNOSTI NA XUDISTITE
UDK: 796.853.23.015.3
(Originalen nau~en trud)
Borislav Cicovi}1, Danko Pr`uq1, Dejan Stojiqkovi}2 i Jelena Koci}1
1Univerzitet
vo Isto~no Sarajevo, Fakultet za fizi~ko vospituvawe i
sport, Isto~no Sarajevo, Bosna i Hercegovina
2Univerzitet vo Ni{, Fakultet za sport i fizi~ko vospituvawe,
Ni{, Srbija
Apstrakt
Celta na istra`uvaweto be{e da se utvrdi vlijanieto na odreden
model za razvojot na motornite i funkcionalnite sposobnosti kaj
xudistite. Primerokot na ispitanicite go so~inuvaa 28 u~enici od
osnovnite u~ili{ta, na vozrast od 14 i 15 godini. Tie bea naso~eni so
trena`en proces na bazi~ni podgotovki za idni xudisti vo xudoklubovite na Isto~no Sarajevo. Motornite sposobnosti bea procenuvani so slednite testovi za procenuvawe na: segmentarnata brzina –
taping so raka (MTAP), taping so noga (MTAN), taping so nozete na yid
(MTAPZ); eksplozivnata snaga – skok vo dale~ina od mesto (MSDM),
triskok od mesto (MTRS), i petskok od mesto (MPTS). Funkconalnite
sposobnosti bea procenuvani so testovite: Frekvencija na pulsot po
optovaruvawe, (FPPOP), maksimalna anaerobna mo} (FMARG), vitalen
k-pacitet na belite drobovi (FVKPL). Podatocite se obraboteni so
diskriminativna analiza. Rezultatite na istra`uvaweto poka`aa
deka telesnite ve`bi na modelot za bazi~nata podgotovka, statisti~ki zna~ajno vlijaele vrz zgolemuvaweto na motrnite i funkcionalnite sposobnosti.
Klu~ni zborovi: u~enici, trena`en proces, eksperiment, model,
diskriminativna analiza
122
APES 1(2011) 2:123-127
Živković , M. and Lazarević. V.:INFLUENCE OF THE FLEXIBILITY...
INFLUENCE OF THE FLEXIBILITY AND EXPLOSIVE POWER
ON THE RESULTS IN SPRINT DISCIPLINES
UDC: 796.422.12.012.11/.13-057.874
(Original scientific paper)
Mladen Živković , PhD student and Vuk Lazarević, PhD student
University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Niš, Serbia
Abstract
A sample was comprised of 30 subjects schoolboys from the elementary school
population aged 14 (±6 months), having regular PE curricula and at the same time
additional engagement in the sports section for the physical education in school.
Measuring instruments for the estimation of motor abilities (as predicting system)
make up dimension of flexibility: bench deep forward bent (mdpk), split -(mšpa), and
bat dislocate -misp) and explosive power: standing long jump - MSDM, standing triple
jump (MTRS) and standing five jump (MPTS). Sprint disciplines (as criterion system)
comprise 100 meter running (SB100) and 200 meter running (SB200). The main aim
of this research was to determine the influence of the flexibility and explosive power on
the results in sprint disciplines in subjects. Software „Statistica“ 8.0 for Windows was
used for the calculation of the following parameters: basic statistical parameters,
discriminative measurements (skewniss and curtosis), and regression analysis.
Research results showed that there is strong linear connection between the sets of
dimensions of flexibility and explosive power as a predicting system and tests of 100
meter sprint running (SB100) and 200 meter running (SB200), as criterion variables.
Keywords: schoolchildren, physical education, sports section, regression analysis
INTRODUCTION
Motor activity in sprint running is characterized by quick hand and leg movements to emphasize maximal speed. Speed of movement frequency according to some researchers (Babijak 1979,
Malacko & Rađo 2004, Milanović 2007), is determined by the speed of muscle contractions which
depends on the morphological and biochemical
characteristics (inclusion of white and red fibers).
It was found out that speed is genetically determined 90-95% and is in high correlation with flexibility, explosive power and specific endurance so
as to enable an athlete to run the whole track in
hight tempo (Koprivica 1998, Željaskov 2004,
Bompa 2006). Therefore in sprint in the high intensity and overload conditions there are high
demands of the anaerobic-aerobic endurance, for
the top resistance of the organism to the oxigen
long and swift recovery.
Explosive power is vital within the motor activity of sprint running where explosive hand and leg
movements are especially important when it is
necessary in running to realize several narrow
groupings of explosive movements tied to one
unit. It is genetically conditioned with around
80%. Top results are achieved from 18-22, and
from 28 decreases.
Flexibility means ability to perform movements
with great amplitude. Most representative measure
of this ability is maximal amplitude of the body
parts movements in some joints. Therefore it is
important in sprint running to achieve flexibility
in all parts of the loco-motor system. Bottom line
of this ability comprises structural features of the
muscle and ligaments and their elasticity and what
is more important, structure and form of the joint
bodies where the movement is executed. By increasing flexibility one remarkably decreases danger
of harming the ligaments and muscles, general
motor efficiency is improved and the loco-motor
system stability is enhanced (Corbin & Noble
1980, Vuksanović 1999, Višnjić 2006).
123
APES 1(2011) 2:123-127
Živković , M. and Lazarević. V.:INFLUENCE OF THE FLEXIBILITY...
Research subject is investigation of motor abilities dimensions of flexibility and explosive power
and sprint speed of 100 and 200 meters running in
in the subjects.
The main aim of this research was to determine
the influence of the flexibility and explosive power
on the results in sprint disciplines in subjects.
Research results of the influence of motor abilities on the results in sprint running have theoretical and practical values for the training process,
because this research brings forward new scientific information on the value of the tests of flexibility and explosive power that mostly influence the
results efficiency in sprint disciplines of short distances.
Thus the training process and regular and additional PE teaching classes could be given more
space for the especially emphasized development
of the manifest variables and dimensions of flexibility and explosive power that have the biggest
predictive values for the short tracks running
speed, and this in turn would influence achievement of better sports results in sprint disciplines.
displayed significant abberation from the normal
distribution having in mind that the coefficients of
skewness do not exceede 1.00. Results of the
kurtosis are below
the normal values of
distribution 2.75, which makes distribution
platicurtic or scattered
Results shown in Table 2 in the area of sprint
speed of the subjects indicate that none of the tests
displayed significant abberation from the normal
distribution having in mind that the coefficients of
skewness do not exceede 1.00. Results of the
kurtosis are below
the normal values of
distribution 2.75, which makes distribution
platicurtic or scattered.
Based on the value of the coefficient of multiple correlation (RO =.75) in Table 3, it can be stated that motor abilities (as predicting system),
based on the coefficient F relation (4.52) and its
significance (Q=.021), statistically significantly
explains obtained results in sprint speed at 100
meter (SB 100).
Coefficient of determination criterion variable
(Delta) and the system of motor tests dimension of
flexibility, and explosive power have 56% common relations. Other 44% common variability in
the explanation of criterion variable is contained
within other dimensions of the anthropological
area that were not researched.
Results of the partial regression (Beta) and its
significance Q (Beta) on univariate level point out
(Table 4), that statistically significant relations
with criterion variable is atributed to all motor tests
dimensions of flexibility, and explosive power.
Obtained results of the partial regression
coefficients (Beta) and its significance Q (Beta)
show that the subjects will achieve better results in
sprint speed at 100 meter (SB100) if they display
higher level of flexibility and explosive power.
Motor tests: bench deep forward bent (MDPK),
split - (MŠPA), and bat dislocate (MISP), standing
long jump - MSDM, standing triple jump (MTRS)
and standing quint jump (MPTS) and hand ball
throwing (MBLP)can be recommended as reliable
measuring instruments for the prediction of the
results in sprinter speed at 100 meters (SB100).
Based on the value of the coefficient of multiple correlation (RO =.59) in Table 5, it can be stated that motor abilities (as predicting system),
based on the coefficient F relation (3.53) and its
significance (Q=.042), statistically significantly
explains obtained results in sprint speed at 200
meter (SB 200).
Coefficient of determination criterion variable
(Delta) and the system of motor tests have 34%
common relations. Other 66% common variabili-
METHODS
A sample was comprised of 30 subjects schoolboys from the elementary school population aged
14 (±6 months), having regular PE curricula and at
the same time additional engagement in the sports
section for the physical education in school.
Measuring instruments for the estimation of
motor abilities in this research (as predicting
system) comprise dimension of flexibility: bench
deep forward bent (mdpk), split -(mšpa), and bat
dislocate -misp) and explosive power: standing
long jump - MSDM, standing triple jump (MTRS)
and standing quint jump (MPTS). Applied set of
motor variables was taken from the research of
Kurelić, Momirović, Stojanović, Šturm, Radojević,
Viskić-.Štalec,1975. Measuring instruments for the
estimation of sprint speed (as criterion system)
comprise 100 meter running (SB100) and 200
meter running (SB200). Applied sets of sprint
speed were taken from the research of Jovović,
2006.
Software „Statistica“8.0 for Windows was used
for the calculation of the following parameters:
basic statistical parameters, discriminative measurements (skewniss and curtosis), and canonic discriminative analysis.
RESULTS
Results shown in Table 1 in subjects in the area
of motor abilities dimension of flexibility, and
explosive power indicate that none of the variables
124
APES 1(2011) 2:123-127
Živković , M. and Lazarević. V.:INFLUENCE OF THE FLEXIBILITY...
Table 1. Basic statistical parameters of motor abilities
Variable
MDPR
MISP
MŠPA
MSDM
MTRS
MBLP
N
30
30
30
30
30
30
Mean
Min
Max
SD
Error
Skewn.
Kurtos.
22.19
84.30
166.66
211.74
596.44
46.14
16.00
57.00
144.00
194.00
486.00
35.00
37.00
110.00
195.00
290.00
691.00
53.00
9.28
3.84
3.54
9.50
5.03
4.67
0.385
0.219
0.291
0.363
0.265
0.531
0.039
-0.422
0.480
0.252
0.490
0.345
-1.305
2.228
2.109
2.412
1.067
-1.970
Table 2. Basic statistical parameters of sprint speed
Variable
N
30
Mean
Min
Max
SD
Error
Skewn.
Kurtos.
SB100
12.54
11.98
13.47
2.09
0.710
0.123
1.445
SB200
30
25.44
24.39
27.54
5.05
2.203
0.120
2.590
ty in the explanation of criterion variable is contained within other dimensions of the anthropological area that were not researched.
Results of the partial regression (Beta) and its
significance Q (Beta) on univariate level point out
(Table 6), that statistically significant relations
with criterion variable is atributed to all motor tests
bench deep forward bent (mdpk), .013), split (mšpa) .040), and bat dislocate -misp) .018
standing triple jump (MTRS) .006).
Motor tests bench deep forward bent (mdpk),
split (mšpa) and bat dislocate (misp), standing
triple jump (MTRS) can be recommended as
reliable measuring instruments for the prediction
of results in sprint speed at 200 meters (SB200).
Table 5. Regression analysis of motor abilities
and criterion variable sprint speed in 200
meter(SB100) on a multivariate level
Delta %
.34
Table 3. Regression analysis of motor abilities
and criterion variable sprint speed in 100
meter (SB100) on a multivariate level
Delta %
.56
RO
. 75
F
4.52
R
-0.54
0.38
0.28
-0.38
-0.22
0.23
Part - R
-0.53
-0.32
0.24
-0.39
-0.04
0.23
Beta
-4.06
-2.12
3.32
-3.14
-3.12
3.39
Q
.042
Table 6. Regression analysis of predicting system
andcriterionvariable sprint speed in 200 meter(SB200)
on univariate level
Q
.021
Table 4. Regression analysis of predicting system and
criterion variable sprint speed in 100 meter
(SB100) on an univariate level
Tests
MDPR
MISP
MŠPA
MSDM
MTRS
MBLP
F
3.53
RO
.59
Tests
MDPR
MISP
MŠPA
MSDM
MTRS
MBLP
Q(Beta)
.002
.030
.015
.025
.023
.013
R
.32
-.33
.29
-.03
-.35
-.03
Part - R
.30
-.22
.24
-.03
-.32
-.13
Beta
3.48
-2.56
2.34
-0.06
-4.19
-4.22
Q(Beta)
.013
.018
.040
.828
.006
.186
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
Results in sprint running speed are mostly
determined by motor knowledge of the technique
of sprint running, flexibility and explosive power
and they all contribute to the maximal speed of
running by activating maximal number of muscle
fibers in the unit of time. Hence for the successful
realization of the total structure of movements in
sprint running and especially in the phase of take
Obtained results of the partial regression coefficients (Beta) and its significance Q(Beta) show
that the subjects will achieve better results in sprint
speed at 200 meter (SB100) if they display higher
level of flexibility and explosive power.
125
APES 1(2011) 2:123-127
Živković , M. and Lazarević. V.:INFLUENCE OF THE FLEXIBILITY...
off, flight and landing with the most intensive
forces exerted during swift and explosive leg and
hand movements one needs reserves of energy
potential the lower limbs muscles. Besides quick
change of muscular activities of legs from the agonistic into antagonistic and vice versa during amortization in the take off phase shows that for the
successful speed sprint running two elements are
important explosive power and flexibility that
stimulate speed of upper and lower limbs movements which was verified and confirmed in this
paper.
On the horizontal speed of 100 and 200 meter
running according to or research results vital
influence is attributed to the coordination of the
flexibility and explosive power in the final phase
of upper leg movement of the striding leg which
perfects manifestation of the reactive force and
thus simultaneously enables forward extension of
the leg.
Regression analysis in this research confirms
that there is strong linear connection between the
set of tests of dimensions of flexibility and explosive power as predicting system and criterion variable sprint speed at 100 and 200 meter running
(SB200 as criterion variable.
The obtained results of dimensions of flexibility and explosive power on one hand and 100
and 200 meter sprint running on the other hand
will be used first of all for the individualized
planning, programming and implementation of
regular PE curricula and training work in extracurricular activities in PE teaching with this age
subjects. Results are usable for more efficient
direction process and selection in sports dominated
by motor flexibility and explosive power.
Corbin, C.B. i Noble, R.M. (1980). Flexibility. A
major component of physical fitness. Journal of
Physical Education and Recreation, 51(6), 23-24,
57-60.
Jovović, V. (2006). Atletika (biomehanika, tehnika i
metodika) [Athletcs (biomechanics, technique and
methodics). In Montenegrin.] Nikšić: Filozofski
fakultet.
Koprivica, V. (1998). Osnovi sportskog treninga
[Basics of sports training. In Serbian.] Beograd:
SIA.
Kurelić, N., K. Momirović, M. Stojanović, J. Šturm,
Đ. Radojević i N. Viskić-Štalec (1975). Struktura
i razvoj morfoloških i motoričkih dimenzija omladine [Structure and development of the morphological and motor dimensions of the youth. In
Serbian.] Beograd: Institut za naučna istraživanja
Fakulteta za fizičko vaspitanje Univerziteta u
Beogradu.
Malacko, J. Rađo, I.(2004). Tehnologija sporta i
sportskog treninga [Technology of sports
training. In Serbian.] Sarajevo: Fakultet sporta i
tjelesnog odgoja.
Milanović, D. (2007). Teorija treninga, Priručnik za
studente sveučilišnog studija [Theory of training,
Handbook for the students of the universities. In
Croatian]. Zagreb: Kineziološki fakultet
Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.
Vuksanović, M. (1999). Utvrđivanje efikasnosti nastave fizičkog vaspitanja u odnosu na postignute
rezultate u atletici [Determination of PE curricula
efficiency in relation the results in athletics. In
Sebian.] (Doctoral dissertation). Novi Sad:
Fakultet fizičke kulture.
Višnjić, D. (2006). Nastava fizičkog vaspitanja: od V
do VIII razreda osnovne škole: priručnik za studente, nastavnike i profesore [Physical education
teaching process in grades V to VIII of the elementary school: handbook for the students, teachers and professors. In Serbian.] Beograd: Zavod
za udžbenike i nastavna sredstva.
Željaskov, C. (2004). Kondiciona priprema vrhunskih sportista [Conditional preparation of top athletes.In Serbian.] Beograd: Sportska akademija.
REFERENCES
Babiak, J. (1979). Relacije između motoričkih
sposobnosti i uspjeha u atletici [Relation of motor
abilities and success in athletics. In Serbian.]
Fizička kultura, 3. 33(3), 261-266.
Bompa, T.(2006).Teorija i metodologija treninga
[Theory and methodology of training. In
Croatian.] Zagreb: Gopal
Correspondence:
Mladen Živković
University of Niš,
Faculty of Sport and Physical Education,
Čarnojevićeva 10A,
18000, Niš, Serbia
E-mail: profrile@gmail.com
126
APES 1(2011) 2:123-127
Živković , M. and Lazarević. V.:INFLUENCE OF THE FLEXIBILITY...
VLIJANIETO NA FLEKSIBILNOSTA I EKSPLOZIVNATA
SNAGA VRZ REZULTATITE NA SPRINTERSKITE
DISCIPLINI
UDK: 796.422.12.012.11/.13-057.874
(Originalen nau~en trud)
Mladen @ivkovi} i Vuk Lazarevi}
Univerzitet vo Ni{, Fakultet za sport i fizi~ko vospituvawe,
Ni{, Srbija
Apstrakt
Primerokot na ispitanicite be{e so~inet od u~enici na osnovnite
u~ili{ta so vozrast od 14 godini (± 6 meseci), koi pokraj redovnata
nastava po fizi~ko vospituvawe, bea opfateni vo u~ili{na sportska
sekcija. Bea primeneti prediktorski merni instrumenti za procenuvawe na fleksibilnosta: Dlabok pretsklon na klupa (MDPK), {paga
(M[PA) i iskret so palka (MISP) i za eksplozivna snaga: skok vo dale~ina od mesto (MSDM), triskok od mesto (MTRS) i petskok od mesto
(MPTS). Kako kriteriumski sitem bea primeneti sprinterskite
disciplini: tra~awe na 100 metri (SB100) i na 200 metri (SB200). Celta na istra`uvaweto be{e da se utvrdi vlijanieto na fleksibilnosta
i eksplozivnata snaga vrz sprinterskite disciplini kaj ispitanicite. Presmetani se osnovnite statisti~ki parametri, skjunisot i kurtozisot i regresivnata analiza. Pritoa, e koristena programata Statistika 8.0. Rezultatite poka`aa deka postoi statisti~ki zna~ajna povrzanost me|u testovite na fleksibilnosta i
eksplozivnata snaga (kako prediktorski sistem) i testovite na
sprinterskoto tr~awe na 100 i 200 metri (kako kriteriumski varijabli).
Klu~ni zborovi: u~enici, fizi~ko vospituvawe, sportska sekcija,
regresivna analiza
127
128
APES 1(2011) 2:129-134
Spasovska, K.: THE CONNECTION OF MOTORIST...
THE CONNECTION OF MOTORIST ABILITIES FOR ASSESSMENT
THE COORDINATION AND EXPLOSIVE POWER WITH SUCCESSFUL
PERFORM TO GYMNASTIC ELEMENT, MOTOR IN FRONT
LOOM ON PARALLEL BARS
UDC: 796.414.4.012.11
(Original scientific paper)
Katerina Spasovska
Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Faculty of Physical Culture,
Skopje, Macedonia
Abstract
Aim of this studies was to establish connection of motor tests intended for assessment the coordination and explosive power with successful perform of gymnastic element ,,motors in front loom,,. On the sample of 68 subjects, male students from first
year studies at Faculty of Physical Culture in Skopje Applied were a total of 20 manifest at motor variables of which twelve (12) for the assessment of the coordination
(coordination of the whole body, coordination of the feet coordination of rapid complex
movements and reorganization of the dynamic stereotype as well as eight (8) motor
tests for estimation of explosive strength (jumping on the type and the type ejection).
Assessment of the successful performance was evaluation on the technical performance of the selected gymnastic element on gymnastic parallel bars, have been done by
the 4 qualified judges with the use of standardized criteria. The received results with
the regression analysis showed statistically significant influence on the criterion.
Keywords: coordination, explosive power, evaluation, regression analysis, students,
testing
sive power, I’ve decided to examine only certain
segments of these two areas separately.
Considering that in this sport of gymnastics are
performed fast and complex motor tasks, forward
and back, legs, hands or whole body in the survey
decided to apply the following factors of coordination: coordination of whole body, coordination of
legs, coordination to perform fast and complex
movements and reorganization of the dynamic
stereotype.
Given this sport of gymnastics where are performed fast and complex motor tasks, forward and
back, legs, hands or whole body I have decided to
research the following factors apply to the coordination of whole body coordination, coordination of
legs, coordination to perform all rapid and complex movements and reorganization of dynamic
stereotype.
When it came to the part of choosing a test to
assess explosive power , I was conducted, according to the results, of the classification the Mila-
INTRODUCTION
The motorical abilities are one of the basic factors in determinating the motorical activites, in this
case we are talking about sport gymnastics, and the
determination of the structure on the motorical
space as a segment of the anthropological space of
the person is always in the focus of the interesting
of many foreign and ours experts.
From the review of previous research in this
exertion is an attempt to study only one segment
of the anthropological status of the person, motor
space, but not entirely, only part of it which I think
is the most important for reaching the successful
performance of selected gymnastic elements .
Knowing the complexity of the elements and
specificity of gym machines , I decided to handle
and explore the part of the motorical movements
which includes coordination and explosive power,
and the successful technical performance of the
selected gymnastic elements. But here I did not
analyze all the space of coordination and explo129
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Spasovska, K.: THE CONNECTION OF MOTORIST...
novic D. (1981). The two factors that he asided of
the explosive power are: absolute power of an
explosive power, it means type of jumps, and the
relative type of explosive power or type of jumps.
So diagnoses of successing in sports gymnastics focused this exertion is the detection of the
relations of space responsible for motor coordination and explosive power of some parts of the body
and successful performance of gymnastics persistent element in front.
Gimnastics assessment element is carried out
with standardized criteria adapted and aligned with
the way the assessment during regular classes and
certain parts of this policy assessment in male
sports gymnastics applied to games .
12.Climbing and getting down the stairs backwards (MRKSSN).
For evaluation of the explosive POWER used in
the following Power were used these tests:
Types of jumps:
1.Jump from one place to some distance (MESSDM)
2.Jumps up-down-away (MESGDD)
3.Running 20m. from high start (MES20M).
Type of disposal :
1.Throwing a medicinka from the lying on your
back with arms forward (ESFMNR)
2. Throwing a medicinka from the lying back to
back with legs (MESFMNN)
3. From some leverage there will be folded disposal bag with the legs and pushed forward , hands
must be placed on person’s chests (MESPVNU)
4. From leverage there will be folded disposal bag
with legs must be pushed forward , but this time
student’s arms are pushed forward (MESPVNP)
5. From some leverage folded disposal Bag is
pushed forward with feet, with hands holding on
the ripstol (MESPVNR).
In this case, the technical performance gymnastics loom persistent element in the front has been
taken like a categoricall variability.
For processing the obtained data are applied
basic statistical indicators: the arithmetic mean
(X), standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variability (KB%), lower and upper limit of the range
in which the results range (Min-Max). Normality
of distribution of the results of the applied variables is checked by the method of Kolmohgorov
and Smirnov. The impact of system of the predictional categorical variable was determined by regression analysis.
METHODS
To achieve the objectives of our research is a
research procedure conducted on a sample of 68
respondents, male students of first year of the
Faculty of Physical Culture in Skopje, generation
2007/2008.
The Predictional system consists 20 types
motor variables of which twelve (12) are for evaluation of the coordination of certain body parts
(the whole body coordination (3), coordination of
legs (3), coordination of rapid complex movements (3) and reorganization dynamic stereotype
(3) and eight (8) tests to assess the explosive power
(type leaps 3) and type of discharge (5).
In assessing the COORDINATION of the following tests were used:
1.Coordination of the whole body surface :
1.Movements on the floor (MKOPOD)
2.Movemenets in the air (MKOVOZ).
3 Crossing the parallel sticks (MKOPPP).
2.Coordination of legs :
4. Skip or reaproching horizontal rope (MKNPHJ)
5.Climbing and getting down Swedish scales
(MKNKSS)
6.Side steps (MKNCVS).
3.Coordination of fast and complex movements:
7. Skiping and jumping over (MKBPIP),
8.Climbing and getting down a desk and jumping
chair l (MKBKSKR)
9.Making an eight with tilting (MKBOSN).
4.Reorganization of dynamic stereotype:
10. Long-jump backwards (MKBKSKR),
11. Polygon backwards (MRPONA)
RESULTS
Table 1 provides basic statistical parameters of
the motor variables for coordination and explosive
strength (power). In the interest of space they are
not further interpreted.
The table 2 shows the results of regresive
analysis of the impact of some variables for motor
assessment and coordination system based on the
predictional variable in front of the loom as a criterion.
The predictional system of coordination is
highly significant and is associated with the criteria RUPVP-persistent in the front (0.63). Changes
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Spasovska, K.: THE CONNECTION OF MOTORIST...
Table 1. Results of basic statistical indicators of motor coordination variables
and explosive power.
1
MKOPOD
X
11,08
SD
1,34
KV
12,09
Min
7,65
Max
13,84
Skew
0,00
Kurt
-0,22
2
3
MKOVOZ
MKOPPP
4,14
10,40
0,50
3,45
12,07
33,17
2,31
5,26
5,27
21,65
-0,63
0,87
1,78
0,87
4
5
MKNPHJ
MKNKSS
17,37
13,04
5,29
1,90
30,45
14,57
8,66
9,40
31,40
21,38
0,62
1,40
0,05
4,51
6
7
MKNCVS
MKBPIP
18,20
15,78
1,46
2,61
8,02
16,53
15,35
11,05
21,53
24,08
0,17
0,86
-0,56
1,23
8
9
MKBKSKR
MKBOSN
16,89
16,97
2,63
0,91
15,57
5,36
12,21
14,95
21,73
19,31
-0,08
0,33
-0,89
0,10
10
11
MRSDNA
MRPONA
1,42
9,47
0,20
1,57
14,08
16,57
1,04
6,62
1,89
15,15
0,28
0,60
-0,65
1,30
12
13
MRKSSN
MESSDM
6,61
2,39
1,79
0,15
27,08
6,27
3,90
2,02
14,91
2,68
1,95
0,08
7,32
-0,61
14
15
MESGDD
MES20M
4,54
3,54
0,56
0,36
12,33
10,16
3,00
3,15
6,00
5,66
-0,28
3,92
0,38
19,84
16
17
MESFMNR
MESFMNN
8,85
3,89
1,06
0,70
11,97
17,99
6,62
2,80
12,01
5,57
0,27
0,41
0,58
-0,70
18
19
MESPVNY
MESPVNP
4,41
4,76
0,68
0,85
15,41
17,85
3,16
3,17
6,08
7,80
0,40
1,17
-0,36
2,41
20
MESPVNR
4,62
0,79
17.09
2,78
6,91
0,17
0,49
K-S
*
*
with criteria (0.51). Variability of the criteria is
explained with 26%. Such a relationship is significant at the level of the system 0.01. The connection
between criterion and and the system allows the
successful prediction of the performance the criterion RUPVP-persistent in the front.
Significant partial regression coefficients 0.32
criterion variable has with the explosive power of
the type of jumps MESGDD (0.53) - jumps updown-away. With this test can be performed a successful prediction of the performance criterion.
In order to perform this element first must be
mastered all technique to weave in leverage and
technique of transferring the reactive swing.
Obtained significant partial effects of predictional
variables for assessment separate parts of coordination and explosive power to explain the analysis
of the element.
After swaying in the ultimate leverage final
point in prices for the body is thrown or bit disposed and move down and forward. The moment
when the body moves from front to backwards,
we can perceive the impact of the reorganization
test dynamic stereotype MRPONA (polygon back-
in the successful performance of categorical variable can be explained with only 40%. With the
predictional coordinate system that has been
applied can be predicted the successful performance on this element (Table 2)
Significant and low coefficients of partial
regression with a criterion has an assess of coordination of the whole body MKOPPP (-0.47)-crossing parallel sticks (or beams) with rapid and
complex movements MKBKSKR (-O.25) – climbing and getting down on the desk and jumping
chair and with variable the reorganization of dynamic stereotype MRPONA (0.34) - polygon backwards.
With these tests can be performed partial prediction of the criteria.
The table 3 shows the results of regresive
analysis of the impact of some motor variables to
assess explosive power as predictonal i system
based on persistent variable as a criterion in the
front.
Sign Inspection in the Table 3 you can see that
the predictional system of motor skills assessment
and high explosive power significant is associated
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Spasovska, K.: THE CONNECTION OF MOTORIST...
Table 2. Results of analysis of the criterion regressive analysis RUPVP - persistent
in the front with predictional system for coordination.
Variables
r
Part-r
BETA
t-test
Q
MKOPOD
MKOVOZ
-0.45
-0.35
-0.03
-0.08
-0.04
-0.08
-0.22
-0.58
0.83
0.56
MKOPPP
MKNPHJ
-0.44
0.14
-0.36
-0.04
-0.47
-0.04
-2.87
-0.27
0.01
0.79
MKNKSS
MKNCVS
-0.28
-0.26
0.02
-0.15
0.02
-0.15
0.12
-1.13
0.91
0.26
MKBPIP
MKBKSKR
-0.37
-0.35
-0.11
-0.26
-0.13
-0.25
-0.84
-2.02
0.41
0.05
MKBOSN
MRSDNA
-0.16
0.25
0.16
0.12
0.16
0.12
1.23
0.90
0.22
0.37
MRPONA
MRKSSN
-0.10
-0.32
0.28
-0.03
0.34
-0.04
2.19
-0.26
0.03
0.80
Delta
0.40
RO
0.63
DF 1
12.00
DF 2
55.00
F
3.06
Q
0.00
Table 3. Results of regressive analysis of the criterion RUPVP – persistent
in front with predictional system for explosive power.
Variables
MESSDM
MESGDD
MES20M
MESFMNR
MESFMNN
MESPVNY
MESPVNP
MESPVNR
Delta
0.26
r
-0.06
0.31
-0.15
0.09
0.23
0.32
0.15
0.15
RO
0.51
Part-r
-0.23
0.32
-0.17
0.02
0.21
0.19
0.02
-0.02
DF 1
8.00
BETA
-0.25
0.32
-0.16
0.02
0.21
0.24
0.03
-0.03
DF 2
59.00
t-test
-1.78
2.62
-1.31
0.16
1.69
1.50
0.15
-0.17
F
2.66
Q
0.08
0.01
0.19
0.87
0.10
0.14
0.88
0.87
Q
0.01
ward). The body is upright in vertical position and
in some versions with higher amplitude can be
bent backwards. This is followed with the swing
of the legs, which allows rapid movement of the
legs forward and up.
When your, student’s feets (legs) will go faster
and get vertical, somewhere around 45 degrees in
front, the person must block i with legs. This is the
moment when the test for the coordination of
whole body MKOPPP (moving throw parallel
stiks or beams) confirms its influence. The rapid
movement of the legs is transmitted to the reactive
part of the lower body, while his hands are pressed
down towards the stic (or beam).
Blocking with the legs (or feets) and hands
pressure of the loom are two forces acting in the
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Spasovska, K.: THE CONNECTION OF MOTORIST...
opposite direction and that allows the body as a
system to move forward and up.
When the body and feet will reach the highest
position, arms are fully extended and the body is
stretched and continues to move forward, that is
persistent in front wobble.
Analyzing the performance of the element of
leverage (starting position) to persistent (final
position), or from below to above, clearly indicates
the positive impact of the explosive power test MESGDD - type jumps - jumps up - down - away.
Rapid block feet and launching (uploading) the
body from lower to higher position, clearly is confirming the rapid test for complex movements
MKBKSKR (climbing and getting down on desk
and jumpming chair).
Given that small simply no time to be performed more movements with the hands, feet and
body in difficult conditions requires a person to
dispose all motor abilities of coordination and explosive power that showed its influence in regression analysis. Because of these motorical skills
that has been explained, first they should be developed at the required level and then begin the process of learning and mastering the art.
REFERENCES
Viskić-Štalec, N. i Mejovšek, M. (1975). Kanoničke
relacije prostora koordinacije i prostora motorike
[Canonical relationships between coordination
and motoric space. In Croatian.] Kineziologija,
5(1-2), 83-112.
Hošek, A. (1976). Struktura koordinacije [The structure of motor coordination. In Croatian.]
Kineziologija, 6(1-2), 151-192.
Horga, S., Metikoš, D. Viskić-Štalec, N., Hošek,
A., Gredelj,M., Marčelja, D., Metikoš, D. i
Viskić-Štalec, N. (1973). Metrijske karakteristike
mjernih instrumenata za procjenu faktora koordinacije ruku [Metrical characteristics of tests for
estimating arm coordination factor. In Croatian.]
Kineziologija, 3(2), 13-20.
Marčelja, D., Hošek, A., Viskić-Štalec, N., Horga,
S., Gredelj, M. i Metikoš, D. (1973). Metrijske
karakteristike testova za procjenu faktora koordinacije tjela [Metrical characteristics of tests for
the estimating cross body coordination factor. In
Croatian.] Kineziologija, 3(2), 5-11.
Mitevski, O. (1984). Zavisnost uspeha učenika u
nastavi sportske gimnastike od nihovih
biomotoričkih sposobnosti [Dependence of the
performance of students in the teaching of gymnastics had their motor skills. In Serbian.]
(Unpublished Master?s thesis, University of
Belgrade). Beograd: Fakultet za fizičko vaspitanje.
Mitevski, O. (2000). Latentna povrzanost
na antropometriskite i motori~kite
faktori so uspe{nata izvedba na gimnasti~kite elementi kaj u~enicite od 17
godi{na vozrast [Latent association of anthropometric and motor factors to the success of gymnastics elements performance of students of 17
years. In Macedonian.] (Unpublished doctoral
dissertation, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University
in Skopje). Skopje: Fakultet za fizi~ka
kultura.
Petkovi}, R. (199). Struktura i relacii na
morfolo{kite i motori~kite dimenzii
kaj u~eni~kite i mladite gimnasti~arki
[The structure and morphologic relations and
dimensions of girls and young gymnasts. In
Macedonian.] (Unpublished Master?s thesis, Ss.
Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje).
Skopje: Fakultet za fizi~ka kultura.
Pop-Petrovski, V. (1997). Relacii me|u
antropometriskite karakteristiki,
motori~kite sposobnosti sila i snaga i
uspehot po gimnastika [The structure and
morphologic relations and dimensions of girls and
young gymnasts. In Macedonian.] (Unpublished
doctoral dissertation, Ss. Cyril and Methodius
CONCLUSIONS
According to all results that has been reached,
we can conclude that the system of variables that
has been applied to assess motor coordination and
explosive power have a significant impact on the
success of criterion persistent variable in front of
the loom.
To successfully perform these movements, it
requires the respondents to have as I mentioned in
coordination - the ability to perform complex
motor tasks, performed as a complex element. To
counter the negative influence of gravity and
motion to direct in the required direction, it is necessary the person to dispose with explosive power
of the type of jumps and throwing their hands and
feet.
The degree of independence from the technical
performance can be expected to demonstrate significant impact and some of the tests of coordination, but not just the system that is obtained in our
research, which indicates that it is necessary to
master the technique in general.
133
APES 1(2011) 2:129-134
Spasovska, K.: THE CONNECTION OF MOTORIST...
University in Skopje). Skopje: Fakultet za
fizi~ka kultura.
Šadura, T., Čaklec, I. i Živčić-Lanc, K. (1991).
Situaciono-motorički testovi za mjerenje efekata
gimnastičkog treninga [Situational-motort ests
to measure the effects of gymnastics training . In
Serbian.] Fizička kultura, 44-45(3),140-144.
Todorovski, D. (1997). Jednacina specifikacije
uspesnosti u sportskoj gimnastici [Equation speci-
fication performance in gymnastics. In Serbian.]
(Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of
Niš). Niš: Fakultet fizičke kulture.
Veličković, S., & Petković, E. (2005). The objectivity of situational-motor coordination measuring
instruments in gymnastics. Facta Universitatis
Series Physical Education Sport, 3(1), 69-80.
Correspondence:
Katerina Spasovska
Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje
Faculty of Physical Culture,
Železnička b.b. 1000, Skopje, Macedonia
POVRZANOSTA NA MOTORITE SPOSOBNOSTI ZA
PROCENKA NA KOORDINACIJATA I EKSPLOZIVNATA
SNAGA SO USPE[NATANA GIMNASTI^KIOT
ELEMENT - UPOR VO PREDNO-NI[AWE NA RAZBOJ
UDK: 796.414.4.012.11
(Originalen nau~en trud)
Katerina Spasovska
Univerzitet „Sv. Kiril i Metodij” vo Skopje,
Fakultet za fizi~ka kultura, Skopje, Makedonija
Apstrakt
Celta na istra`uvaweto be{e da se utvrdi povrzanosta na motornite testovi nameneti za procenka na koordinacija i eksplozivna snaga
so uspe{nata izvedba na gimnasti~kiot elementi - upor vo predno ni{awe na razboj. Na primerok od 68 ispitanici, studenti od ma{ki pol od
prva godina od Fakultetot za fizi~ka kultura vo Skopje bea primeneti vkupno 20 manifesni motorni varijabli od koi dvanaeset (12) bea
nameneti za procenka na koordinacijata (koordinacija na celoto telo,
koordinacija na nozete, koordinacija na brzi kompleksni dvi`ewa i
reorganizacija na dinami~kiot stereotip) kako i osum (8) motorni
testovi za procenka na eksplozivnata snaga (tip na skokovi i tip na
isfrlawe). Procenuvaweto na uspe{nata izvedba na gimnasti~kiot element be{e izvr{eno so ocenuvawe od 4 kvalifikuvani sudii so primena
na standardiziran kriterium. Dobienite rezultati so primenata na
regresivna analiza poka`aa statisti~ki zna~ajno vlijanie vrz kriteriumot.
Klu~ni zborovi: koordinacija, eksplozivna snaga, ocenuvawe,
regresivni analizi, studenti, testirawe
134
APES 1(2011) 2:135-144
Nejić, D. and Marković, S.: ANTHROPOMETRIC FEATURES...
ANTHROPOMETRIC FEATURES – THE IMPORTANT FACTOR
OF VOLLEYBALL SELECTION
UDC: 796.325.015.83
(Original scientific paper)
Dragan Nejić and Saša Marković
University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Niš, Serbia,
Abstract
Previous achievements in contemporary sport and in volleyball as well pose huge
demands on the coaches concerning selection and execution of training and competition activites. A sport selection problem is inherently tied to the question of anticipating sports achievements. Selection criteria are different and one very important criterium in some sports is somatic composition and especially definition of final body
height and proportion of body composition. Already in the beginning of the sports career in some sports (basketball, volleyball, high jump, gymnastics) selection plays a vital
role. The aim of this research was to determine anthropometric characteristics of the
selected male volleyball players aged 15 who had already undergone some level of
selection on the representation and club level, and to define the existance of some
possible differences between them and also to determine differences between selected
volleyball players and the pupils of the same age. The research was conducted on the
sample of 18 male volleyball players aged 15 ±6 months being selected on the club
level, 210 pupils of the same age and 114 male volleyball players of the representation
selections. Measuruments have comprised 13 anthropometric variables. Basic parameters of the descriptive statistics were calculated and for the definition of the differences a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) on a multivariate level was
used. On a univariate level univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used. The
research results have shown that there is a statistically significant difference on a multivariate level between the groups (p< .05).
Keywords: coaches, pupils, representation selections, MANOVA
ments. Different sports disciplines have some specific demands concerning body posture, the level
of development of motorics and functional abilities of the sportsmen.“Selection”, according to
Vujaklia (1980), is by dictionary definition: a
choice, in our case a choice of future volleyball
players who could satisfy the basic requirements of
volleyball, as far as anthropometric features are
concerned. The criteria of selection in specific
sport branches are different; one of the most important is physical posture, especially the process of
determining the final height and body proportions.
At the initial level of sport practice (in branches
such as basketball, volleyball, high jump, etc),
selection plays a crucial role. These sports demand
INTRODUCTION
Volleyball is considered to be one of the
youngest sports that include ball, but despite that,
the level of technical- tactical knowledge has been
brought to perfection. Current accomplishments in
the modern sport and in volleyball as well, face the
trainers with high demands in selection and during
the trainings and competition activities; demands
are even higher when the physical condition of the
sportsmen is concerned. The development of a
sport branch depends on the process of talent seeking and also on the scientifically based selection;
therefore, selection of the players by their height is
very important. The problem in selection correlates with the prediction of sportsmen accomplish135
APES 1(2011) 2:135-144
Nejić, D. and Marković, S.: ANTHROPOMETRIC FEATURES...
sportsmen with accelerating height, while other
sports (gymnastics) demand sportsmen with
impeded height.
As far as practice is concerned, there are different types of selection. Types can differ in criteria.
According to Volkov (1980) there are three types
of selection:
orientation that implies determining the spot
discipline in which a sportsman could accomplish
the highest achievements;
selection which implies choosing sportsmen
who could progress in various sport branches;
completing the teams in collective sports, for
the purposes of entering a competition.
Stages in selection of young sportsmen, according to Sozanski (1981) could be graduated differently. The first stage starts with introductory selection, which is usually conducted for boys age 1011 and it orients future sportsmen towards miscellaneous development of their abilities. The second
stage implies a proper selection which is conducted 2-3 years after the introductory selection; finally, a special selection is conducted after 4-5 years
of training. There are other criteria of selection,
such as club, municipal, regional, state and all of
these selections are conducted till the end of the
sportsmen career.
Volleyball is a sport branch which demands a
certain values of longitudinal skeleton dimension,
as far as anthropometric criteria are concerned.
Prediction of height, as one of the factors for selection, is very important at young volleyball players
(Tomic, 1982). Due to this reason the predicted
final body height is very important for the selection of young volleyball players.
There are a great number of published papers
that elaborate the theme of selection, point out the
importance of heritage, biological age and optimal
height necessary for a particular sport. Heritage as
a factor (along with the partial influence of the
social environment) plays a very important role in
selection. It is well known that the body height, leg
length, arm length, shoulder latitude, i.e. longitudinal and transversal skeleton dimensions, are genetically preconditioned (Malacko & Popovic, 2001),
therefore the selection of the best players is the
first condition for achieving top results in sport.
Strahonja (1974) did a research on the influence
of manifested and latent antropometric dimensions
on the jump height and mahimum catching heinght
at junior volleyball players, the ones who were
members of the republic teams. The author came to
the conclusion that longitudinal and circular
dimensions contribute to the assessment of the
jump results and the mahimum jump-catching
height.
Hose (1978) did a research with the aim of
determining the correlation between the chosen
antropometric and motoric variables, both of
which being important for women volleyball as a
sport. He conducted a research on a sample of 12
volleyball teams (total of 144 players) of women
players whowere contestants of the European
Junior Championship held 1977. in Belgrade.The
author concluded that all of the players were
selected properly, that there is a high correlation
between the antropometric variables. He
confirmed that the process of selection is of
primary importance in volleyball.
Vukovic (1980) conducted a research with the
aim of comparing the antropometric and motoric
variables at women volleyball players of the junior
representation of Europe and the representation of
the cities of Yugoslavia. The research included 11
antropometric and 7 motoric variables. The author
concluded taht junior representatives of European
team showed better results. Experience in playing
and the level of competitiveness were higher at the
representatives of the European team. Therefore,
the author emphasizes that the selececion of young
women volleyball players is very important
(especially cosidering their height).
Tomic (1982) studied the differences in antropometric and motoric features of the volleyball
players, on different levels of contests. He used the
sample of 90 players of different levels, and
studied the relations of the chosen antropometric
and motoric variables on the three levels of comeptition. The results showed a significant correlation between the antropometric variables and
the levels of contest, i.e. the influence that the
proper selection has on the volleyball achievements.
Nemec (1988) explored the level of difference
of motoric abilities and antropometric features , on
the sample of volleyball players on three competition level. Based on these results, the author
points out the importance of young volleyball
players selection. He also states that the base of
accomplishing high results are antropometric
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features and motoric abilities, but that trainers do
not pay enough attention to these factors.
Nemec (1994) used a comparative analysis to
compare the research results conducted on the
Yugoslav volleyball players during the period
1976/77 (group A) and during 1986/87 (group B).
The author explored 18 variables , out of which 11
refferered to the bodily features, and 7 to motoric
variables relevant for volleyball players. The
resullts showed that vollyball players from the
group B have larger dimensions in relations to
players from the group A, as far as the body height,
body mass, feet length and upper arm circumference are concerned. The variables concerning leg
length and arm legth were higher at volleyball
players from the group A. Based on these results,
the author concluded that, within the period of the
past 10 years, body features have significantly
changed. The parameters of body features should
have an important role in further improvement of
volleyball, i.e. that they should be the base for the
selection of the players.
Further research confirm the claim that a
sportsman can reach his maximum due to contstant
training; however, if a sportsman has weak genetic
predispositions for the sport, then even the best
trainer cannot help him in reaching top results.
One cannot precisely determine which psychophysical feature has a dominant role for volleyball.
However, the experience and practice showed that
antropometric features have a significant influence
in the realisation of the volleyball elements. The
modern volleyball has few players of medium
height, even the players on technical positions do
not differ in height from the other players. Therefore, it is necessary to control and predict the
proper develompent of antropometric features during the process of selection.
The aim of the research is to study the anthropometric features of the selected volleyball players
age 15 that underwent a certain level of selection
on the club and representation level and to compare the differences between them. Also, it is important to see the difference between the selected
players and the pupils of the same age.
aim of this research. This enables the demonstration of the basic principles of this particular field
of research.
The research was conducted on the sample of
18 volleyball players age15 with ±6 months, who
were selected on the club level (Volleyball Club
”Naisus” from Nis), 210 pupils of the same age
(Grammar Schools Svetozar Markovic and Stevan
Sremac from Nis) and 144 volleyball players of the
representative selections. We calculated 13 anthropometric variables which are shown in the tables
with the following abbreviations AMAST - body
mass in kg, AVIST - body height in cm, ADUNOleg length in cm, ADURU - arm length in cm,
AŠIRA-shoulder latitude in cm, AŠIKA - pelvis
latitude in cm, AŠIKU - hips latitude in cm,
AOGKS-average circumference of the chest in cm,
AONAD - upper arm circumference in cm, AOBU
- thigh circumference in cm, AKNNA - skin crease
at upper arm triceps in mm, AKNLE - skin crease
at the back region in mm, AKNTRB-abdomen skin
crease in. GSTAR-the age, and APKOVI-predicted
final height calculated by Walker formula (Walker,
1974).
Anthropometric measurements were done by
the standard instruments by the method the International Biological Programme (Weiner & Lourie,
1969).
All the analysis were done with the help of the
statistic package for data processing - STATISTCA
6.0.
We calculated the basic parameters of the
descriptive statistics. Mean – average value, St.
Dev – standard deviation, Min – minimum value,
Max – maximum value. In order to detrmine the
difference in antropometric faetures between the
players selected on the club level (age 15) who are
selectional base for the chosen sport, the plauyers
of the representative selections and the pupils of
the same age, we applied the multi- possibility
variable analysis (MANOVA) on the multi- possibility level. On the one - possibility level, we
applied the variable analysis (ANOVA).We calculated the following parameters: Wilk’s Lambda –
test, Rao’s R – Rao’s F aproximation, df – independence degree, p-level – level of difference significance.
METHODS
For the purposes of obtaining the relevant scientific information, we determined the adequate
procedures that would be in correlation with the
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multi possible level between the club selected
players and pupils age 15 shows significance on
the level 05 (p-level=.039). The determined difference on multi possible level between the club
selected players and representation players shows
significance on the level .01 (p-level = .000). The
results of multi possible analysis of the variable
shows significant difference of antropometric area
between the representation selection and pupils
age 15, on the level of significance .01 (p-level =
.000).
Tables 3, 4 and 5 show the results of one
possibility analysis of variables of the measured
anthropometric variables between the groups.
If one inspects the results on the Table 3. which
shows the results of one possibility analysis of
variable between the club selected players and
pupils age 15, it can be concluded that selected players have higher numerical values of variables:
AMAST – body mass, AVIST – body height,
APKOVI – predicted final height, ADUNO – leg
length, ADURU – arm length, AŠIRA – shoulder
latitude, AŠIKA – pelvis latitude, AŠIKU – hips
latitude, AOGKS – average circumference of the
chest, AONAD – upper arm circumference,
AOBUT – thigh circumference, AKNNA – upper
arm skin crease, AKNLE – back skin crease and
AKNTRB – abdomen skin crease. Significant
difference was noted at the following variables:
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Tables 1 to 5 illustrate the results of the research.
Table 1 shows the basic descriptive parameters
of antropometric variables of the volleyball players of the club selection, of the pupils aged 15 and
the volleyball players of representation selection.
The results indicate that the average height of the
club selected players age 15 was 183,50±6,144
cm, pupils’ height was 177,04±7,578 cm, while the
representation selected players were 189,40±6,703
cm in average. The numeric values of body height
of the club selected players, as well as the ones on
the representation level were above the average of
the population their age. The height of the pupils
were within the limits of the average for their age
(Gerver & De Bruin, 1996). The other anthropometric features that were analysed (except for the
skin crease) are within the limits of their age for
pupils; and above the average values at club selected volleyball players. The measured skin crease is
less below the average at players of representation
selections if compared to pupils who do not play
volleyball and to club selected players.
Table 2. indicates the results of the multi possible analysis of variable between the groups. Differences, important in the static level, were determined between all the groups. Statically important
difference in measured antropometric features on
Table 1.Basic descriptive parameters of the groups included in the research
Variables
GSTAR
AMAST
AVIST
APKOVI
ADUNO
ADURU
AŠIRA
AŠIKA
AŠIKU
AOGKS
AONAD
AOBUT
AKNNA
AKNLE
AKNTRB
Volleyball players selected
within the club
Mean
15,2
73,5
183,0
188,6
105,4
79,6
40,8
28,1
32,4
89,2
26,5
55,0
9,97
9,5
13,0
SD
0,62
7,41
6,14
3,04
4,17
3,29
2,05
1,37
1,62
3,48
1,61
3,58
2,65
2,81
5,84
Min
14,0
62,0
173,2
183,0
99,1
75,2
37,0
26,0
30,0
82,0
24,0
50,6
6,40
6,2
6,0
Max
16,1
85,0
193,5
193,0
113,8
85,6
43,8
30,5
35,2
95,1
29,0
64,0
16,0
15,0
24,0
Pupils
Mean
14,9
66,4
177,0
181,3
100,6
76,7
39,1
27,7
31,9
85,4
25,1
52,1
9,8
8,5
11,6
SD
0,44
11,28
7,57
4,85
5,12
3,96
2,09
1,80
2,09
7,20
3,13
5,95
5,01
4,45
7,26
138
Min
14,0
40,0
156,4
168,1
78,8
56,1
33,0
23,5
22,8
69,0
18,0
38,5
3,6
3,6
4,0
Representative selection
Max
16,0
97,0
193,5
191,8
113,3
85,2
44,3
32,8
37,4
106,0
38,6
73,0
31,0
30,0
33,6
Mean
15,0
77,3
189,4
197,1
107,6
82,2
43,7
31,3
33,5
100,3
31,3
59,1
7,8
8,2
9,6
SD
0,22
4,94
6,70
6,97
3,80
2,73
1,54
1,10
1,18
3,55
1,10
2,09
,27
,29
,34
Min
14,6
58,1
163,3
170,0
92,8
71,6
37,7
27,0
28,9
86,5
27,0
51,0
6,8
7,1
8,3
Max
15,5
91,4
208,5
217,0
118,4
90,0
48,1
34,5
36,8
110,4
34,50
65,1
8,6
9,1
10,6
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Table 2. Multi possible analysis of variable (MANOVA) between the groups
Group
SEL I UÈEN
SEL I REP
REP I UÈEN
WILKS'
Lambda
.889
.010
.110
Rao's R (F)
1.781
987.73
181.79
df 1
15
15
15
df 2
213
146
338
p-level
.039
.000
.000
Table 3. One- possibility analysis of the variable, between the clubs selected
players and pupils of the same age
GSTAR
AMAST
AVIST
APKOVI
ADUNO
ADURU
ASIRA
ASIKA
ASIKU
AOGKS
AONAD
AOBUT
AKNNA
AKNLE
AKNTRB
Volleyball
Players
15,20
73,52
183,50
188,67
105,41
79,66
40,82
28,16
32,43
89,29
26,50
55,05
9,97
9,52
Pupils
F(df1,2)
p-level
14,99
66,35
176,89
186,28
100,59
76,69
39,13
27,76
31,74
85,32
25,15
52,11
9,85
8,55
3,79
6,84
12,03
,02
14,53
8,94
10,32
,80
1,00
5,25
3,24
4,17
,01
,83
,053
,010
,001
,891
,000
,003
,002
,372
,317
,023
,073
,042
,924
,364
13,06
11,63
,66
,418
Table 4. One- possibility analysis of the variable, between the clubs players
and representative volleyball selections
Athens 15
GSTAR
AMAST
AVIST
APKOVI
ADUNO
ADURU
ASIRA
ASIKA
ASIKU
AOGKS
AONAD
AOBUT
AKNNA
AKNLE
AKNTRB
15,05
77,38
189,40
197,16
107,65
82,28
43,77
31,34
33,51
100,35
31,34
59,15
7,88
8,28
9,66
Volleyball
Players
15,20
73,52
183,50
188,67
105,41
79,66
40,82
28,16
32,43
89,29
26,50
55,05
9,97
8,55
11,63
139
F(df1,2)
p-level
0,018
8,604
12,941
25,992
5,427
17,447
53,666
125,113
12,258
155,966
273,728
50,944
84,654
26,902
49,446
,966
,004
,000
,000
,021
,000
,000
,000
,001
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
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Table 5. One- possibility analysis of the variable between the representative
players and pupils
GSTAR
AMAST
AVIST
APKOVI
ADUNO
ADURU
ASIRA
ASIKA
ASIKU
AOGKS
AONAD
AOBUT
AKNNA
AKNLE
AKNTRB
Athens15
Pupils
F(df1,2)
p-level
15,05
77,38
189,40
197,16
107,65
82,28
43,77
31,34
33,51
100,35
31,34
59,15
7,88
8,28
9,66
14,99
66,35
176,89
186,28
100,59
76,69
39,13
27,76
31,74
85,32
25,15
52,11
9,85
8,55
11,63
2.23
8.60
25.99
12.94
5.43
17.45
53.67
125.11
12.26
155.97
273.73
50.94
84.65
26.90
49.45
0.137
0.004
0.000
0.000
0.021
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Table 6. Number and percentage of volleyball players of the final and envisaged body
height of the representative and club selections
Frequeny of body height
Body height 200 cm and higher
Body height 190-199,9 cm
Body height 180-189,9 cm
Body height 170-179,9 cm
Representative selection
Number
Percentage
54
33,33
80
49,38
27
16,66
1
0,62
AMAST – body mass (p-level= .010), AVIST –
body height (p-level=.001), ADUNO – leg length
(p-level=.000), ADURU – arm length (p-level=
.003), AŠIRA – shoulder latitude (p-level=.002),
on the level of significance .01 and at variables
AOGKS – average chest circumference (p-level=
.023), AOBUT – thigh circumference (p-level=
.042) on the level of significance .05.
Table 4. shows the results of one possibility
analysis of the variable between the representation
selections and club selected players age 15. It
could be concluded that the volleyball players of
the representation selections have higher
numerical values at the following variables:
AMAST – body mass, AVIST – body height,
APKOVI – predicted final height, ADUNO – leg
length, ADURU – arm length, AŠIRA – shoulder
latitude, AŠIKA – pelvis latitude, AŠIKU – hips
circumference, AOGKS – average chest
circumference, AONAD – upper arm circumference and AOBUT – thigh circumference. The
Club selection
Number
Percentage
0,00
0,00
8,00
44,44
10,00
55,55
0,00
0,00
representation selection had lower values
compared to the club selected players’ at the
following skin crease variables: AKNNA – skin
crease at the region of upper arm triceps, AKNLEskin crease in the back region and AKNTRB –
abdomen skin crease.
Statically significant differences were determined at all measured variables, on the level of
significance .01 at variables AMAST – body mass
(p-level=.004), AVIST – body height (p-level=
.000), APKOVI – predicted final height (p-level=
.000), ADURU – arm length (p-level= .000),
AŠIRA – shoulder latitude (p-level=.000), AŠIKA
– pelvis latitude (p-level= .000), AŠIKU – hips latitude (p-level=.001), AOGKS – average chest circumference (p-level=.000), AONAD – upper arm
circumference (p-level=.000), AOBUT – thigh circumference (p-level=.000), AKNNA – upper arm
skin cearse (p-level=.000), AKNLE – back skin
crease (p-level=.000) AKNTRB – abdomen skin
crease (p-level=.000). At variable ADUNO – leg
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length, we determined the significance on the level
.05 (p-level=.021)
The one possibility analysis of variables between the representation players and pupils age 15
(Tabela 5) brings us to conclusion that representation players have higher numerical values at the
following variables: AMAST – body mass, AVIST
– body height , APKOVI – predicted final height,
ADUNO – leg length, ADURU – arm length,
AŠIRA – shoulder latitude, AŠIKA – pelvis latitude, AŠIKU – hips latitude, AOGKS – average
chest circumference, AONAD – upper arm circumference and AOBUT – thigh circumference.
The lower values were determined at AKNNA –
upper arm triceps skin crease, AKNLE- back skin
crease and AKNTRB – abdomen skin crease.
Atvariable ADUNO – leg length, we
determined significance on the level .05 (p-level=
.021), while the other measured variables showed
statical significance at the level.01, AMAST –
body mass (p-level= .004), AVIST – body height
(p-level= .000), APKOVI – predicted final height
(p-level= .000), ADURU – arm length (p-level=
.000), AŠIRA – shoulder latitude (p-level= .000),
AŠIKA – pelvis latitude (p-level= .000), AŠIKU –
hips latitude (p-level= .001), AOGKS – average
chest circumference (p-level= .000), AONAD –
upper arm circumference (p-level= .000), AOBUT
– thigh circumference (p-level= .000), AKNNA –
upper arm skin crease (p-level= .000), AKNLE –
skin crease at the back region (p-level= .000)
AKNTRB – abdomen skin crease (p-level= .000).
Enlisted values shown in Table 6 point to the
fact that large number and high percentage of volleyball players of the representative selections
whose height is larger than 200,0 cm, that is 54
basketball players or 33,33%. In a club selection
according to the estimated final height there will
not be volleyball players whose height is above
200,00 cm. Large number and percentage of volleyball players has body height above 190,0 cm
that is 8 or 49,38%. In a club selection 8 volleyball
players will have final height above 190,00 cm or
44,44%. In representative selections there is small
number of such volleyball players 27 and the percentage is 16,66%. In a club selection largest number of 10 volleyball players of 55,55% belong to
this group. So obtained results confirm a rule that
in an elite volleyball tall volleyball players dominate the game (body height above 190 cm) taking
the positions of smashing and blocking. Body
height of 180-189,9 cm belong to a libero (receiver) numbering 1-2 in each team.
The research results indicate that players of the
club selection age 15 statically differ in
antropometric features, in relation to pupils of the
same age who do not play this sport. The body
height at club selected players is above the average
for that particular population. Body heights at
pupils do not significantly differ from the average
for that age (Gerver & De Bruin, 1996). As far as
the skin crease is concerned, there is no significant
difference because the training process does not
have the intensity that would reduce the
subcutaneous fat tissue which has a negative
influence on the players’ accomplishment during
the game (Apostolidis, Nassis, Bolatoglou,
Geladas, 2001). The other analysed anthropometric variables (except for the skin crease) are
within the limits for the pupils’ population; and
high above the average at club selected players.
These results could be ascribed to choice
(selection) of body height accelerants within that
particular population. However, although these
values are much higher at club selected players,
the predicted final body height is above the
average values of the top volleyball players
(Jankovic, Jankovic, Djurkovic, 2003). The results
indicate that club selection does not satisfy the
morphological criteria for reaching top results in
volleyball.
Table 4. shows the differences in antropometric
features between the club selected players and the
representation selected ones.We noted numerically
and statically significant values at all variables.
Representation selected players had lower values
of predicted subcutaneous fat tissue. Longitudinal
and transfersal skeleton dimensions are of higher
values at the players of representation level; thus
the result is purposeful selection with higher
criteria, on the representation level (Hose, 1978;
Vukovic, 1980; Nemec, 1994). These results
completely correlate with the results received in
the research of the women volleyball players of the
same age (Matkovic, Huljak, Matkovic, 1999).
The results of the predicted subcutaneous fat tissue
level are as expected, and lower values can be
ascribed to influence of the physical activities
during the training process in volleyball. Physical
activities are of greater intensity and extensity
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reaching top sport results. The prediction of
the final body height (based on the current
measured height), as one of anthropometric
measures for selection of the players, is very
relevant. The conclusion can be that different
levels of selection have different significance
in determining which of the players can satisfy high criteria of volleyball. The determined
differences between the volleyball players
selected in clubs and players of representative
selections demonstrates that the club selection
encloses a smaller possibility of achieving top
results. The analysis of the predicted final
height of the pupils illustrates that the selection base for male volleyball is very limited,
especially for the blockers and players for the
smash position since there are no boys age 15
who could be higher than 200, 0 cm, and only
6, 19% will be 190-199, 9 cm high.
during the trainings and competition preparation at
representation players than at club selected
players; this actually explains these differences
and lower values of the skin crease level.
The research results indicate that the representation players differ in anthropometric features
when compared to pupils of the same age who do
not train sports (Table 5). The selection and the
intensity of physical activities during the training
process and competition at representation players
are the main reason for the differences in the
researched segment of antropometric features
(Apostolidis, Nassis, Bolatoglou, Geladas, 2001).
The biggest number of players (56, 64%) at the
1988. World Championship in Japan and at the
2004. Olympic Games in Athens (49,30%) had a
body height of 190 – 200 cm and above 200 cm
(Japan - 29,64%; Athens – 37, 5%), so it is clear
that club selection does not satisfy the needs for
the future blockers and players for smash
position. None of the club selected players will
have the predicted final height above 200 cm. The
results which indicate the percentage of the pupils
whose final height will be 190,0 cm and more, is
very low. If we consider height, only 6,19% of the
players will be 190-199,9 cm, and none above
200,0 cm, which shows that Nis selectional base is
very poor; moveover, earlier research confirms this
(Djuraskovic, Milic, Nikolic, Lukic, 1986). This
information confirms the results on the club level.
The selection of blockers and plyers for smash
position has to be conducted systematically and in
the lonf run.
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CONCLUSION
For the past few years, sport medicine and
anthropology accomplishments have found their
deserved position in the daily sport practice. The
basic issue is the role of the anthropometric
calculations during the process of selection of
young players, with one and the same aim- to reach
top sport results.
Longitudinal skeleton dimensions, especially the body height, represent the primary
feature of selection (at specific sport branches,
of course). Volleyball is the sport in which
these features are important. The research conducted on the sample of 372 pupils age 15 (±
6 months confirmed the importance of proper
selection as one of the basic conditions for
142
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Nejić, D. and Marković, S.: ANTHROPOMETRIC FEATURES...
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znanstvena konferencija „Kineziologija za 21.
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fizičku kulturu sveučilišta u Zagrebu.
Matto, M. (1981). Različite strane značajnog
problema - putevi traganja i izbora talenata
[Different Aspects of Significant Problems- ways
to search and select talented players In Serbian.]
Savremeni trening, (1), 39-41.
Nemec, P. (1988). Utvrđivanje nivoa razlika
telesnih karakteristika i motoričkih sposobnosti
odbojkaša različitih nivoa takmičenja
[Determining the Level of Difference at Body
Features and Motor Skills of Volleyball Players
of Different Competition Level. In Serbian.]
,
(Unpublished Master s thesis, University of
Belgrade). Beograd: Fakultet za fizičko vaspitanje.
Nemec, P. (1994). Procena perspektivnosti
postignuća jugoslovenskih odbojkaša, Doktorska
disertacija [Assessment of Achievements of
Perspective Volleyball Players of Yugoslavia. In
Serbian.] (Unpublished doctoral dissertation,
University of Belgrade). Beograd: Fakultet za
fizičko vaspitanje.
Sozanski, H. (1981). Selekcija - važan elemenat sistema sportskog treninga [Selection- the Important
Element of the Sport System Training. In Serbian]
Savremeni trening, (3), 34-37.
Sinobad M. (2005). Comparing Anthropometric
Features and Body Features between the Pupils
and Basketball players of the Same Age. Sport
Medicine, 5(2), 43-53.
Strahonja, A. (1974). Utjecaj manifestnih i latentnih
antropometriskih varijabli na visinu odraza i maksimalni dohvat kod odbojkaša juniora [The
Influence of Manifest and Latent Anthropometric
Characteristics on tne Jump Hignt and Maxsimal
Hand Reach in Jump of Junior Volleyball Players.
In Croatian.] Kineziologija, 4 (1), 5-15.
Tomić, D. (1982). Relacije antropometrijskih i
motoričkih karateristika odbojkaša u odnosu na
njihov takmičarski nivo [Anthropometric and
Motor Skills’ Influence upon Competition Level.
In Serbian.] Beograd: Novinsko izdavačko
propagandna RO Partizan, Savez za fizičku
kulturu Jugoslavije.
Hoše, H. (1978). Utvrđivanje odnosa odabranih
antropometrijskih i motoričkih variabli ženskih
juniorskih reprezentacija Evrope u odbojci
[Determining the Relation of Selected
Anthropometric and Motor Variables of Women
Junior Volleyball Representations of Europe. In
,
Serbian.] (Unpublished Master s thesis, University
of Belgrade). Beograd: Fakultet za fizičko
vaspitanje.
Walker, R.N. (1974). Standards for somatotipyng
children: I. The prediction of young adult heighht
from childre,s growth data. Annals of Human
Biology 1, (2),149.
Weiner, J., Lourie J. (1969). Human Biology, A
Guide to Field methods, International Biological
Programe. Oxford-Edinburgh: Blackwell
Scientific Publications.
Correspondence:
Dragan Nejić
University of Niš,
Faculty of Sport and Physical Education
Čarnojevićeva 10A, 18000 Niš, Serbia
E - mail: neja@fsfv.ni.ac.rs
143
APES 1(2011) 2:135-144
Nejić, D. and Marković, S.: ANTHROPOMETRIC FEATURES...
ANTROPOMETRISKITE KARAKTERISTIKI – ZNA^AEN
FAKTOR ZA SELEKCIJATA VO ODBOJKATA
UDK: 796.325.015.83
(Originalen nau~en trud)
Dragan Neji} i Sa{a Markovi}
Univerzitet vo Ni{, Fakultet za sport i fizi~ko vospituvawe,
Ni{, Srbija
Apstrakt
Vo poslednite dostignuvawata vo sovremeniot sport, vklu~uvaj}i ja
i odbojkata, pred trenerite postavuvaat golemi barawa za selekcijata
i vodeweto na trena`nite i natprevaruva~kite aktivnosti. Problemot na selektiraweto vo sportot e povrzano so pra{aweto na
predviduvaweto na uspehot vo sportskite aktivnosti. Postojat
razli~ni kriteriumi za selekcija, a eden od najva`nite vo odredeni
sportski granki e somatskata gradba, a osobenio na kone~nata telesna
viso~ina i proporciite na telesnata gradba. U{te na po~etnoto nivo
na sportskiot sta` vo oddelni sportski granki (ko{arka, odbojka,
skok vo viso~ina, gimnastika), selekcijata igra zna~ajna uloga. Celta na
ovaa studija be{e da se utvrdat antropometriskite karakteristiki
na odbojkari na vozrast od 15 godini koi se selektirani na reprezentativno i klubsko nivo. Posebna cel be{e da se utvrdi razlikata i
me|u selektiranite odbojkari i u~enici od navedenata vozrast.
Istra`uvaweto e sprovedeno na primerok od 18 odbojkari na vozrast od
15 godini +/- 6 meseci koi se selektirani na nivo na klub, na 210 u~enici
od istata vozrast i 144 odbojka od reprezentativnite selekcii. Vo
mereweto bea vklu~eni 13 antropometriski varijabli. Presmetani se
osnovnite parametri na deskriptivnata statistika. Za utvrduvawe
na razlikite,primeneta e multivarijantna analiza na varijansata
(MANOVA) i vo nejzinite ramki i analiza na varijansata (ANOVA).
Rezultatite od istra`uvaweto poka`aaa statisti~ki zna~ajni
razliki me|u grupite ispitanici na nivoto od 0.05.
Klu~ni zborovi: treneri, u~enici, reprezentativni selekcii,
MANOVA
144
APES 1(2011) 2:145-150
Marković, Ž. et. al. : EFFECTS OF TWO MODES OF...
EFFECTS OF TWO MODES OF PLANNING OF TEACHING PHYSICAL
EDUCATION ON ANTHROPOMETRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
SECONDARY SCHOOL AGE FEMALE STUDENTS
UDC: 37.091.3:796-057.874
(Original scientific paper)
Živorad Marković1, Zoran Bogradnović2, Aleksandar Ignjatoviić1 and
Sandra Milanović1
1University
2State
of Kraguevac, Faculty of Pedagogy, Jagodina, Serbia
University in Novi Pazar, Department of Sport and Recreation,
Abstract
The subject of the research was the anthropometrical characteristic of secondary
school age female students. The aim of the research was to determine the effects of two
ways of planning of teaching physical education on the anthropometrical characteristics of the female students. The research - experimental treatment was conducted over
92 female students, divided into two separate subsamples – according to the criteria of
planning of physical education as follows: experimental group of 50 students with continuous planning and control group of 42 students with planning of physical education
per cycle. The research applied five anthropometrical characteristics for tracking: longitudinal dimensionality of the skeleton and circular dimensionality. The effects of
experimental and control model of planning and implementation of physical education
program content did not cause any statistically significant changes in anthropometric
characteristics of female students. The results are logical, because the groups were
formed by random criteria, and the students were of the same age and sex.
Keywords: experimental group, control group, cycle, longitudinal dimensionality,
circular dimensionality, MANOVA
and earlier generations of youth, this increase is
evident. However, not only that younger generations grow faster, but they also reach bigger height
than previous generations. This is shown by
researches of recruits in many countries. By monitoring of changes in height it can be stated that in
the last few decades the average definitive height
of adults increased by one centimeter per decade.
The increase of height is followed by the increase
of body mass. The appearance of “acceleration”
some author consider as a positive biological adaptive feature. However, it is noted that each adaptation can lead to certain decrease of reactive potentials of organism, which are manifested in increased sensibility and liability. This can lead to different functional deformities, bad posture and
body deformities. Factor of better diet is very
INTRODUCTION
During the last century it has been noticed that
there has been an “acceleration” of development
which implies faster process of growth and
absolute increase in final growth, as well as acceleration of psycho functional development of new
generations in comparison to earlier generations,
together with faster sexual maturity and psychological maturity.
These days new born children, pre school children
and school children are on average taller, and bigger than children of the same age but a few
decades before. Characteristic example which is
usually quoted is that a fourteen year old boy from
this time could not put an armor of a medieval
knight. By comparing the results of contemporary
145
APES 1(2011) 2:145-150
Marković, Ž. et. al. : EFFECTS OF TWO MODES OF...
METHODS
The research was realized in Agricultural-veterinary school with boarding school “Svilajnac” in
Svilajnac during the 2009/2010 school year.
92 female students were involved in this
research by experimental treatment. They were
divided into two sub samples – according to the
criterion of planning of physical education: experimental group with 50 female students with continuous planning and control group with 42 female
students with planning of physical education in
cycles.
The research was based on five anthropometric
characteristics : body height – represents longitudinal dimension of a skeleton (TV), body weight –
represents volume and body mass (TT), anthropometric circumference of stretched lower arm – represents curcular dimension (AOOP), anthropometric circumference of streshed upper arm – represents circular dimension (AOON), and anthropometric circumference of shin – represents circular
dimension (AOPK).
All needed measurements in control and experimental group were realized during regular physical education lessons. By the use of the method of
International biological programme (Kurelic and
associates, 1975) each anthropometric characteristic was “covered” by one person who measured
and one person who recorded the results. The same
variables were measured by the same person,
which was done for the reason of lessening parasitary factors. After finishing initial measurements
the treatment which lasted one year was initiated –
60 lessons during which planned contents of physical education were realized.
Control groups were using standard plan of
physical education (plan from the official physical
education programme – in cycles). Experimental
groups were working with the same programme
content, but differently (continuously) planned.
Experimental groups did all 60 lessons by the
use of the system – one lesson of chosen sport with
a ball (handball), one lesson of athletics, one lesson of handball, then again athletics as far as the
cycle of fifteen lessons of athletics was finished.
Then handball was combined with the gymnastics
lessons by the use of the same principle – one lesson of handball, one lesson of gymnastics continuously while the cycle of fifteen lessons of gymnastics does not finish. During the whole school year
important for “acceleration”. New generations
which have “acceleration” have better diet” especially in qualitative way. On the other hand, quantitatively and qualitatively insufficient diet and bad
life conditions lead to slowing of growth in body
mass and height.
Anthropometry deals with measure of anthropometric dimensions of a human body, as well as
with processing and studying of the given measurements. Considering physical culture, anthropometry is considered in the field of biology of
human physical development and sport medicine.
Stojanovic (1977) quotes that anthropometry has
the following tasks: to state the general growth of
the body by examination which enables comparison of some anthropometric dimensions, to notice
advance or stagnation by comparison of the results
acquired by longitudinal measurements, i.e. negative trend in growth and on the basis of some
anthropometric dimensions, i.e. their relation,
direct sportsmen towards those sport disciplines in
which they can achieve optimal results.
Momirovic et al; (1969) have detected four
anthropometric factors denoted as latent morphological dimensions: longitudinal dimension of a
skeleton, transversal dimension of a skeleton, volume and subcutaneous fat tissue /4/. International
biological programme contains standardized list of
39 anthropometric measures which are realized in
uniform procedure. For analysis and evaluation of
the anthropometric values we usually use methods
of index and standards. Method of index is determined for determination of ideal proportions of the
body for adult persons. Method of standard is very
important for determination of constitutional types
for certain sport disciplines.
The knowledge of anthropometric characteristics is very important for planning of physical education lessons, choice of methods and organizational forms of work and in the choice of physical
exercises. It was thought that experimental treatment would provoke the biggest growth in this
field.
Subject of the research is anthropometric characteristics of secondary school female students.
Goal of the research was to determine the
effects of two ways of planning of physical education lessons on anthropometric characteristics of
female students.
146
APES 1(2011) 2:145-150
Marković, Ž. et. al. : EFFECTS OF TWO MODES OF...
Table 1. Central and dispersive parameters for anthropometric characteristics of experimental and
control group for female students on intial evaluation
Varij.
TLVS-1
TLVS-2
TLTZ-1
TLTZ-2
ÀÎ Î P-1
ÀÎ Î P-2
ÀÎ Î N-1
ÀÎ Î N-2
ÀÎ PÊ-1
ÀÎ PÊ-2
Ì
SD
Err
Min
1634.3
1625.8
582.5
594.6
230.4
230.9
252.3
254.1
357.3
361.3
56.6
64.5
107.1
116.7
15.6
19.0
29.5
33.4
32.4
33.5
8.00
9.96
15.16
18.02
2.21
2.93
4.17
5.16
4.58
5.18
1495.0
1500.0
440.0
425.0
204.0
198.0
208.0
204.0
308.0
302.0
Ì àõ
KV
Int.
Pov.
Sê¼.
Kur.
KS
1760.0
1780.0
900.0
1040.0
260.0
276.0
327.0
353.0
458.0
433.0
3.46
3.97
18.40
19.64
6.78
8.22
11.69
13.16
9.07
9.29
1618.2
1605.0
552.3
558.4
225.6
225.3
243.7
243.8
348.1
350.6
1650.3
1645.9
612.9
631.0
234.8
236.8
260.7
264.5
366.5
371.8
-.09
.45
.89
1.41
.11
.14
.58
.50
1.15
-.14
-.00
-.39
.58
3.27
-.69
-.67
-.30
.16
1.44
-.78
.998
.746
.894
.931
.994
1.000
.996
.996
.983
.997
there was a positive influence of sport game (handball) which was not interrupted during the cycle.
Descriptive statistics and multivariant analysis of a
variance were used in the processing of the data
which were acquired by empirical research.
Descriptive statistics and multivariant analysis of a
variance were used in the processing of the data
which were acquired by empirical research.
THE RESEARCH RESULTS
Table 1 it can be seen that anthropometric characteristics of female examinees in control and
experimental group on initial measure are in relatively expected limits. The biggest deviation from
middle value which can be seen by the coefficient
of variation with value of 18.40, for experimental
and 19.64 for control group is for body weight.
Standard deviation with a value of 107.18 for
experimental group and 166.79 for control group
also indicates the biggest deviation for body
weight.
Considering the values of scunis it can be seen
that the results are normally distributed, Scunis has
a negative pre sign for height of experimental group and anthropometric circumference of lower leg
of control group which indicates larger number of
good results.
Values of kurtosis for body weight of control
group are more than three, which indicates that the
results of this variable are extremely heterogeneous with platicurtic curve.
The values of Kolmogorov-Smirnoff test show
that the distribution of values is in the same normal
distribution for all five researched characteristics.
The values of multivariant analysis of a variance indicate that there is no statistically signifi-
cant difference between experimental and control
group of female examinees on initial measure in
relation to five researched anthropometric characteristics, since the level of statistical significance is
p=.686.
Homogeneity of female examinees of control
group on initial measure is bigger and it is 61.90%.
Defined characteristics of its group are present in
26 female examinees, and 16 female examinees
have other characteristics and not of their
group.(Table 3)
Table 2. Significance of differences between experimental
and control groupof female examinees on initial measure
in relation to the stateof anthropometric characteristics.
Analysis
Manova
n
F
ð
5
.619
.686
Table 3. Homogeneity of experimental and control group
of female examinees on initial measure in relation to
the state of anthropometric characteristics
Groups
Experimental
Control
m/n
27/50
26/42
%
54.00
61.90
Anthropometric characteristics of female examinees of experimental and control group on final
measure are in relatively possible and expected
limits. The biggest deviation from middle value,
which is indicated by the coefficient of variation
with a value 19.07 for experimental and 19.48 for
control group is for body weight. Standard deviation with a value 113.15 for experimental group
147
APES 1(2011) 2:145-150
Marković, Ž. et. al. : EFFECTS OF TWO MODES OF...
Table 4. Central and dispersive parameters of anthropometric characteristics
of experimental and control group of female examinees on final measure
Varij.
Ì
SD
Err.
Ì in
Ì ah
ÊV
Int.
Sur.
Skj.
Kur.
TLVS-1
TLVS-2
TLTZ-1
TLTZ-2
ÀÎ Î P-1
ÀÎ Î P-2
ÀÎ Î N-1
ÀÎ Î N-2
1644.5
1634.5
593.30
600.0
234.4
230.0
255.7
262.2
58.4
65.3
113.5
116.6
15.5
37.9
30.8
38.2
8.27
10.05
16.00
18.03
2.20
5.86
4.36
5.90
1500.0
1510.0
435.0
420.0
205.0
220.0
208.0
211.0
1770.0
1800.0
880.0
1090.0
270.0
295.0
330.0
398.0
3.55
3.98
19.07
19.48
6.64
16.50
12.06
14.58
1627.8
1614.2
561.1
563.5
230.0
218.1
246.9
250.3
1661.1
1654.8
625.4
636.4
238.8
241.8
264.4
274.20
-.17
.52
.79
1.87
.21
-3.89
.57
1.16
.01
-.27
.08
5.63
-.52
19.85
-.26
2.31
KS-p
.999
.601
.648
.987
1.000
.456
1.000
1.000
and 116.86 for control group indicates the biggest
deviation of body weight.
By the values of scunis it can be stated that the
results are normally distributed. Scunis has a negative pre sign for body height of experimental
group and anthropometric circumference of
stretched lower arm and for anthropometric circumference of lower leg, which indicates larger
number of good results.
be stated that between experimental and controlgroup of female examinees on final measure in
relation to five researched characteristics there is
no statistically significant difference, since the
level of statistical significance is p=.495.
Homogeneity of female examinees in experimental group on final measure is bigger and it is
68.00%. 34 female examinees have defined characteristics of the group while 16 female examinees
have other characteristics and not theirs. (Table 6.).
Table 5. Significance of differences between experimental
and control group of female examinees on final measure in
relation to the state of anthropometric characteristics
CONCLUSION
Multivariant analysis of a variance indicates
that between experimental and control group of
female examinees on initial and final measure in
relation to five researched anthropometric characteristics there is no statistically significant difference.
The results are logical, because the groups were
formed by random criteria, and they are examinees
of the same age and sex.
The differences are a product of coincidence
and constitutional differences which were provoked by different influences of regional factors.
Similar results were achieved in the research of
secondary school students (Bala, 1977; Katic,
1985; Kljajevic, 2005 and Kralunovic, 2006).
Annual raise of body height and body weight is
similar to the results on Ivanic, 1987 research. A
lack of statistically significant differences in
anthropometric characteristics, is justified by the
results in Radovanovic, 1992 research, in which
the following statements were derived: the students who train have similar anthropometric characteristics which are common for a certain sport,
the students who have only two lessons of physical
education at school have similar characteristics
Analysis
Manova
n
5
F
.885
p
.495
Table 6. Homogeneity of experimental and control
groupof female examinees on final measure in
relationto the state of anthropometric characteristics
Groups
Experimental
Control
m/n
34/50
21/42
%
68.00
50.00
The values of kurtosis for body weight and
anthropometric circumference of stretched lower
arm for control group are larger than three, which
indicates that the results of these variables are
extremely heterogeneous with platicurtic curve.
The values of Kolmogorov- Smirnoff test indicate that the distribution of values is in the frame
of normal distribution for all five researched characteristics.
It can be stated that by analyzing Table 5. it can
148
APES 1(2011) 2:145-150
Marković, Ž. et. al. : EFFECTS OF TWO MODES OF...
with the secondary school population in our country and there are significant differences between
sportsmen and those who exercise only during
physical education lessons at school. The third
statements completely justifies the results of this
research, in which two lessons of regular physical
education teaching are not enough for more serious
transformations of anthropometric characteristics.
It is also supported by the research of Djuraskovic
and associates 2001. The later was proved on the
pre school population (Markovic, 2008a and
Markovic and Sekeljic 2008b).
morphological, motoric, and functional characteristics of students. In Serbian.] (Unpublished
Master’s thesis). Novi Sad: Fakultet fizičke kulture.
Kurelić, N., Momirović, K., Stojanović, M., Šturm,
J., Radojević, Đ. Viskić-Štalec, N. (1975).
Struktura i razvoj morfoloških i motoričkih
dimenzija omladine [Structure and development
of morphological and motoric dimensions of
youth. In Serbian.] Beograd: Institut za naučna
istraživanja Fakulteta za fizičko vaspitanje
Univerziteta u Beogradu.
Marković, Ž. (2008a). Uticaj celodnevnog i
poludnevnog boravka na antropometrijske
karakteristike i motoričke spososbnosti
predškolskog uzrasta [The influence of u full day
stay and half day stay on anthropometric
characteristics and motor abilities of pre school
children. In Serbian.] Uzdanica , (1), 104-117,
Jagodina: Pedagoški fakultet.
Marković, Ž. i Šekeljić, G. (2008b). Uticaj boravka
u predškolskim ustanovamana fizički rayvoj i
fizičke sposobnosti [The influence of stay in pre
schools on physical development and physical
abilities. In Serbian.] Zbornik radova (9), 79-94.
Užice: Učiteljski fakultet..
Momirović, K., Medved, R., Horvat, V. i PavišićMedved, V. (1969). Normativi kompleta
antropometrijskih varijabli školske omladine oba
spola u dobi od 12-18 godina [Norms of a
compilation of anthropometric variables of school
youth for both sexes at the age between 12-18. In
Serbian.] Fizička kultura, 23(9-10), 263-278.
Radovanović, Dj. (1992). Morfološke karakteristike
učenika srednjih škola s obzirom na vrstu i
intenzitet telesne aktivnosti [Morphological
characteristics of secondary school students in
relation to the kind and intensity of body activity.
In Serbian.] Fizička kultura, (3), 195-198.
Stojanović, M. (1977). Biologija razvoja čoveka sa
osnovama sportske medicine [Biologu of human
development with the basis of sport medicine. In
Serbian.] Beograd: Fakultet fizičke culture.
REFERENCES
Bala, G. (1977). Struktura antropometrijskih dimenzija kod osoba ženskog pola [Structure of anthropometric dimensions at females. In Croatian.]
Kineziologija, 7(1-2), 13-22.
Ivanić, S. (1987). Akceleracija rasta i telesne mase
kod beogradskih učenika uzrasta od 11 do 19
godina [Acceleration of growth and body weight
at students from Belgrade from the age of 11 to
19. In Serbian.] Fizička kultura, 41(4), 236-238.
Katić, R. (1985). Relacije između morfoloških
karakteristika i uspjeha u predmetu tjelesni odgoj
u usmjerenom obrazovanju [Relations between
morphological characteristics and successes in
subject physical education in secondary school
education. In Serbian.] Fizička kultura, 39(1), 1416.
Kljajević, V. (2005). Efekti različitih programa nastave fizičkog vaspitanja na transformaciju dimenzija antropološkog statusa učenika završnih razreda srednje škole [Effects of different programmes
of physical education teaching on transformation
of dimensions of anthropological status of secondary school students. In Serbian.] (Unpublished
doctoral dissertation). Novi Sad: Fakultet fizičke
kulture.
Krulanović, R. (2006). Efekti razičitih programa
vežbanja i njihov uticaj na morfološke, motoričke
i funkcionalne karakteristike učenika [Effects of
different exercise programmes and their effect on
Correspondence:
Živorad Marković
University of Kraguevac,
Faculty of Pedagogy
Milana Mijalkovića 14, 35000, Jagodina, Serbia
E - mail: zimarkovic@yahoo.com
149
APES 1(2011) 2:145-150
Marković, Ž. et. al. : EFFECTS OF TWO MODES OF...
EFEKTITE NA DVA NA^INI NA PLANIRAWE NA
NASTAVATA PO FIZI^KO VOSPITUVAWE VRZ
ANTROPOMETRISKITE KARAKTERISTIKI NA
U^ENI^KITE OD SREDNITE U^ILI[TA
UDK: 37.091.3:796-057.874
(Originalen nau~en trud)
@ivorad Markovi}1, Zoran Bogdanovi}2, Aleksandar Igwatovi}1 i
Sandra Milanovi}1
1Univerzitet
2Dr`aven
vo Kraguevac, Pedago{ki fakultet vo Jagodina, Srbija
Univerzite vo Novi Pazar, Oddel za sport i rekreacija,
Novi Pazar, Srbija
Apstrakt
Predmet na istra`uvaweto bea antropometriskite karakteristiki na u~eni~kite na vozrast od srednoto obrazovanie. Cela na
istr`uvaweto be{e da se utvrdat efektite na dva na~ini na planirawe na nastavata po fizi~ko vospituvawe vrz antropometriskite
karakteristiki na u~eni~kite. Vo istra`uvaweto so eksperimentalen
tretman bea vklu~eni 92 u~eni~ki, podeleni vo dva oddelni podprimeroci - vo soglasnost so kriteriumite za planirawe na nastavata po
fizi~koto vospituvawe: eksperimentalna grupa od 50 u~eni~ki so postojnoto planirawe, kako i kontrolna grupa od 42 u~eni~ki, so planirawe na nastava po fizi~ko vospituvawe vo ciklusi. Vo istra`uvaweto
se primeneti pet antropometriski karakteristiki za sledewe na: longitudinalnata i cirkularnata dimenzionalnost na skeletot. Efektite na eksperimentalniot i kontrolniot model za planirawe i sproveduvawe na programskite sodr`ini na nastavata po fizi~ko vospituvawe, ne predizvikaa statisti~ki zna~ajni promeni na antropometriskite karakteristiki na u~eni~kite. Dobienite rezultati se
logi~ni, bidej}i grupite koi bea formirani spored slu~ajni kriteriumi, bea od ista vozrast i ist pol.
Klu~ni zborovi: eksperimentalna grupa, kontrolna grupa, ciklusi,
logitudinalna dimenzionalnost, cirkularna
dimenzionalnost, MANOVA
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Protić, G. B. et. al. : FREQUENCY OF POSTURAL...
FREQUENCY OF POSTURAL DISORDERS IN SAGITAL PLANE
OF YOUNGER-AGED SCHOOL CHILDREN
UDC:796:616.711-007.5-084
(Original scientific paper)
Branka Protić – Gava, Tijana Šćepanović, Nikola Jevtić and Velimir Kadović
University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education,
Novi Sad, Serbia
Abstract
Purpose of this research is determination of frequency of spinal deviations in
sagital plane: kyphosis, lordosis, flat back in younger-school children, as well as eventual gender differences. Research included children from Novi Sad schools, at the age
of 10-13 or 55 in total (20 boys and 35 girls). For assessment of postural status the
method of somatoscopy was used (modified method by Napoleon Wolanski, according
to Radisavljević). Data processing was performed as per descriptive statistics: numerical and percentage occurrence of postural disorders, whereas gender-bound differences were determined by Pearson’s χ2 - test. Results of research indicate that 67.3 %
children have the following forms of bad postures: lordosis, 40 % kypho-lordosis, and
32.8 % kyphosis. Decreased neck lordosis is registered in 30.9 %, while increased one
is found in 37.3 % children. Flat back was found in 5.5 %. Higher frequency of deviated segments of the spine in sagital plane was determined in girls, however these differences are not statistically significant. In case of these deformities, it is the question
of functional stadia, so that they can be eliminated successfully with proper bodily
exercises.
Keywords: kyphosis, lordosis, flat back, χ2 - test, percentages, neck lordosis
INTRODUCTION
The number of school children with postural
disorders is in growth (Koturović & Jeričević,
1996; Protić – Gava, 2008; Radisavljević, 2001)
and it can lead to serious health problem unless
eliminated on time (Milošević & Obradović,
2008). There are various causes for spinal deviations such as obesity, malnutrition and insufficient
physical activity (which decreases when entering
school). Social status of parents (Protić - Gava,
Čokorilo, & Karanov, 2006) plays a significant
role on children’s postural status because parents
can involve their children in physical activities in
their free time.
The most sensitive period of children’s growth
and development is surely the period of entering
school, and that is the reason why it is important to
pay attention to all external factors which can
have ill-effects on spinal adaptation (Koturović &
Jeričević 1996; Radisavljević, 2001). Working on
elimination of these factors can lead to good
results (Krsmanović, 2007).
METHODS
This research includes 55 children, 20 boys and
35 girls, age 10 to 13. All subjects are from territory of Novi Sad and were detected with postural
status disorders and therefore posture correction
exercises were conducted upon them with their
parents’ permission. Posture correction excercises
were conducted by the students of Faculty of Sport
and Physical Education from Novi Sad whose major is in Kinesitherapy.
For assesment of postural status the modified
method of Napoleon Wolansky was used according to Radisavljevic, where grade 0 presents that
all segments of the body are in normal position,
Grade 1 presents slight discrepancy from normal
position (1st degree of discrepancy), Grade 2 presents larger discrepancy from normal position (2nd
151
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Protić, G. B. et. al. : FREQUENCY OF POSTURAL...
Table 1. Numerical and percentage occurrence of increased neck lordosis,
as well as thesignificance of gender-bound differences
Evaluation of postural status- increased
neck lordosis
Count
% within increased neck
0
lordosis
% within gender
Count
% within increased neck
1
lordosis
% within gender
Count
% within increased neck
2
lordosis
% within gender
Count
Total
X2=0.510
Gender
Total
M
19
F
32
51
37,3%
62,7%
100,0%
95,0%
1
91,4%
2
36,4%
3
33,3%
66,7%
100,0%
5,0%
0
5,7%
1
1,8%
1
0%
100%
100,0%
0%
20
2,9%
35
2,9%
55
% within increased neck
lordosis
36,4%
63,6%
100,0%
% within gender
100,0%
100,0%
100,0%
p=0.741
Table 2. Numerical and percentage occurrence of decreased neck lordosis,
as well as the significance of gender-bound differences
Evaluation of postural status- decreased
neck lordosis
Count
% within decreased neck
0
lordosis
% within gender
Count
% within decreased neck
1
lordosis
% within gender
Count
Total
X2=0.1514
Gender
Total
M
16
F
22
38
42,1%
57,9%
100,0%
80,0%
4
62,9%
13
69,1%
17
23,5%
76,5%
100,0%
20,0%
20
37,1%
35
30,9%
55
% within decreased neck l.
36,4%
63,6%
100,0%
% within gender
100,0%
100,0%
100,0%
p= 0.186
degree of discrepancy).
The following body segments were tested:
head posture, shoulder posture development of
thorax, posture of shoulder blade and discrepancy
of vertebral column in frontal and sagital plane,
the shape of legs and feet arc. In this research
authors used variables for evaluation of posture in
sagital plane: decreased neck lordosis, increased
neck lordosis, lordosis, kyphosis, kypho-lordosis
and flat back. Numerical and percentage occurence
of spinal deviations in sagital plane was deter-
mined by descriptive statistics, whereas genderbound differences were determined by Pearson’s
chi-square test on the level of significance p=0,05.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Chart 1 presents numerical and percentage
occurance of increased neck lordosis, as well as
the significance of gender-bound differences.
Increased neck lordosis of 1st degree was present in 3 subjects, which makes 7,3% of total number, whereas 2nd degree of deformity was detect152
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Protić, G. B. et. al. : FREQUENCY OF POSTURAL...
Table 3. Numerical and percentage occurrence of kyphosis, and
the significance of gender-bound differences
Count
% within kyphosis
% within gender
Count
% within kyphosis
% within gender
Count
% within kyphosis
% within gender
Count
Gender
M
F
12
25
32.4%
67.6%
60.0%
71.4%
7
7
50.0%
50.0%
35.0%
20.0%
1
3
25.0%
75.0%
5,0%
8.6%
20
35
37
100%
67.3%
14
100.0%
25.5%
4
100%
7.3%
55
% within kyphosis
36.4%
63.6%
100.0%
% within gender
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
p=0.450
Evaluation of postural status- kyphosis
0
1
2
Total
X2=0.655
Total
Table 4. Numerical and percentage occurrence of lordotic posture,
and the significance of gender-bound differences
Count
% within kypho-lordosis
% within gender
Count
% within kypho-lordosis
% within gender
Count
% within kypho-lordosis
% within gender
Count
Gender
M
F
7
11
38,9%
61,1%
35%
31,4%
12
20
37,5%
62,5%
60%
57,1%
1
4
20,0%
80,0%
5,0%
11,4%
20
35
18
100,0%
32,7%
32
100,0%
58,2%
5
100,0%
9,1%
55
% within kypho-lordosis
36,4%
63,6%
100,0%
% within gender
100,0%
100,0%
100,0%
p=0.724
Evaluation of postural-lordosis
0
1
2
Total
X2=0.557
ed in only one subject (1,8%). Bad neck posture
with slight discrepancy from normal has one boy
(1,8%) and 3,6% of girls. Significant discrepancy
from normal neck posture was present in one girl
which makes 1,8 %. Bad posture in cervical segment of vertebral column was detected more in
girls than boys, but the gender difference results
have no statistic significance. (p=0,714).
Decreased neck lordosis of 1st degree (Chart 2)
was present in 17 subjects , that is 30,9 % of total
Total
number, whereas bad posture of 2nd degree was
not determined.
Decreased neck lordosis occurs in both gender
but just as slight discrepancy (1st degree). It is
detectable that 4 boys have this disorder, which
makes 7,3%, and 13 girls, 23,6%. In this case bad
posture in cervical segment of vertebral column
was detected more in girls than boys but the gender difference results have no statistic significance.
(p=0,186).
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Protić, G. B. et. al. : FREQUENCY OF POSTURAL...
Table 5. Numerical and percentage occurrence of kypho -lordotic posture,
and the significance of gender-bound differences
Evaluation of postural - kypho -lordosis
0
1
2
Total
X2=0.375
Gender
Total
Count
% within kypho -lordosis
% within gender
Count
% within kypho -lordosis
% within gender
Count
% within kypho -lordosis
% within gender
Count
M
10
30,3%
50,0%
9
47,4%
45,0%
1
33,3%
5,0%
20
23
69,7%
65,7%
10
52,6%
28,6%
2
66,7%
5,7%
35
33
100,0%
60,0%
19
100,0%
34,5%
3
100,0%
5,5%
55
% within kypho -lordosis
36,4%
63,6%
100,0%
% within gender
100,%
100,0%
100,0%
p=0.465
Table 6. Numerical and percentage occurrence of flat back, and the
significance of gender-bound differences
Count
% within flat back
% within gender
Count
% within flat back
% within gender
Count
Gender
M
F
20
32
38,5%
61,5%
100,0%
91,4%
0
3
0%
100,0%
0%
8,6%
20
35
52
100,0%
94,5%
3
100,0%
5,5%
55
% within flat back
36,4%
63,6%
100,0%
% within gender
100,0%
100,0%
100,0%
p=0.178
Evaluation of postural status-flat back
0
1
Total
X2=0.249
Kyphotic bad posture is shown in Chart 3.
Slight discrepancy from normal posture (1st
degree), was found in 14 subjects which makes
25,5%. Significant discrepancy from good posture
of thorocal spinal segment was found in 4
subjects, that is 7,3% of children.
Analysis of the results implies that 67,3% of
subjects have good posture of thorocal segment
ofvertebral column. However, the fact that 32.7%
of subjects have slight or greater discrepancy from
normal status indicates a severe health problem
that these children can have later in life. That was
the reason why these children were subjected to
programed posture correction excercise. Statist-
Total
ically important differences in kyphotic bad posture between girls and boys were not detected ,
although girls were found in 5,5% cases with
greater discrepancy. Results of shoulder blade status, which are one of the indicators of good or bad
status of torocal segment of spine , are 63,8%
found in 7 year old boys and 58,8% found in 7 year
old girls. These data indicate the difference in posture between this group and subjects from our
research. However, sometimes the postural disorders can be mitigated due to maturation and age
(Srzić, Kosinac, & Bučević-Nikšić, 2007) but to
correct this disorder it is necessary to receive sistematic correction treatment.
154
APES 1(2011) 2:151-156
Protić, G. B. et. al. : FREQUENCY OF POSTURAL...
this team.
It is concluded that flat back disorder is the
least frequent (5,5%) and present only with girls.
The most frequent disorder is lordotic bad posture
(58,2%) found in girls. These results coincide with
other researches (Milošević and Obradović, 2008;
Srzić, et al., 2007) which indicate more frequent
lordotic bad posture with girls and overweight
children. Physical activity, posture correction excercises and proper nutrition education would prevent spinal deviations in sagital plane and influence healthy life style. Also, it is important to
establish good relationship with parents and teachers and involve them in work with children.
Numerical and percentage occurance of lordotic posture, and the significance of gender-bound
differences are shown in Chart 4. Lordotic posture
with slight discrepancy from normal has 58,2% of
subjects. This percentage is extremely smaller in
lordotic bad posture with signifficant discrepancy
from good status
(Ugarković, 1999; Koturović & Jeričević,
1996). Good status of lumbal segment was present in 32,7% of subjects, 35% boys and 31,4%
girls. The larger percentage is in the group of girls
with 2nd degree of lordotic bad posture (11,4)
than boys (5,0). Although the frequency in lordotic bad posture occurance is greater with girls
(68.5%) than boys (65%), the difference between
these is not statistically important (p=0,724).
It is neseccary to treat occurance of lordosis
side with the earlier physical exercise, and also
with the right diet. Determination shows that obesity in preschool period has one of the most important impact on occurance of Los Lumber curve
(Srzić et al., 2007). It is interesting, however in
adolescent age that improper posture predominate
in obese children.
Results of kypho-lordotic posture are shown in
Chart 5. From the total number of subjects, 19 of
them (34,5) have slight discrepancy from good
posture of thoroco lumbal segment of the spine
and 3 of them,that is 5,5% have greater discrepancy of the same. Kypho-lordosis was more spread
among boys 50% and 34,3% of girls were found
with the same deformity. These differences are not
statistically significant (0,465) but they are evident.
Flat back, which are characterized by the lack
of physiological spinal curves in sagital plane, are
not so common. Results of the research prove this
fact. Only 3 girls, that is 8,6% were found with flat
back (Chart 6). Nevertheless, children with this
disorder need to be involved in posture correction
treatment in order to stop the progress. Genderbound difference with this disorder was found but
has no statistic importance.(p=0,178).
REFFERENCES
Koturović, Lj., & Jeričević D. (1996). Korektivna
gimnastika [Corrective Gimnastics. In Serbian.]
Beograd: IGP , MIS SPORT.
Krsmanović, T. (2007). Posturalni poremećaji i kako
ih sprečiti [Postural disorders and how to prevent
them. In Serbian.] Glasnik Antropološkog društva Srbije, 42, 345-351.
Milošević, Z., & Obradović, B. (2008). Posturalni
status dece novosadskih predškolskih ustanova
uzrasta 7 godina [Postural status of preschool
children in Novi Sad, aged 7 years.In Serbian.]
Glasnik Antropološkog društva Srbije, 43, 301309.
Protić-Gava, B., Čokorilo, R., & Karanov, B. (2006).
Socijalni status roditelja i posturalni status
predškolske dece Vojvodine [ The social status of
parents and postural status of preschool children
of Vojvodina. In Serbian.] In G. Bala (ur.)
Antropološki status i fizička aktivnost dece i
omladine (pp. 213-219). Novi Sad: Fakultet
sporta i fizičkog vaspitanja.
Protić – Gava, B., Bošković, K., Krsmanović, T., &
Romanov, R. (2009). The relationship between
pelvis posture and lower extremities in young
schoolchildren. In M. Mikalački (ed.),
Procceedings of 1st International Scientific
Conference Exercise and Quality of Life (pp. 447452). Novi Sad: Faculty of Sport and Physical
Education.
Protić – Gava, B. (2008). Frequenccy of impaired
bodily posture in the BMI categories and its share
according to gender. Proceedings of the
International Symposium Research and Education
in Innovation Era (pp. 559-564). Arad: “Aurel
Vlaicu” University.
Radisavljević, M. (2001). Korektivna gimnastika sa
osnovama kineziterapije [Corrective gimnastics
CONCLUSION
The research was conducted in order to determine the frequency of spinal deviations in sagital
plane among boys and girls age 10 to 13, as well as
the possible gender-bound differences. The subjects were 55 children (20 boys and 35 girls) who
are involved in corrective treatment conducted by
students of Faculty of Sport and Physical Education in Novi Sad. Authors of the paper are part of
155
APES 1(2011) 2:151-156
Protić, G. B. et. al. : FREQUENCY OF POSTURAL...
sportu (str. 329-332). Sarajevo: Fakultet sporta i
tjelesnog odgoja.
Ugarković, J.A.(1999). Zavisnost posturalnih promena u odnosu na morfološki status učenika mladjeg školskog uzrasta [Dependence of postural
changes in relation to the morphological status of
junior school age. In Serbian.] (Unpublished
Master’s thesis) .Novi Sad: Fakultet fizičke kulture.
basics of kinesiotherapy. In Serbian.] Beograd:
Fakultet za sport i fizičko vaspitanje.
Srzić, M., Kosinac, Z., & Bučević-Nikšić, N. (2007).
Utjecaj nekih relevantnih somatskih pokazatelja
na slabinsku lordozu u djece juvenilne dobi
[Influence of some relevant somatic indicators of
lumbar lordosis in juvenile age children. In Croatian.] In N. Smajlović (ur.) Zbornik radova. II.
Međunarodni simpozijum nove tehnologije u
Correspondence:
Branka Protić-Gava
University of Novi Sad
Faculty of Sport and Physical Education,
Lovćenska 16, 21000 Novi Sad, Srbija
E-mail: brankapg@gmail.com
ZASTAPENOSTA NA POSTURALNITE NARU[UVAWA VO
SAGITALNA RAMNINA KAJ DECATA OD MLADATA
U^ILI[NA VOZRAST
UDK:796:616.711-007.5-084
(Originalen nau~en trud)
Branka Proti}-Gava, Tijana [}epanpovi}, Nikola Jevti} i
Velimir Kadovi}
Univerzitet vo Novi Sad, Fakultet za sport i fizi~ko vospituvawe,
Novi Sad, Srbija
Apstrakt
Celta na istra`uvaweto be{e da se utvrdi zastapenosta na devijaciite na rbetniot stolb: kifoza, lordoza i ramen grb, kaj decata od
mladata u~ili{na vozrast, kako i eventualnite razliki spored polot.
Vo istra`uvaweto bea opfateni 50 deca (20 ma{ki i 35 `enski) od
u~ili{tata vo Novi Sad, na vozrast od 10 do13 godini. Za procenuvawe
na posturalniot status koristena e somatoskopskata metoda (modificirana od Napoleon Volanski, spored Radisavqevi}). Obrabotkata na
podatocite e izvr{ena so deskriptivnite statistici: broj~ana i procentualna zastapenost na posturalnite naru{uvawa, a za utvrduvawe
na razlikite spored polot koristen e χ2 - test. Rezultatite na istra`uvaweto poka`aa deka 67,3% od decata imaat lordoti~no, 40,0% kifolordoti~no i 32,8% kifoti~no lo{o dr`ewe. Pomala loroza na vratot
imaa 30,9%, a pogolema 37,3% deca. Ramen grb imaa 5,5% deca. Pogolema
zastapenost na ovie otstapuvawa utvrdena e kaj devoj~iwata. Ovie
otstapuvawa se definirani so funkcionalen stadium, taka {to
uspe{no mo`at da se otstranat so soodvetno telesno ve`bawe.
Klu~ni zborovi: lordoza, kifoza, ramen grb, loroza na vratot,
χ2 – test, procenti
156
APES 1(2011) 2:157-162
Kalač, R. et. al.: MEASUREMENT FEATURES OF SOME...
MEASUREMENT FEATURES OF SOME SPECIFICALLY
MOTOR TESTS ON BOXERS
UDC:796.83.012.1
(Original scientific paper)
Ruždija Kalač1, Serjoža Gontarev1 and Slobodan Stojčevski2
1Ss.
Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, Faculty of Phisical Culture, Skopje,
Center of Physical Education and Sport, Skopje, Macedonia
2Gimnasium “Goce Delchev”, Kumanovo, Macedonia
Abstract
On the 53 male boxers, aged 18-28 years, are given 8 multi-itemed specific
motoric tests, with the objective of defining their measurement features. The results of
the tests are analysed with many methodological statistic procedures. For defining the
factor validity is used the Heling’s method for the main components, which in the further procedure are transformed into the Oblimin’s position. The reliability was defined
based on a number of coefficients calculated on the basis of the classical theory. The
results showed that most of the specifically motor tests have sufficient reliability and
validity. The tests do not have a unique measurement purpose, actually two different
factors were isolated.
Keywords: reliability, validity, tests, factoratization
national and international matches. To realize the
research were given 8 specifically motor tests such
as: ‘skip rope – 10 seconds’ (SKI10S), ‘measuring
the speed of making 100 direct hits on a heavy
bag’ (BR100D), ‘measuring the speed of making
10 combo punches on a heavy bag’ (BR100K), ‘
jump and hit 10 seconds and hitting a left/right
direct’ (SUNPOD), ‘ jump and hit 10 seconds and
hitting a left/right croshet’ (SUNPOK), ‘jump and
hit 10 seconds and hitting an uppercut’ (SUNPOA), ‘defence from a 1-d direct and throwing six
combo punches on the coach’s hands’ (OBROTK),
series of 100 punches in the hands of the coach’s
hands ‘(SEP). All the tests were composed by 3
repetitions (items).
For all the tests there were specific statistic
methods and the results were analysed by the classical measuring method. First there are some statistic methods that are used for analyzing the
results from every test and then it is made a summation of all the results by calculating the projection of the first main component (Hotelling
method).
The particles of every test are analyzed with
INTRODUCTION
The evaluation of the degree of measurement
features on the tests for defining latent motoric
dimensions of the entities is one of the most significant methodological needs in the kinesiology
researches.
But the degree of the measurement features on
the motoric tests is not a universal and constant
appearance. It usually have differences because of
the sex and the age of the entities, the type of
sports activity they are involved with, the level of
the results they reached, the condition of their
motoric capabilities, the ethnical, urban and socialeconomic conditions they live and work at.
In our country until now there were no sufficient researches according this question, but there
was a research made on sportists – boxers in order
to define and analyze the measurement features on
few specifically motor tests which will have huge
practical significance.
METHODS
The research is realized on 53 male boxers,
aged 18-28 years. All of them were competing in
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Kalač, R. et. al.: MEASUREMENT FEATURES OF SOME...
basic descriptive statistic parameters, Kolmogorov
– Smirnov method for testing the distribution of
the results (KS), Perrson’s correlation coefficient
(R), determination coefficient (SMC), Hotelling
method of the main components (H), characteristical roots and their percentage of valid variance
(PCT). The number of main components is
determined with the Kaiser – Guttman criterion,
according to which important components are only
the ones which characteristical roots have values
equal or bigger than 1.00. Spirman–Braun
coefficient based on the average coefficients of
determination of the components which is defined
as the low limit reliability (SB1). Spireman– Braun
coefficient of reliability based on the average corelation of the components (SB2). (Cronbach coefficient based on the projection of the particules of
the first main component.
For the group of 8 tests which were intended for
estimation of latent motoric dimensions, are done
the following statistic methods: Pirson‘s coefficient for corelation between the particules (R),
coefficient of determination (SMC), Hotelling
method of the main components (H).The important
main components in the further procedure are
transformed into the Oblimin position according to
Jennrich and Sampson, 1966.
Table 1. Basic statistical parameters, factorization and
reliability coefficient of the particles of the test
skipping rope for 10 sec’ (SKI10S)
n
X
SD
1
(.92)
.96
.94
R i SMC
2
SKI10S1
32.32 4.81
SKI10S2
32.11 4.83
(.97)
SKI10S3
32.17 4.75
.98
λ=2.91 PCT(%)=97.26
SB1=.982 SB2=.986 Cronbach α=.986
3
(.96)
H1
.98
.99
.99
Table 2. Basic statistical parameters, factorization and
reliability coefficient of the particles of the test
measuring the speed of making 100 direct hits on
a heavy bag' (BR100D)
n
X
SD
BR100D1
BR100D2
BR100D3
36.57
36.62
36.49
4.45
4.51
4.49
1
(.90)
.94
.94
R i SMC
2
3
(.95)
.97
(.95)
H1
.98
.99
.99
λ = 2.90 PCT(%)=96.70
SB1=.976 SB2= .983 Cronbach α=.983
Table 3. Basic statistical parameters, factorization and
reliability coefficient of the particles of the test
measuring the speed of making 10 combo punches on
a heavy bag ' (BR100K)
n
X
SD
BR100K1
BR100K2
BR100K3
40.89
40.70
40.79
5.67
5.80
5.74
1
(.94)
.97
.96
R i SMC
2
(.97)
.98
3
(.96)
RESULTS
The data from the Kolmogorov-Smirnov procedure (HP) show that five of eight tests are
applied in all particles significant at 1%, does not
deviate from the normal distribution. The test ’
jump for 10 seconds and crochet’ (SUNPOK), has
no normal distribution in all three particles, where
a stests of ‘jump for 10 seconds and performing1d uppercut’ (SUNPOA) and ‘defense with a deviation of 1-d direct punch and placement of six
counter strike at the hands of the coach’
(OBROTK), has no normal distribution only in
one his frequent item.
Based on the results of the normal distribution
can be concluded that it satisfied the necessary
metodologic statistic criteria for the application of
fair and reasonable statistical procedures for the
further processing of the received data. In most of
the test values of the arithmetic mean of the particles, from first to last, are not significantly different. At the test ‘jump and attack for 10 seconds and
1-d crochet’ (SUNPOK), last particle is the arithmetic mean of the higher value compared to the
H1
.99
.99
.99
λ = 2.93 PCT(%)=97.81
SB1=.984 SB2= .989 Cronbach α=.989
Table 4. Basic statistical parameters, factorization and
reliability coefficient of the particles of the test jump
and hit 10 seconds and making left/right
direct ' (SUNPOD)
n
X
SD
SUNPOD1
SUNPOD2
SUNPOD3
40.89
40.70
40.79
5.67
5.80
5.74
R i SMC
1
2
(.94)
.97
.96
(.97)
.98
3
(.96)
H1
.92
.94
.86
λ = 2.46 PCT(%)=81.94
SB1=.852 SB2= .889 Cronbach α=.888
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Table 5. Basic statistical parameters, factorization and
reliability coefficient of the particles of the test jump
and hit 10 seconds and making left/right
chrose ' (SUNPOK)
n
X
SD
1
(.63)
.76
.74
R i SMC
2
SUNPOK1
16.87 0.81
SUNPOK2
16.94 0.86
(.69)
SUNPOK3
17.04 0.94
.78
λ =2.52 PCT(%)=84.01
SB1=.853 SB2= .905 Cronbach α=.903
3
(.66)
H1
.91
.93
.92
Table 6. Basic statistical parameters, factorization and
reliability coefficientof the particles of the test jump and
hit 10 seconds and making left/right uppercut' (SUNPOA)
n
SUNPOA1
SUNPOA2
SUNPOA3
X
SD
17.13
17.08
17.19
0.83
0.96
1.06
R i SMC
1
2
(.54)
.69
.69
(.61)
.75
3
(.62)
H1
.88
.90
.91
λ =2.42 PCT(%)=80.54
SB1=.813 SB2= .979 Cronbach α=.875
Table 7. Basic statistical parameters, factorization and
reliability coefficient of the particles of the test defence
from a 1-d direct and throwing six punches
on the coach’s hands ' (OBROTK)
n
X
SD
1
(.81)
.89
.83
R i SMC
2
3
OBROTK1
2.07 0.32
OBROTK2
2.06 0.33
(.86)
OBROTK3
2.01 0.29
.89
λ = 2.74 PCT(%)=91.36
SB1=.932 SB2= .953 Cronbach α=.952
(.79)
H1
.95
.97
.95
Table 8. Basic statistical parameters, factorization and
reliability coefficient of the particles of the test series
of 100 combined punches in the hands of the coach’s
hands ' (SER100)
n
X
SD
1
(.94)
.97
.95
R i SMC
2
SER1001
43.30 6.74
SER1002
42.74 6.41
(.97)
SER1003
42.58 6.53
.97
λ =2.93 PCT(%)=97.54
SB1=.983 SB2= .987 Cronbach α=.987
3
(.95)
H1
.98
.99
.99
159
first and second particle, while in the test ‘series of
100 combined hits in the hands of the coach’
(SER100 ) first particle is the arithmetic mean of
the higher value compared to the second and third.
Among the test it is recommendable to carry out an
experimental test, without having to measure the
result.
The tests are satisfactory. It is seen from the
measures of variability (SD, MIN, and MAX). The
intercorelation of the particles in all tests is statistically significant and ranged from .69 to 98.
Between the particles of some tests it is high and
with a consistent structure.
Ratios among the determination of the particles
applied to all tests, mainly in accordance with the
ratios of their inter - correlations. They are within
the limits from .54 to .97, and within each test can
not be characterized by significant mutual deviations.
Analogous to the values of the coefficients and
inter correlation determination of particles in each
applied test, is isolated by one statistically significant characteristic root, whose percentage of validity variance ranges from 80.54% for the test ‘
jump and punch for 10 seconds and performing 1d uppercut’ (SUNPOA) to 97.81% for the test
‘speed on performing a combined 10 hits on a
heavy bag’ (BR100K). The results show that there
is a unique case of measuring the particles in all
tests and that it has been used most of the total
valid variance.
Homogeneity of the tests that can determine the
projection of their particles on the single object of
measurement, on the single major component, is
good among most of the tests ranged at over .95.
In accordance with that, and the coefficients of
reliability (SB1, SB2 and Crombach- α). All three
calculated ratios among the largest number of tests
are satisfactory (over .870).
On the tests ‘jumping on a skip-rope 10 seconds.’ (SKI10S), ‘speed on the performance of the
100 direct hits on the heavy bag’ (BR100D),
‘speed of performing a combined 10 hits on the
heavy bag’ (BR100K) ‘series of 100 combined hits
in the hands of the coach’ (SER100 ), ‘defense
from the 1-d direct placement of six counter strike
at the hands of the coach’ (OBROTK), high reliability is expressed or ratios ranged against at.900.
Just a bit lower reliability are showing the tests,
‘jump and hit10 seconds and performing direct1-d’
(SUNPOD), ‘ jump and attack for 10 seconds and
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Tabel 9. Correlation of specific motor tests with
coefficient of determination in parentheses
R i SMC
Tests
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
SKI10S
(.33)
BR100D
-.49
BR100K
-.24
.50
SUNPOD
.15
-.07
.08
(.38)
SUNPOK
.32
-.42
-.02
.53
SUNPOA
.38
-.33
-.09
.38
.78
(.67)
OBROTK
-.27
.63
.44
-.23
-.42
-.45
(.56)
SER100
-.16
.42
.67
-.12
-.05
-.06
.49
8
(.63)
(.55)
(.73)
(.54)
Tabel 10. Factor analysis of specific motor tests
Testovi
OBL1
OBL2
F1
SKI10S
BR100D
BR100K
SUNPOD
SUNPOK
SUNPOA
OBROTK
SER100
λ1 =3.57
-.35
.39
-.44
.47
.72
-.28
.78
-.43
.90
.22
.85
.03
.14
.70
-.02
.67
-.01
.92
-.21
.92
-.06
.85
-.24
.87
.65
-.36
.73
-.50
.84
.16
.81
-.03
λ2 = 1.83 PCT1(%)= 41.95
PCT2(%)=22.90
ment of six counter strike at the hands of the coach
‘(OBROTK)’ series of 100 combined hits in the
hands of the coach ‘(SER100). The highest projection, and thus the validity of this factor had test
‘speed of performing a combined 10 hits on the
heavy bag’ (.90). On the second Oblimin factor
high projections have tests ‘jumping on a skip rope 10 seconds.’ (SKI10S), jump and attack for
10 seconds and performing direct 1-d ‘(SUNPOD), jump and attack for 10 seconds and performing co 1-sd crochet (SUNPOK), ‘jump and
attack for 10 seconds and performing 1-d uppercut’ (SUNPOA). The highest projection of the second oblimin factor, and thus the validity of a test
jump and attack for 10 seconds and performing 1d crochet (.92).
CONCLUSION
Based on the results obtained, the application of
statistic methods have given the following conclusions:
- Expressed a high degree of reliability of the
tests is determined among ‘ jumping on a skip-rope
10 seconds.’ (SKI10S), ‘speed on the performance
of the100 direct hits on the heavy bag’ (BR100D),
‘speed of performing a combined10 hits on the a
heavybag’ (BR100K), ‘defense with a deviation of
1-d and direct placement of six counterstrike at the
hands of the coach’ (OBROTK) ‘ series of 100
combined hits in the hands of the coach’
(SER100).
- With careful application of eligibility without
modification can be applied tests: ‘ jump and
attack for 10 seconds and performing direct1-d’
(SUNPOD),’ or jump and attack 10 seconds and
performing 1-dcrochet’ (SUNPOK).
- Unsatisfactory level-the need to give a modification(with an increased number of particles, the
test attempts) is a test or ‘jump and hit 10 seconds
and performing 1-d uppercut’ (SUNPOA)
- Tests do not have the object of measurement,
two factors are isolated.High
estvalidity for
assessing the first factor has the test ‘ speed of performing a combined 10 hits on the heavy bag ‘
(BR100K). Highest validity for assessing to the
second factor has the test ‘jump and hit 10 seconds
and performing1-d crochet’ (SUNPOK).
F2
performing 1-d crochet’ (SUNPOK), ‘ jump and
attack 10 seconds and performing 1-duppercut’
(SUNPOA).
Based on this can be concluded that most of the
applied tests of reliability are satisfactory, and this
get highratios (over .95) at the lower limit of reliability (SB1) among a larger number of tests.
By factoring in the eight tests (Table 10) for
estimating on the specific motor skills among boxers isolated two statistic significant principal components, which points out that the tests do not have
uniquesubject of measurement. The first Oblimin
factor is saturated with high projections of the
tests’ speed on the performance of the 100 direct
hits on the heavy bag’ (BR100D), ‘ speed of performing a combined 10 hits on the heavy bag ‘
(BR100K), ‘ defense to the 1-d direct and place-
160
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dve grupi sportisti. [Validity and reliability
and of some tests to assess motor coordination
ability in two groups of sportist. In. Macedonia]
Nau~na konferenciÿ “Fizi~eskoto vüzpitanie i sporta vobrazovatelnta sisitema”. Blagoevgrad: Ministerstvo na
obrazovanieto i naukata; Þ gozapad
Univerzitet “Neofit Rilski”.
Naumovski, A. i sor. (2005). Relijabilnost i
validnost na nekoi testovi kaj ispitanicite so natprose~ni motorni
sposobnosti. [Reliability and validity of some
tests in subjects with above average motor skills.
In Macedonia] Skopje:Federacija na sportski pedagozi na Republika Makedonija.
Savić, M. (1986.). Utvrðivanje strukture psihosomatskog statusa boksera .[Determining the
structure of the psychosomatic status of boxers. In
Serbian.] Fizička kultura, 4, 266.
Savić, M. (1988). Baterija mernih instrumenata za
procenu i praæenje psihosomatskog statusa
boksera prilikom izbora i usmeravanje deèaka za
boks. [The battery of measurement instruments
for assessing and monitoring the psychosomatic
status of boxers during the selection boys for
boxing. In Serbian.]Kragujevac: Savet trenera.
Savić, M., Zahorjević, A. (1994.).Metrijske karaktsristike testova za procenu specifičnih motoričkih
sposobnosti boksera. [Metric characteristics of
tests to assess specific motor abilities boxers. In
Serbian.]. III Simiozijum “FIS-Komunikacije”,
Niš.
Zahorjević, A. (1976). Validacija instrumenata za
ispitivanje psihosomatskog stava i stepena treniranosti boksera. [Validation of instruments for
testing matic system and degree of practice
boxers. In Serbian]. Novi Sad: Zavod za fizičku
kulturu Vojvodine.
LITERATURE
Kurelić, N., Momirović, K., Stojanović, M., Šturm.
J., Radojević., Đ. i Viskić-Štalec. N. (1975)
Struktura i razvoj morfoloških i motorièkih
dimenzija omladine. [The structure and
development of the morphological and motor
dimensions of the young. In Serbian.] Institut za
naučna istraživanja Fakulteta za fizičko vaspitanje
Univerziteta u Beogradu..
Marcelja, D., Hosek, A., Viskic-Stalec, N., Horga,
S., Gredelj, M. i Metikoš, D. (1973). Metriske
karakteristike testova za procenu faktora
koordinacije tjela. [Metric characteristics of tests
to assess the factors coordinating body. In
Croatia.] Kineziologija, 2, 5-11.
Metikoš, D., Prot, F., Hofman, E., Pintar, Ž. i
Oreb,G. (1989). Merenje motorièkih dimenzija
sportaša. [Measuring the motoric dimensions of
sportis. In Croatia] Komisija za uđbenike i skripta
Fakulteta za fizičku kulturu Sveučilušta u
Zagrebu. Zagreb,
Metikoš, D. Gredelj, M. i Momirović, K. (1979).
Struktura motorichih sposobnosti. [Structure
motorichih abilities In Croatia] Kineziologija, (12), 25-50.
Metikoš D., Prot, F., Horvat, V., Kules, B. i Hofman,
E. (1982). Bazicne motoricke sposobnosti ispitanika natprosecnog motorickog statusa. [Basic
motor abilities of subjects above average motor
status. In Croatia] Kineziologija, 5, 21-51.
Momirović, K, Pvicić, L. i Hosek, A. (1982). Neki
postupci za procenu pouzdanost na temelju
unikne varijanse cestica kompozitnih mernih
instrumenta .[Some procedures for estimating
reliability on unique variance composite particle
measuring instruments. In Croatioan]
Kineziologija, 1, 23-26.
Naumovski, A. (2002). Validnost i relijabilnost na nekoi testovi za procenuvawe na
biomotornata sposobnost koordinacija kaj
Correspondence:
Serjoža Gontarev
Ss. Cyril and Methodius University
Faculty of Phisical Culture,
Center of Physical Education and Sport
Železnička bb, 1000, Skopje, Macedonia
E-mail:cfosmk@gmail.com
161
APES 1(2011) 2:157-162
Kalač, R. et. al.: MEASUREMENT FEATURES OF SOME...
MERNI KARAKTERISTIKI NA NEKOI SPECIFI^NOMOTORНИ TESTOVI KAJ BOKSERITE
UDK:796.83.012.1
(Originalen nau~en trud)
Ru`dija Kala~1, Serjo`a Gontarev1 i Slobodan Stoj~evski2
1Univerzitet
“Sv. Kiril i Metodj” vo Skopje,
Fakultet za fizi~ka kultura, Skopje,
2Centar za fizi~ko obrazovanie i sport, Skopje, Makedonija
Gimnazija “Goce Del~ev”, Kumanovo, Makedonija
Apstrakt
Na primerok od 53 bokseri, od ma{ki pol na vozrast od 18 do 28 godini se primeneti 8 pove}eajtemski specifi~no motorni testovi, so cel
da se utvrdat nivnite merni karakteristiki. Podatocite od testovite se obraboteni so pove}e metodolo{ko-statisti~ki proceduri. Za
utvrduvawe na faktorskata validnost e primenata Hoteligovata
metoda na glavni komponenti, koi vo natamo{nata postapka se transformirani vo Oblimin pozicija. Relijabilnosta be{e odredena vrz osnova na pove}e koeficienti presmetani vrz osnova na klasi~nata teorija.
Dobienite rezultatati poka`aa deka pove}eto specifi~no motorni
testovi, imaat zadovolitelna relijabilnost i validnost. Testovite
nemaat edinstven predmet na merewe, odnosno izolirani se dva faktora.
Klu~ni zborovi: validnost, relijabilnost, testovi,
faktorizacija
162
APES 1(2011) 2:163-168
Živković, M. et. al.: ADAPTIVE CHANGES OF MOTOR AND...
ADAPTIVE CHANGES OF MOTOR AND FUNCTIONAL ABILITIES
OF SCHOOLCHILDREN UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF
PHYSICAL EDUCATION
UDC: 012.1- 057.874
(Original scientific paper)
Mladen Živković1, Jelena Radičević2 and Milica Petković3
1University
2University
of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education in Niš, Serbia
of Niš, Mr student, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education in Niš, Serbia
3Elementary School “Ivo Andrić”, Niš, Serbia
Abstract
The main aim of this research was to determine adaptive changes of motor and
functional abilities of schoolchildren under the influence of regular physical education
curricula. A sample was comprised of 50 subjects schoolboys attending elementary
school “Petar Petrović Njegoš”in Belgrade, aged 12 (±6 months), having regular PE
curricula. Sample of measuring instruments for the estimation of motor abilities
encompassed dimensions: segmentary speed (hand tapping - MTAP, leg tapping MTAN, leg tapping on the wall -MTAZ; explosive power (standing long jump - MSDM,
standing high jump- MSVIS, sitting medicine ball throwing - MBMS); flexibility
(bench deep forward bent -MDPK, split -MŠ, bat dislocate -MISP). Functional abilities were measured by the following tests: pulse frequency after the load (FPPO),
Margaria test (FMARG) and vital capacity of the lungs (FVKPL). Functional tests
were selected according to the research of Heimar & Medved, 1997. Software
„Statistica“ 8.0 for Windows was used for the calculation of the following parameters:
basic statistical parameters, discriminative measurements (skewniss and curtosis),
and canonic discriminative analysis. Results of the canonic discriminative function
showed that under the influence of regular PE curricula teaching in the experimental
period there were statistically significant changes in motor and functional abilities.
Keywords: elementary schools, testing, exsperiment, discriminative analysis
INTRODUCTION
PE curriculum is a very complex and delicate
social activity aiming at using the means of bodily
exercises and specific forms of organization and
methods to provide for positive transformations of
the anthropological dimensions of schoolchildren.
In order to realize such high goals the most responsible person is a PE teacher whose role is to enable
the implementation of the most rationale and purposeful administration of the PE curricula contents
(Bala, 1981; Arunović, Berković, Bokan, Krsmanović, Madić & Matić, 1992; Bompa, 2006).
Basic function of PE is manifested in meeting
the natural biological and psychological demands
and needs of children and youth for movements,
playing and creative potential. Hence basic goal
of PE in its wides sense can be defined as construction and improvement of the complex personality by means of the specific forms of organization and methods that PE curricula contents
provide (Goodway, Crowe, Ward & 2000; Duraković, 2007). Thus envisaged goal of PE curricula requires continuous creation of conditions and
possibilities for the schoolchildren to manifest
and validate themselves within the PE curricula
contents as a free, creative and authentic personality.
PE curricula contents enables area for the full
engagement of the schoolchildren so that they can
acquire necessary knowledge and master sportstechnical knowledge so they become stimulated to
perfect their capabilities and construct their per163
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Živković, M. et. al.: ADAPTIVE CHANGES OF MOTOR AND...
sonalities completely on their own.
Satisfying the optimal needs of the individual
is the only correct and possible approach and
should be opened for each and every individual. In
order to achieve this it is obligatory for the PE curricula contents to provide for the process of the
controlled transformation of certain anthropological dimensions of the schoolchildren according to
the previously individually determined goals.
Goals and tasks within the frame of the PE curricula contents realization represent provision of the
optimal incentives of the growth, health improvement, increase in functional and motor abilities,
improvement of technical-tactical knowledge and
other dimensions of the anthropological area
(Brown, Vance, Fergo & Santana, 2004; Višnjić
2006; Milanović, 2007).
Knowledge of the structure and development of
motor and functional abilities of children and
youth is vital in PE curricula implementation.
Development of motor and functional abilities can
be favourably influenced in the age of 6 to 14
under the right impact of the PE curricula implementation, and this is viable only on the condition
that planning, programming and implementation
of the PE teaching process is in congruence with
the individual abilities and characteristics of the
subjects.
This means that the PE teaching process must
be individualized, which is accomplished by
among other things, the programmed instruction
based on the data of the initial, control and final
state of the subjects. Complying with this fact the
research problem is to investigate the existence of
statistically significant adaptive changes in motor
and functional abilities caused by the regular PE
curricula contents administration in subjects, elementary schoolchildren. Subject of this research
was study of the motor and functional abilities of
the subjects schoolchildren regularly attending and
complying to the PE curricula in the elementary
school “Petar Petrović Njegoš” in Belgrade. Basic
aim of the research was to determine adaptive
changes of motor and functional abilities of schoolchildren under the influence of regular physical
education curricula.
The purpose of this research was to use longitudinal investigations within the frame of PE curricula implementation so as to define adaptive changes of motor and functional abilities of schoolchildren in elementary school.
sample of 50 subjects attending elementary school
“Petar Petrović Njegoš” in Belgrade, of male sex,
aged 12 (±6 months ) attending regular PE curricula.
Sample of measuring instruments for the
estimation of motor abilities encompassed dimensions: segmentary speed (hand tapping - MTAP,
leg tapping - MTAN, leg tapping on the wall MTAZ; explosive power (standing long jump MSDM, standing high jump- MSVIS, sitting
medicine ball throwing - MBMS); flexibility
(bench deep forward bent - MDPK, split - MŠ, bat
dislocate - MISP).
Measuring instruments for the estimation of
motor abilities were chosen based on the research
of Kurelić, Momirović, Stojanović, Šturm, Radojević & Viskić-Štalec, 1975. Functional abilities
were measured by the following tests: pulse frequency after the load (FPPO), Margaria test
(FMARG) and vital capacity of the lungs
(FVKPL). Functional tests were selected according to the research of Heimar & Medved, 1997.
Basic statistical parameters were calculated and
canonic discriminative analysis were also used.
Structure of a motor exercise in the
experimental period
64 PE classes were administered in the course
of 4 months based on the PE curricula drawn up by
the PE teachers complying with the abilities and
features of the schoolchildren, technical and financial conditions and other relevant factors.
Contents of each individula PE class comprised the
initial, main and final part.
Regular PE curricula were directed to the
development of the abilities of all topological body
parts, to enhancing the efficiency of all organs and
organic systems, functional abilities, strength,
speed, endurance and subjects flexibility.
Plan and program were commensurate with the
aims and tasks of the PE curricula these being:
exercises for the harmonious and general coverage
of all the loco-motor systems segments, development of strength and flexibility, development of
coordination abilities, development of speed,
(speed of motor reaction, speed of movements,
and frequency of movements, in rectilinear and
curvilinear movement). Withing the plans of the
regular PE curricula in subjects all the aims and
tasks were defined, time cycles (periodization) for
their implementation as well as necessary
technical and financial factors.
METHODS
Pursuing the aim and goals of this research elementary school population was chosen with the
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Table 1. Basic statistical parameters of motor abilities of the
subjects in the initial measurement
Var.
MTAP
MTAN
N
50
50
AS
41.84
31.04
Max
48.55
36.47
Min
35.88
28.55
SD
2.70
1.60
SE
0.302
0.178
Skewn.
0.101
0.335
Kurtos.
1.404
-1.189
MTAZ
MSDM
50
50
19.26
164.04
26.00
200.78
15.69
140.00
1.04
0.76
0.116
0.085
0.131
0.437
1.973
-0.666
MSVIS
MBMS
50
50
37.62
436.14
50.45
500.56
25.22
401.55
0.42
0.40
0.047
0.045
-0.213
0.136
-0.797
-0.232
MDPK
MŠPA
50
50
43.28
160.58
50.47
180.22
39.65
147.29
7.27
14.08
0.813
1.574
-0.020
0.255
-0.694
0.906
MISP
50
75.08
90.65
48.11
3.07
.67
.267
-1.737
Table 2. Basic statistical parameters of functional abilities of the
subjects in the initial measurement
Variable
FPPO
FMARG
N
50
50
AS
151.20
3.52
Max
176.00
4.62
Min
143.50
2.58
SD
6.31
0.52
SE
1.041
0.058
Skewn.
-0.234
0.227
Kurtos.
-0.136
-1.043
FVKPL
50
2720.15
3880.00
4537.00
9.01
91.568
-0.344
-1.465
RESULTS
Results shown in the Table 1 in the initial measurements in the area of motor abilities indicate
that none of the variables displayed significant
abberation from the normal distribution having in
mind that the coefficients of skewness do not
exceede 1.00. Results of the kurtosis are below
the normal values of distribution 2.75, which
makes distribution platicurtic or scattered.
Results shown in the Table 2 in the initial measurements in the area of functional abilities
indicate that none of the variables displayed
significant abberation from the normal distribution
having in mind that the values of skewness do not
exceede 1.00.
Results of the kurtosis are below the normal
values of distribution 2.75, which makes distribution platicurtic or scattered.
lation (Canonical Correlation) (CR) show that
53% explains discrimination of the function,
which points out to the fact that the system of
motor variables highlly defines the area of motor
abilities.Discrimination strength (Wilks’s Lambda)
is .719 and points out to the significance of the
difference between the results of the two
measurements.
Significance of the difference between the
results of the two measurements is a remarkable
one (Sig = .000), which confirms a high value of
Chi-square test (Chi-square = 30.86).
On the basis of the obtained results one can
conclude that there are statistically significant
global differences in motor abilities between the
initial and final measurements of the subjects.
The biggest contribution to the discriminative
function (Table 4) is attributed to the motor variable leg tapping on the wall – MTAZ .754), then
hand tapping – MTAP .455), while the slightest
contribution was found in standing high jump MSVIS, (MSVIS -.039).
Results of the centroids of groups -.619 and
.619 (Table 5), which were tested through the significance of the discriminative function point out
to the significant distance between the initial and
final measurements. Distance of both groups of
measurements on discriminative dimension from
the middle is equal but is diametrally different considering the foresign which means that groups of
measurements are located in different discriminative areas.
Table 6 shows the succes of the division of
Differences between the initial and final
measurement of motor abilities
In order to define the differences between the
initial and final measurements of motor abilities a
discriminative analysis was applied. There were
calculated the values of the coefficients of
discrimination (Eigenvalue), coefficients of canonical correlation (Canonical Correlation), Bartlet
test (Wilks’ Lambda), Chi-square degree of
freedom (df) and i statistical significance (Sig).
Table 3 gives one isolated significant discriminative function (Eigenvalue .391) which divides
the results of the initial and final measurements.
Values of the coefficients of canonical corre165
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Živković, M. et. al.: ADAPTIVE CHANGES OF MOTOR AND...
Differences between the initial and final
measurement of functional abilities
Table 7. gives one isolated significant discriminative function (Eigenvalue 1.542.) which divides
the results of the initial and final measurements.
Values of the coefficients of canonical correlation (CR) show that 57% explains discrimination of the function, which points out to the
fact that the system of functional tests variables
highly defines the area of functional abilities.
Discrimination strength (Wilks’s Lambda) is .317.
and points out to the significance of the difference
between the results of the two measurements.
Significance of the difference between the
results of the two measurements is a remarkable
one (Sig = .000), which confirms a high value of
Chi-square test (Chi-square = 64.644).
On the basis of the obtained results one can
conclude that there are statistically significant
global differences in functional abilities between
the initial and final measurements of the subjects
The biggest contribution to the discriminative
function (Table 8) is attributed to the functional
Table 3. Isolated discriminative function
Eigenvalue
Canon.Cor.
(CR)
.391
.53
Wilks’s
Lambda
.719
Chisquare
df
Sig.
30.86
9
.000
Table 4. Factor structure of the
isolated discriminative function
Tests
MTAZ
Function 1
.754
MTAP
MSDM
.455
.447
MBMS
MTAN
.423
.371
MISP
MŠPA
.247
.220
MDPK
MSVIS
.064
-.039
Table 5. Centroids of measurements
Measurement
Initial
Function 1
-.619
Final
.619
Table 7. Isolated discriminative function
Table 6. Classification matrix
Initial
Final
Initial
40
13
Final
10
37
Total
50
50
Initial
Final
80%
26%
20%
74%
100%
100%
Eigenvalue
Canon.Cor.
(CR)
Chisquare
Wilks’s
Lambda
df
Sig.
1.542
.57
64.644
.317
3
.000
Table 8. Factor structure of the
isolated discriminative function
Variable
FVKPL
FPPO
FMARG
results of variables of motor abilities in subjects in
the initial and final measurements. Homogeneity
of subjects in both measurements shows that there
are differences, because 40 subjects in the initial
measurement show the characteristics of their
group, and 10 do not. On the other hand 37
subjects in the final measurement show the characteristics of their group. Consequently one can
state that the homogeneity of the initial measurement is 80%, and final one is 74%.
Upon analysing the obtained results of the discriminative analysis of the motor abilities in the
final measurement in comparison to the initial
measurement in subjects one can conclude that
there ensued statistically significant changes under
the influence of the PE curricula.
Function 1
.754
.678
.445
Table 9. Centroids of measurements
Measurement
Initial
Function
1
-1.203
Final
1.203
Table 10. Classification matrix
166
Total
Initial
Final
Initial
Final
41
5
9
45
50
50
Initial
Final
82%
10%
8%
90%
100%
100%
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Živković, M. et. al.: ADAPTIVE CHANGES OF MOTOR AND...
test vital capacity of the lungs (FVKPL .754), then
pulse frequency after the overload FPPO (.678),
while the slightest contribution was found in
Margaria test (MARG .445).
Results of the centroids of groups 1.203 i 1.203 (Table 9 ), which were tested through the
significance of the discriminative function point
out to the significant distance between the initial
and final measurements. Distance of both groups
of measurements on discriminative dimension
from the middle is equal but is diametrally different considering the foresign which means that
groups of measurements are located in different
discriminative areas.
Table 14 shows the succes of the division of
results of variables of functional abilities in the
initial and final measurements. Homogeneity of
subjects in both measurements shows that there
are differences, because 41 subjects in the initial
measurement show the characteristics of their
group, and 9 do not. On the other hand 45 subjects
in the final measurement show the characteristics
of their group. Consequently one can state that the
homogeneity of the initial measurement is 82%,
and final one is 90%.
Upon analysing the obtained results of the discriminative analysis of the functional abilities in
the final measurement in comparison to the initial
measurement in subjects one can conclude that
there ensued statistically significant changes under
the influence of the PE curricula.
possible the introduction of the individualized
form of teaching in pedagogical practice,more correct formation of the homogenized groups for the
teaching practice and determination of the optimal
contents, intensity of overload and forms of work.
REFERENCES
Arunović, D., Berković, L., Bokan, B., Krsmanović,
G., Madić, B., Matić, M., Radovanović, Đ. i
Višnjić, D. (1992). Fizičko vaspitanje, Teorijskometodičke osnove stručnog rada [Physical education, Theoretical-methodical basics of the practical work. In Serbian.] Niš: »Sirius«.
Bala, G. (1981). Struktura i razvoj morfoloških
dimenzija djece SAP Vojvodine [Structure and
development of the morophological dimension in
children in SAP Vojvodina. In Sebian.] Novi Sad:
Fakultet fizičke kulture Univerziteta u Novom
Sadu (OOUR Institut fizičke kulture).
Bompa, T. (2006): Teorija i metodologija treninga
[Theory and methodology of training. In Croatian.] Zagreb: Nacionalna i sveučilišna knjižnica.
Brown, V; Vance, A; Fergo, J i Santana, C. (2004).
Brzina, agilnost, eksplozivnost. 179 vježbi za
sportiste [Speed, agility, explosiveness. 179 exercises for the athletes.In Croatian] Zagreb: Gopal
Duraković, M. (2007). Kinotropologija, Biološki
aspekti tjelesnog vežbanja Kinanthropology
[Biological aspects of physical exercising. In
Croatian.] Zagreb: Kineziološki fakultet sveučilišta u Zagrebu.
Goodway, D.J., Crowe, H. & Ward, P. (July 2003).
Effects of motor skill instruction on fundamental
motor skill development. Adapted Physical
Activity Quarterly, 20 (3). Retrieved May 23.
2007 from:
http://www.humankinetics.com/JPAH/searchresults.cfm.
Heimar, S. i Medved, R. (1997). Funkcionalna dijagnostika treniranosti sportaša [Functional diagnostics of the athletes training. In Croatian.]
Međunarodno savetovanje, Zbornika radova (2344). Zagreb: Fakultet za fizičku kulturu
Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.
Kurelić N., Momirović, K., Stojanović, M.,
Radojević, Ž. i Viskić-Štalec, N. (1975). Struktura
i razvoj morfoloških i motoričkih dimenzija omladine [Structure and development of the morphological and motor dimensions of the youth. In
Sebian] Beograd: Institut za naučna istraživanja
Fakulteta za fizičko vaspitanje Univerziteta u
Beogradu.
Milanović, D. (2007). Teorija treninga, Priručnik za
studente sveučilišnog studija [Theory of training,
Handbook for the students of the universities. In
Croatian] Zagreb: Kineziološki fakultet
CONCLUSION
A sample for this research was comprised of 50
subjects, schoolboys, aged 12 (±6 months), having
regular PE curricula. For the estimation of motor
abilities six tests were used and three tests
for the functional abilities. The main aim of this
research was to determine adaptive changes of
motor and functional abilities of schoolchildren
under the influence of regular physical education
curricula. Results of the research of adaptive changes of motor and functional abilities of schoolchildren under the influence of regular physical
education curricula bring new insights and information that can contribute to the increase in the
level of theoretical knowledge of the PE teachers
which in turn can ensure the more efficient implementation of the PE curricula. On the basis of the
determined dynamics of the development of motor
and functional abilities of the subjects one can
more efficiently monitor, control and direct the
development of anthropological characteristics
and abilities.
The obtained results of this research makes
167
APES 1(2011) 2:163-168
Živković, M. et. al.: ADAPTIVE CHANGES OF MOTOR AND...
Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.
Višnjić, D. (2006). Nastava fizičkog vaspitanja: od V
do VIII razreda osnovne škole: priručnik za studente, nastavnike i profesore [Physical education
teaching process in grades V to VIII of the elementary school: handbook for the students, teachers and professors. In Serbian.] Beograd: Zavod
za udžbenike i nastavna sredstva.
Correspondence:
Mladen Živković
University of Niš,
Faculty of Sport and PhysicaEducation,
Čarnojevićeva 10A,18000, Niš, Serbia
E-mail: profrile@gmail.com
ADAPTIVNI PROMENI NA MOTORNITE I FUNKCIONALNITE SPOSOBNOSTI KAJ U^ENICITE POD VLIJANIETO
NA FIZI^KOTO VE@BAWE
UDK: 012.1-057.874
(Originalen nau~en trud)
Mladen @ivkovi}1, Jelena Radi~evi}2 i Milica Petkovi}3
1Univerzitet vo Ni{, Fakultet za sport i fizi~ko vospituvawe,
Ni{, Srbija
2Univerzitet vo Ni{, m-r student, Fakultet za sport i fizi~ko vospituvwe,
Ni{, Srbija
Osnovno
u~ili{te
„Ivo Andri}“, Ni{, Srbija
3
Apstrakt:
Osnovna cel na istra`uvaweto be{e da se utvrdat adaptivnite promeni
na motornite i funkcionalnite sposobnosti pod vlijanieto na redovnata
nastava po fizi~ko vospituvawe kaj u~enicite od osnovnite u~ili{ta.
Primerokot na ispitanicite be{e sostaven od 50 u~enici od osnovnoto
u~ili{te „Petar Petrovi} - Wego{„ od Belgrad, na vozrast od 12 godini (±6
meseci) koi bea opfateni so redovnata nastava po fizi~ko vospituvawe. Za
procenuvawe na motrnite sposobnosti bea primeneti slednite merni
instrumenti: segmentarna brzina (taping so raka – MTAP, taping so noga –
MTAN, taping so nozete na yid – MTAZ); eksplozivna snaga (skok vo dale~ina
od mesto – MSDM, skok vo viso~ina od mesto – MSVIS, frlawe medicinka od
sedewe – MBMS); fleksibilnost (dlabok pretklon na klupa MDPK, {pagat
– M[, iskret so palka – MISP). Funkcionalnite sposobnosti se procenuvani so testovite: frekvencija na pulsot po optovaruvawe (FPPO), Margarija
test (FMARG) i vitalen kapacitet na belite drobovi FVKPL). So programata „Statistika“ se presmetani slednite parametri: osnovni statisti~kiparametri, diskriminativnost na mereweto (skjunis i kurtozis),
Studentov t-test za mali zavisni primeroci i kanoni~ka diskrminativna
analiza. Rezultatite od kanoni~kata diskriminativna analiza, poka`aa
deka redovnata nastava po fizi~ko vospituvawe vo eksperimentalniot period, predizvikala statisti~ki zna~ajni promeni vrz motornite i funkcionalnite sposobnosti na u~enicite.
Klu~ni zborovi: osnovni u~ili{ta, testirawe, eksperiment,
diskriminativna analiza
168
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Arsić, R. et. al. :COMPARASION SPORTS RESULTS DEAF...
COMPARASION SPORTS RESULTS DEAF STUDENTS
REACHED AT THE SCHOOL SHAMPIONSHIPS
UDC:796.034-056.263
(Review)
Radomir Arsić, Nevenka Zrnzević and Jelena Krulj-Drašković
University of Priština – Kosovska Mitrovica, Kosovo i Metohija,
Teacher Ttraining Faculty,
Prizren-Leposaviæ, Serbia
Abstracts
Regular physical activity and physical fitness is especially important to maintain
health and well-being of people of all ages. Research clearly shows that almost all
individuals, including those with disabilities, have better health if they have regular
physical activity.The study (Longmuir, Bar-Or, 2000) estimates the level of physical
activity of young people with disabilities, people with impaired hearing had the highest
level of physical activity in relation to other persons with disabilities. This is primarily
because they have been in school for deaf children and youth provided by the school
and extracurricular physical activity program. To achieve the goal of physical health
activities of the nation, there is a need to improve physical activity levels of deaf
persons who are outside the school grounds of physical education and competitive
sports. To promote different ways of life, physical activity imoguænosti, including
acceptance of the concept of “active life”, a way of life that integrates physical activity
into daily routines, and should become a priority health objective.
Keywords : physical activity, health, disabilities, physical education,
sports, athletics, parents, motor abilities, cognitive abilities.
Unlike most other sports, athletics is a very
flexible sport so that children begin to run after not
missing key skills that are built with age, because
most of the athletic events for children what is
natural (such as running, jumping and throwing ).
Age, maturity of the child and their ability to
follow the guidelines set events that are appropriate for them. For example, running the hurdles,
long racetrack and some athletic events are not
recommended for small children, but it certainly
should participate in races such as 60 and 100
meters, high jump and long jump.
Most primary and secondary schools as well as
many special schools for the education of deaf
children in Serbia have their own athletic clubs,
organized in the teaching of physical education
and competing in a variety of school and other
amateur competitions (city, regional and republican). It is normal that for them there is less
interest than football clubs, but the obligation of
teachers to animate children and athletic sports.
Always has to be taken into account that the child
participates in competitions mainly for fun and to
focus primarily on these events was a party to the
victory.
It is not easy to determine the “right” time for
the child when they need to get involved in
organized sports events. In children, except the
ability to concentrate, the level of maturity and
strength varies at different ages and there is no
concrete way to determine whether the child is
ready for the physical effort you need to have on
competition. Today, children are more interested in
television, computer and video igarice and parents
themselves are often afraid to let their children on
the street. Children today are simply uninterested
in physical activity.
Regardless of the cause of why children
participate in physical activities, we can consider
the results of research over the last few years,
169
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Arsić, R. et. al. :COMPARASION SPORTS RESULTS DEAF...
Tabela 1. Standard for girls
9
10
11
12
13
14
60m
9,50
9,00
8,75
-
-
-
100m
15,55
14,45
13,71
13,30
12,96
12,95
Long jamp
3,55
4,03
4,28
4,61
4,95
5,20
High jamp
1,11
1,28
1,36
1,45
1,49
1,54
Shot put
5,71
7,46
9,32
9,11
10,34
10,90
Tabela 2. Standard for boys
9
10
11
12
13
14
60m
9,40
8,80
8,65
-
-
-
100m
15,00
14,16
13,77
13,31
12,33
11,80
Long jamp
3,64
3,99
4,24
4,58
5,30
5,86
High jamp
1,18
1,30
1,39
1,49
1,60
1,69
Shot put
6,77
8,15
9,75
10,00
12,19
12,14
The tables are taken from: British Columbia Junior Developmen
t Awards Criteria (BC Athletics)
Table 3.
100 m boys
2005
2006 2008
2010
60 m girls
2005 2006 2008
2010
12,40
13,57
12,6
12,6
9,00
9,30
9,9
9,00
13,10
14,28
13,80
13,20
9,24
9,63
10,00
9,56
13,50
15,01
14,30
14,30
9,27
9,69
10,10
9,76
13,96
15,16
14,60
14,90
9,50
9,71
10,20
10,57
13,96
15,32
14,80
15,80
11,29
9,84
10,30
11,12
15,19
16,79
14,90
16,90
-
9,95
10,40
12,69
15,30
17,17
15,10
17,00
-
10,24
10,40
12,69
13,91
15,32
14,30
15,27
AS
9,66
9,76
10,18
10,81
2,90
3,60
2,50
4,90
SD
2,29
0,94
0,50
3,69
Table 4. Running the 100 meters
Record
Standard
The result of the competition in Serbia
The difference between a record
Hellmich, 1997. in the magazine USA Today, 1
July 1997., found that only 22% of children are
physically active every day, they 49% are
moderately vigorously active, and only 34% of
them attend classes of Physical Education in their
schools, while nearly 23% of children do not have
these classes, for various reasons (health, indiff-
10,01
14,16
12,60
01,59
erence, or without reason). He found that almost
54% of children aged 6-11 years are obese, and
obesity rates are now more and more increases.
Also found that physical activity is an integral part
of the learning process in schools at all levels, and
that disabled children or children who are not
engaged in sports had a low opinion of yourself,
170
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Table 5 Running at 300 and 200 meters
300 m boy
2005
200 m girls
2006
2008
2010
48,20
47,50
49,80
2005
2006
2008
2010
46,20
32,90
35,40
35,30
47,60
47,46
34,50
35,80
36,68
51,60
49,30
48,19
35,00
36,10
37,51
52,20
50,50
48,54
35,60
37,10
37,82
57,00
51,10
50,34
35,60
38,50
38,95
57,30
56,60
51,61
37,60
40,10
39,52
59,60
60,37
52,30
38,50
40,80
41,35
60,13
60,61
53,20
39,80
42,30
43,57
60,26
61,00
53,22
40,60
44,60
44,52
60,27
61,76
53,79
55,10
45,10
45,50
55,63
58,00
50,69
AS
38,84
39,78
40,09
12,07
30,10
9,11
SD
22,20
9,70
10,00
Table 7. 200 meters, girls
Record
Standard
The result of the competition in Serbia
The difference between a record
22,18
32,90
10,72
Table 8. Long jump
Long jump - boys
Long jump - girls
2005
2006
2008
2010
2005
2006
2008
2010
4,91
4,61
5,00
5,06
3,85
3,25
3,60
3,45
4,85
4,71
4,42
4,76
3,45
3,22
3,27
3,35
4,80
4,43
4,32
4,29
3,41
3,22
3,07
3,11
4,77
4,38
3,97
4,20
3,39
3,17
2,92
2,94
4,73
4,18
3,95
4,19
3,25
3,12
2,84
2,79
4,72
4,05
3,83
3,80
3,16
3,06
2,69
2,47
4,54
3,90
3,72
3,62
3,10
3,01
2,64
2,44
3,89
3,45
3,71
2,98
3,02
2,73
2,60
2,36
3,45
3,23
3,18
2,70
2,96
2,68
2,39
2,34
-
-
-
-
2,61
-
2,24
2,18
4,41
4,04
3,88
3,95
AS
3,22
3,05
2,72
2,70
1,46
1,38
1,82
2,36
SD
1,24
0,57
1,36
1,27
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Table 9. Long jump - boys
Record
Standard
The result of the competition in Serbia
The difference between a record
8,34
4,58
4,61
3,73
Table 10. Long jump, girls
Record
Standard
The result of the competition in Serbia
The difference between a record
7,14
4,61
3,85
3,29
Table 11.
High jump - boys
High jump - girls
2005
2006
2008
2010
2005
2006
2008
2010
140
138
140
140
110
122
115
110
135
135
135
135
110
120
110
110
135
130
135
135
110
115
105
105
130
130
130
125
110
110
100
100
120
120
125
120
105
110
100
90
120
115
120
115
-
105
100
90
110
110
110
105
-
105
95
-
125
126
115,42
107,85
AS
109
112,42
103,57
100,83
20
28
30
35
SD
5,00
17
20
20
Table 12. High jump - boys
Record
Standard
The result of the competition in Serbia
The difference between a record
2,33
1,49
1,40
0,93
Table 13. High jump, women
Record
Standard
The result of the competition in Serbia
The difference between a record
you do not like the common activities and to become antisocial. Children who are involved in the
sport feel better, better fit to the group and are less
likely to become obese later in life. Mentally, sports help stimulate intellectual development, shar-
2,01
1,36
1,22
0,79
pen motor skills, develop better emotional and
social development in child support after the onset
of depression and above self-esteem in children.
Inactive children who are active in sports
competitions and activities improves self-esteem
172
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Table 14. Shot put
Shot put - boys
Shot put - girls
2005
2006
2008
2010
2005
2006
2008
2010
10,01
10,27
10,36
10,17
8,61
7,04
8,36
7,58
9,18
9,44
9,80
9,50
7,29
6,49
7,80
7,37
9,01
9,16
9,47
7,80
7,10
4,46
7,74
6,90
8,85
8,60
9,18
7,65
6,76
6,27
7,73
6,52
8,45
8,56
8,43
7,10
6,75
6,06
7,60
6,50
7,87
7,98
8,10
6,59
6,72
6,01
6,90
6,25
7,78
6,70
7,34
5,85
5,85
5,57
6,64
6,00
7,53
5,75
7,00
5,54
5,80
5,02
5,90
5,67
5,19
4,50
7,00
4,80
5,25
4,87
5,59
5,00
-
-
-
-
4,18
-
4,20
45,50
8,10
7,77
8,47
7,90
AS
6,34
5,97
6,66
6,04
4,82
5,77
3,36
5,37
SD
4,34
2,17
4,16
3,18
Table number 15. Shot put, boys
Record
Standard
The result of the competition in Serbia
The difference between a record
23,23
10,00
10,36
12,87
Table number 16 Shot put, girls
Record
Standard
The result of the competition in Serbia
The difference between a record
and develop better communication. This is
particularly important for deaf children where
communication is limited due to the undeveloped
speech.
Athletics allows for deaf children that they
interact with children the same age with similar
interests to improve their social skills for later in
life. This experience in the sport will serve as a
positive model to follow when you get close to
other challenges and obstacles throughout life.
There is a strong link between academic achievement and sports, especially in primary and secondary school (Krucoff, 1998).
20,54
9,11
8,61
11,93
The competition is an important tool in the
motivation of children to increase their potential in
many areas of the education. The ultimate goal of
the competition is to challenge and to improve the
sense of their abilities and at the end of himself, the
result is not important and the children feel good
and show what they can do best. Competition,
victory and defeat are aspects of the sport that can
be used to build character and gain a greater degree
of self-knowledge in young children. Teamwork,
perseverance, dedication, commitment, takmicarstvo, loyalty, self-discipline, and compassion for
others are all positive qualities that children learn
173
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Arsić, R. et. al. :COMPARASION SPORTS RESULTS DEAF...
are studying there from 4 to 10 students are used to
hearing all the remains that exist in students and
used hearing aids that can enhance the intensity of
sound waves that come to students.
In addition to the low threshold of pupil-teacher
relationship in the education of deaf children need
a relationship is primarily one on one (need an
assistant teacher) to develop in parallel and communication (oral and sign communication). If there
are these four factors: good went between students
and teachers, assistant teachers, individual speech
development and parent involvement, we can talk
about success in the development of communication and academic skills of deaf children.
Unfortunately, there is not enough resources, or
enough power for the realization of these tasks. A
large number of parents trying to teach sign
language to communicate with children svojoim
neglecting oral communication.
In addition to the development of communication for deaf students at the different development and mobility, in research conducted by
Leberman (Lieberman, 1965), found that better
academic results achieved by deaf children of deaf
parents, they have better language development
and social relations of deaf children whose parents
are deaf. The relations between musculoskeletal
78.6% of deaf children of deaf parents and 73.3%
of parents of deaf students who hear reached or
exceeded the average performance level for their
age. This shows us that speech and language
development of deaf children which does not
affect the development of motor and technical
capacity. We also suggest that there are no
differences between deaf children of deaf parents
and parents to hear.
Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky (18861934) concluded that the processes of thought
meaning and social situations can be divided into
different categories, but they are interdependent.
Vygotsky concluded that higher mental functioning of an individual is directly linked to his social
interactions through the use of or mediated by
tools and signs (ovede the tools it means
language). Vygotsky believes that there is a “law of
cultural development” for each function in the
development of the child and that it flows so that
the child is first adjusted to the social interaction
and only then on the psychological and instrumental areas.
Recently, some researchers advocate for deaf
education for bilingual approach to education of
through competition. Seventy-five percent of
children will drop from organized sports until his
fourteenth year because they do not look for competition. Three out of four children does not intend
to preserve their achievements, they would rather
lose and have fun than to seek victory at any cost,
as opposed to their parents (Spaide, 1997). They
enjoy the success of their children much more than
their own. The intensity and frequency of temper
tantrums, which is manifested in many parents
whose children participate in sports competition is
increasing. For this reason, in addition to
psychological problems that occur in these
children often are the injuries and more young
athletes, especially under such pressure that
suffered massive damage in the growth of muscle
and bone.
Girls are also very susceptible to injury because
of increased body fat, reduced muscle strength and
changes in the line of the body (Johnson, 1998).
Children are not ready to younger age use their
muscles for a living physical activity. Finally, the
sport must be used to cause the child’s respect,
trust, health and social life. When a child
practicing athletics, and the environment encourages it, there are more self-esteem, he will learn
faster, and I enjoy more and better under the
pressure of competition. Table No.1 and 2 running
sports standards for children aged 9-14 years.
Table No.1 provide standards for girls, and in
Table No.2 provide standards for boys.
But if we take into account that the work we are
talking about gluvoj children, we believe that the
above standards can further reduce. One of the
most important consequence of hearing loss is the
inability to learn the language and speech by deaf
children, which should be in accordance with
standadima learning speech and language of the
majority population. The vast majority of deaf
children never achieve a speech and language skills for academic and professional achievement. All
investigations were carried out so far confirm this
stance. As the dominant reason for low success in
acquiring language and speech noted the
impossibility of speech perception and language
through the senses of hearing, or the lack of information the brain receives through the senses.
All advocates of the oral and character, and
combined methods in deaf education, they agree in
one issue: communication and academic learning
requires much more effort than deaf children. For
this reason, in the classroom where deaf children
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Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland and Romania, our country did not participate in these games.
It is interesting to note that women performed only
in the discipline of swimming the 100-meter
backstroke. In these games we are emerging as
participants for the first time in 1949 with 35
competitors, winning the first medal until 1957 in
Brussels, when it won first place in football. The
winning first place in Helsinki (1961), Washington
(1965) and Belgrade (1969), when winning first
place in handball for both men and women. It is
important to say that until 1973 have primacy in
football and later fail to win any medal in the sport.
For the first time the competition deaf and hard
of hearing children of school age (elementary and
middle school) after World War II, organized in
Subotica, back in 1948th years (from 15 to 27 June
1948) entitled “The deaf sport jamboree of
Yugoslavia.” Initiators and creators of this land
were the professor. Desimir Ristoviæ, then director
of schools for deaf children in Subotica and Nikola
Muškinja, former physical education teacher at the
school for deaf children in Subotica. For the first
lands were present and actively participated in
about 600 students in all schools for deaf children
of former Yugoslavia. It should be noted that
according to the Association of the Deaf and Hard
of Hearing Serbia, then part and about 600 deaf
youth and omladinki from all over former
Yugoslavia, which were performed on land under
the name “Slet deaf youth, and which took place
only three times after the land in Subotica.
According to data of the Deaf and Hard of Hearing Alliance of Serbia, was organized about two
dozen school competitions deaf and hard of
hearing school youth, who were first on the level
of the whole of former Yugoslavia, and all were
performed until 1975. The (Subotica, 1948, Ljubljana, 1960, Kotor, 1962, Zagreb, 1963, Subotica,
1965, Belgrade, 1967, Nis, Zrenjanin 1970 and
1973), when the Central Board of the Association
of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Yugoslavia, “recommended” that the at the level of the republics
formed “Committee for the sport.” Thus, the
“Commission for the sport,” Deaf and Hard of
Hearing Alliance of Serbia, which was established
1977th took over the organization “of School sports games, and in cooperation with schools for deaf
and hard of hearing children organized the game at
Karatas, 1977; Pozarevac, 1978, Soko Banja,
1979, Belgrade, 1980, Nis, 1984, Arandjelovac,
1997 and Tari, 1998. year. Today, two types of
deaf children. They believe that sign language
should be for these children is the same as the
native language for the children who hear, and that
another language is a language environment
(Serbian ,...) in which children live. They believe
that the purpose of bilingvalnog approach to
education of deaf children to provide them with
access to the natural language of the Deaf (gesture)
that can be further developed through the study of
language based on oral communication. From the
Vygotskian perspective, this approach allows for
students to have interaction in Communicate, and
to gain the necessary experience and based on that
develop higher cognitive abilities.
Sport is one of the powerful connective force in
the world of the deaf. Love of the sport are nurtured in boarding schools for deaf children and
create rivalry among the other schools. Sport
quickly became a powerful means of acculturation
for the deaf child, sharing experiences, a source of
pride for the Deaf. That’s going to get through the
competitions that take place at the level of the
whole of Serbia, deaf children learn about each
other, share experiences, to create healthy habits
and develop their social skills.
“Sports for the Deaf is a social institution in
which deaf people exercise their right to selfdetermination through the organization, competition and socialization of other deaf who participate in sports activities” (Stewart, 1991, the De
Pauw and Gavron, 1995).
Separate but integral part of life of deaf and
hard of hearing children are “school sports games”
that are held in Serbia. Their goal is to foster sports
for deaf and hard of hearing school population and
the tendency to develop certain sporskim disciplines, and to develop responsibility, friendship and
the desire to live healthy. Talents that are detected
in these sports games are becoming the future
athletes and national team of Serbia in international competitions for deaf and hard of hearing
persons.
First International Deaf Games held in Paris,
1924. year. This is a sports game, panda Olympic
Games, founded by Frenchman Eugene Alcais
Rubens (1884-1963) and had the name “International Silen Games. For these nine nations participated with 148 athletes and competed in six
sports and athletics. There were 31 events, and
sports were: athletics, cycling, diving, football,
shooting, swimming and tennis. Teams participated: Belgium, France, Great Britain, Hungary,
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organized games and sports to the pioneering age
(primary school) and young people (high school)
and the organizers of school for deaf children of
the Republic of Serbia (Subotica, Belgrade, Zemun, Kragujevac, Jagodina, Uzice, Nis and with the
participation of deaf children from special departments in primary school “Jovan Popovic” in Novi
Sad).
Competitions are organized within the school
grounds (with minimal use of sports grounds and
halls of local government) with judges from the
local government and children to compete in the
following disciplines:
Athletic discipline: running 60 m (pioneers)
and 100m (omladinke), 100 meters. (Pioneers and
youth), 200 m (pioneers) and 300 m (omladinke)
and 400 m (pioneers and youth), high jump, long
jump, shot put;
Group sports: football, basketball and volleyball.
Table 3 shows the outcomes achieved by boys
and girls track and field sprint events, and in
running the 100 meters in boys and girls at 60
meters. If the results are compared with the
standards given in tables 1 and 2 we see that in
boys aged 10 years, the standard is 14.16 and our
students have achieved a result of 13.91, which
tells us about the readiness of our children are
educated in special schools for deaf children. Table
colored in green below Table 3 shows the
arithmetic mean of the results achieved and the
standard deviation of the results achieved. If we
achieved the best results then we get a result that is
much better than the normative standards that are
given by the British Columbia Junior Development Awards Criteria (BC Athletics). Record on
the 100m for juniors held Darrel Brown with a
score of 10.01 seconds. Record was made in
France 2003rd year. Table No. 4 compare the
results achieved as well: the world record for
juniors (men) standard that is given to children
under 14 years and achieved the best time in the
competition for deaf children in Serbia.
From the attached Table No.4 shows that the
best result from competition of deaf children of
Serbia better than the standard of 1.56 seconds, a
result that is worse than the junior world record of
1.59 seconds. From these results, obtained the best
result for the deaf children are educated in special
schools in Serbia, is a very good result worthy of
admiration.
Table No.5 presents the results of the competition in speed for boys and girls. The boys ran 300
meters and 200 meters girls. Junior record for
400m is 43.87 and scored by Steve Lewis, in 1988
in South Korea. As can be seen from the table the
boys were running 300 meters and the best time
was achieved 2010th with time of 46.20 seconds
which is a big lag in relation to the world record
for juniors. But if we take into account that
competed under the age of 14 years, we believe
that the good result obtained. Standards for this age
group is 57.48 seconds and can say that it fits in the
result of deaf children in Serbia.
For women, junior record in the 200 meters
held Allyson Felix with a score of 22.18 seconds
achieved 2004th in Greece. In this category, it
appears much bigger difference in the results
because it is the best time to reach the deaf
pioneers 32.90 seconds. You already see the
difference in height and weight among girls age 14
and juniors, who have 18 years.
In the long jump event, junior Casey Crush
Crush Williams holds the record with a score of
8.34 achieved 1972nd in West Germany. With us,
the competition for deaf pioneers achieved the best
result of 4.61 meters, which is much smaller than
the world junior record but it fits the standards we
specify in Table 1 and 2.
Table 9. shows the results in the men’s competition, and Table 10. presents the results for
women.
In girls the best result for the juniors is 7.14
meters and Heike Drechsler has made 1989th in
Finland. Deaf girl at the age of 14 years, the best
result achieved in 2005. and is 3.85 meters, and is
far below the world junior record and the standards
for the pioneering age.
In the high jump deaf children far behind after
the junior world record, which is 2.33 meters,
which can be seen from the table number 12 The
truth is that children under 14 years much less than
the juniors, but they should note the scale and style
of skipping. At professional competitions, so the
same in the junior world competition using newer
techniques of skipping. Deaf children still skip the
so-called slats. “Scissors” and not the backstroke
technique or “Frozeri” technique, which gives much better results and that jump professionals, and
junior competitions.
Junior Javier Sotomayor holds the record with
a score of 2.33 meters, which he scored 1984 on
competition in Cuba. Standard for the age to 14 is
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1.49 meters, which is in accordance with their
height and age. Deaf children have had the best
result of 1.40 meters, which is very close to the
standards prescribed for their age.
Junior record in the women’s competition holds
Olga Turchak with 2.01 meters and was achieved
in 1986 in Moscow. Standard for the pioneering
age is 1.36 and the deaf girls are in competition
achieve the best result of 1.22 which is only 14
inches of changing the standards for their age.
Men’s junior record in the shot put Krzysztof
Brzozowski holds the shot of 23.22 meters which
was achieved in Singapore 2010th Year. Standard
for the pioneering age is 10.00 meters, and the best
result for the Deaf boys is 10.36 meters, which
shows that deaf boys exceeded the standards for
their age.
In a world juniors record keeping with Astrid
Kumbernuss hicemj of 20.54 meters which was
achieved in 1989 in Finland. Standard for the
pioneering age is 9.11 meters and the best shot at
Deaf devojèiva is 8.61 meters and less than the
standard 0.5 meters.
ression and appears povaæava samopouzadnje of
deaf children. Teamwork, perseverance, dedication, commitment, takmiæarstvo, loyalty, selfdiscipline, and compassion for others are all positive qualities that children learn through competition.
Also very important and educational objectives
of sport and physical education in the context of
pedagogical work surdopedagoga. Through these
educational effects are realized, which can be
grouped into:
• Building a positive attitude towards physical
efforts, and work in general,
• Building a socially acceptable form of
behavior,
• Building characteristics of consistency, perseverance, courage, determination, perseverance and
“fair play” relationships.
REFERENCES
Arsic, R., Zrnzević, N. (2010). The development of
phisical education in schools for deaf children and
hearinh impairmend in Srebia, Fifth International
Scientific Congress “Sport, Stress, Adaptation“
(pp. 229-233). Sofia: National Sports Academy.
Johnson, K. (1998, June 2). Very Young, and Very
Competitive Beyond Play. Christian Science
Monitor p.1.
Krucoff, C. (1998, September 29). Encouraging kids
to participate in sports. The Washington Post
(online), p. Z20. Http: / / proquest.umi.com /
pqdweb? Ts. 14.09.2010.godine in 21.35.
Lieberman, L., Volding, JP, Winnick .(2004).
Comparing Motor Development of Deaf Children
of Deaf Parents and Deaf Children of Hearing
Parents. American Annals of the Deaf , 149(3),
281-289.
Slavnić, S., Kovačević, J. (2005): Methodological
aspects of teaching fine arts and physical
education in schools for deaf and hard of hearing
children. Belgrade: The Alliance defectologists
Union of Serbia and Montenegro.
Spaide, E. (1997, June 3). Good sportsmanship on
the sidelines declines amide rising tempers,
leagues, and parks are insisting on parental cool.
Christian Science Monitor (on-line), p. 1-3. Http:
/ / proquest.umi.com / pqdweb? Ts stress, anxiety,
and energy.
Stewart, D. (2006). Deaf sport in the community.
Journal of Community Psychology, 14(2), 196205.
Hellmich, N. (1997). Few kids get daily exercise.
USA Today (on-line), D, 1-6, www. web2.
searchbank. com/ infotra; 14.09.2010.year, in
21,30.
CONCLUSION
As shown in the work of sport is one of the
powerful connective force in the world for deaf
and in their socialization as the final goal of their
education. Love of the sport are nurtured in
boarding schools for deaf children and create
rivalry among the other schools. Many deaf
recognize that the sport has helped them to get
involved in community èujuæih, because there are
many sports where verbal communication is the
dominant mode of communication. Also there are
many deaf gave a statement that the most pleasant
feeling in the school during physical education
classes as well as to have the best memories
uprvao competition. Sport quickly became a
powerful means of acculturation for the deaf child,
sharing experiences, the source of the Deaf to increase their pride. That’s going to get through the
competitions that take place at the level of the
whole of Serbia, deaf children learn about each
other, share experiences, to create healthy habits
and develop their social skills.
Children who are involved in the sport feel
better, better fit to the group and are less likely to
become obese later in life. Mentally, sports help
stimulate intellectual development, sharpen motor
skills, razvijajnju better emotional and social
development of gluvog child, helping him to dep177
APES 1(2011) 2:169-178
Arsić, R. et. al. :COMPARASION SPORTS RESULTS DEAF...
Correspondence:
Radomir Arsić
University of Priština – Kosovska Mitrovica, Kosovo i Metohija,
Teacher Training Faculty,
Prizren-Leposaviæ, Serbia
38218 Nemanjina bb, Leposaviæ, Serbia
E - mail:radomir.arsic@pr.ac.rs
KOMPARACIJA NA POSTIGNATITE REZULTATITE NA
U^ENICITE SO O[TETEN SLUH NA U^ILI[NITE
NATPREVARI
UDK:796.034-056.263
(Pregleden trud)
Radomir Arsi}, Nevenka Zrnzevi} i Jelena Kruq - Dra{kovi}
Univerzitet vo Pri{tina Kosovska Mitrovica, Kosovo i Metohija,
U~itelski fakultet, Prizren – Leposavi}, Srbija
Apstrakt
Redovnata fizi~ka aktivnost i fizi~kata kondicija se osobeno
zna~ajni za odr`uvawe na zdravjeto i blagodedot na lugeto od site
vozrasti. Istra`uvawata jasno poka`vaat deka re~isi site poedinci,
vklu~uvaj}i gi i onie so odreden ivaliditet, imaat podobro zdravje,
dokolku se zanimavaat so redovna fizi~ka aktivnost. Vo pove}eto
studii vo koi e procenuvano nivoto na fizi~kite aktivnosti na
mladite so invaliditet, utvrdeno e deka licata so o{teten sluh
imale najvisoko nivo na fizi~ki aktivnosti. Toa pred s#, proizleguvalo
od faktot {to tie bile od u~ili{ta za gluvi deca i mladinci koi
bile opfateni so programa za vonnastavni fizi~ki aktivnosti. Za
ostvaruvawe na fizi~koto zdravje kako edna od celite na nacionalnite
aktivnosti, potrebno e da se podobri nivoto na fizi~kite aktivnosti na gluvite lica koi se nadvor od u~ili{noto fizi~ko vospituvawe i programite na natprevaruva~kiot sport. Promovira-weto na
razli~nite na~ini na `ivot, fizi~kiteaktivnosti i mo`nosti,
vklu~uvaj}i go i konceptot na „aktivniot `ivot“, pretstavuva na~in
na `iveewe koj gi integrira fizi~kite aktivnosti vo sekojdnevnata
rutina za postignuvawe na prioritetnite zdravstveni celi.
Klu~ni zborovi: fizi~ka aktivnost, zdravje, invaliditet,
fizi~ko vosptuvawe, sport, atletika, roditeli,
motorni sposobnosti, kognitivni sposobnosti
178
APES 1(2011) 2:179-182
Joksimović, A.: METHODOLOGICAL SHAPING OF...
METHODOLOGICAL SHAPING OF SKI TRAINING
UDC: 796.921.015
(Professional paper)
Aleksandar Joksimović
University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Niš, Serbia
Abstract
A method of training skiers primarily examines the legality, of ways, types and
forms of training, and thus determines the training process skier. It contains rules for
the methodological design procedures that are suitable for development, improvement
and maintenance of motor skills and technical and tactical skills of skiers. A method of
ski training is a set of skills that enable selection, dosing, distribution and organization
of training in working with skiers of different abilities and age groups. The ability to
determine the contents of ski training is based primarily on knowledge of the competitive demands of skiing and all its components (techniques, tactics, and physical fitness) as well as the top skiers on the model of functional, morphological, motor and
psychological level.
Keywords: motor skills, functional skills, morphological, psychological
characteristics, techniques, tactics, the scope, intensity
Introduction
Methodological shaping of ski training is the
most secure line of development only if the load
corresponds to biological and psychological characteristics of skier. The essence of programming is
to set goals in line selects the content of the full
age appropriate age group or individual with
whom the training was conducted. The choice of
training content that want to influence the development or acquisition fitness ability and stabilization of the technical-tactical knowledge, it is
important to know the equation of value of each
training exercise. It is known that any exercise
training or complex motor activities evokes certain
reactions.
The subject of this work is the review of
methodological shaping of ski training for the successful overcoming of the given task.
The problem of directed towards a better organization and the realization of higher quality in
order to raise the level of ski training.
The aim of this paper is defined by the display
of certain methods and means of training process
for the higher level of methodological shaping of
ski training.
Training methods
The load on training
In relation to the size criterion of training and
competition load differ: maximal (90-100%), submaximal (75-90%), medium (60-75%) and minimal (30-60%) load.
Determining the training load on the two basic
components (the intensity of the load, which consists of two components):
The force, which is defined magnified nom
external load
Speed, which is defined by speed of execution
of training tasks
The same intensity can be achieved, or on
account of force or at the expense of speed.
However, this means two quite different forms of
training and work. In the first case even more
important outer load (working with weights, etc.)
and the second does not load, but the maximum
speed of execution (running downhill and the
like.).
- Volume load also consists of two components:
- Number of repetitions (3 sets x 10 repetitions)
- The duration of period (120 sec. and the like.)
This means that the volume load can be con179
APES 1(2011) 2:179-182
Joksimović, A.: METHODOLOGICAL SHAPING OF...
trolled and adjusted by these two variables (number of repetitions and the duration).
Knowing the volume load of components is
important, because the volume of the load forcing
the primary active transport part of (cardio-respiratory system), which provides oxygen transport
and aerobic activity and energy processes (basic
preparation).
While in forcing intensity activates central and
peripheral nervous system, since it is on the speed
of the flow of nerve impulses on the activity or the
greatest number of motor units. For the fitness
skills development it is needed to determine the
appropriate total load of training, but is also particularly important to determine the appropriate
scope of individual components of loads.
The training load can be: a standard (from the
beginning to the end of the same), progressive (a
trend of continuous increase) and varying (increasing or reducing)
According to the method of teaching technical and tactical knowledge distinguish four basic
methods; they in fact belong to the area of motor
learning, so that it appeared certain phases: initial
phase, concentration, and stabilization of automation. In the process of learning as the specific
methods of learning, as follows:
a) Analytical method (learning the parts of a
given element)
Intermediate skiing movement in order to fix
the kinetic center attempts to 3000 - 5000, with
complex movements and up to 10,000 attempts,
which in the main depends on the level of coordination of candidates, or it’s a cognitive factor (if
there is no fear or sense of security large number of
gates or a trend.
b) Synthetic method (learning task element as a
whole)
c) Mixed methods (use of synthetic and analytical methods)
d) Ideomotor method (required to play reflective of the motor task)
For skiers, the learning process of forming the
present implementation requires continuous
engage-ment of the most complex thought processes (the creation of visual representations - the
layout gate).
Methods of training and shall examine the legality of the ways of men, types and forms of training.
Methodological shaping of ski training means
training exercises to choose those that match goals
as well as individual, group needs skiers. While ski
training methods is a set of skills that enable selection, dosing, distribution and organization of training in working with them different ski abilities.
Contents of training
Ability to determine training content is based
primarily on:
Knowledge of skiing run, and overcoming the
gate and all its components (TE-TA and fitness), as
well as the level of morphological, motor, functional and psychological preparation of elite skiers.
This means that the volume load can be controlled and adjusted (the number of repetitions and
the duration). When activated, forcing the load
volume of the transport structure (cardio-respiratory system) that ensures the transport of oxygen O2
and activity of aerobic energy processes and basic
preparation).
While in forcing intensity activates central and
peripheral nervous system, since it is on the speed
of the flow of nerve impulses on the activity or the
greatest number of motor units; adequate breaks.
Methods of training are specific ways an forms
of work that are used in practical work or competition. We use two methods, namely:
The method of exercise, is used for the development and maintenance of various anthropological them, most fitness skills
- Teaching method, used in the adoption and
development of technical and tactical knowledge.
- Choice of training method depends on:
- The set objectives, level of training process
and sport form
- Age category of the annual cycle of training
(preparation and the like)
- Conditions and opportunities in which the
training process is performed.
According to the criteria differ:
- Continuous or continuous method and
- Interval method which is known as a method
to interruptions.
Breaks can be shorter or longer, followed by a
new working interval of continuous operation,
activities are taking place from the beginning to
the end of the exercise at a time.
- Training methods
- Methods of training are specific ways and
forms of work that are used in practical work or
competition.
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Joksimović, A.: METHODOLOGICAL SHAPING OF...
Two main groups of methods:
- methods of exercise used for the development
and maintenance of various anthropological them,
most fitness skills
- Methods of teaching used in the adoption and
development of technical and tactical knowledge.
It is important that the coach knows the programming of training to choose those methods that
it is possible a positive (effective) influence on the
development of skiers training process at any time
long-term preparations.
- Choice of training method depends on:
- Set goals,
- Level of training process and sport form
- Age category
- Terms and opportunities which the training
process is performed.
The basic methods classification of different
training varies on the one hand on method which is
based on the way the load of skiers and the other
way of learning the technical and tactical knowledge. Based on the criterion there are two methods: continuous methods and interval method as
known as method with the breaks.
The main difference between these methods is
that the continuous or permanent exercise activity
takes place without interruption since its beginning
until the end of the training exercise, while in the
present method of interval breaks, which means
that after a certain duration or repetition of work
activities makes shorter or longer pause, followed
by a new operating frequency, which can be equal
to the load above, but may be different from him.
Continuous and interval method can be implemented in the standard and variable loading conditions.
If the standard loads height is achieved effortlessly maintained from the beginning to the end of
training activities on the same or an equal amount.
At variable load stress varies, may have a trend
of continuous increase, may have a trend of continuous reduction or may vary continuously in the
direction of increase or decrease (varying method).
Conclusion
Methodological shaping of ski training examines the legality of the methods, types and forms of
training and thus promotes, or determines the
process of training skiers. Also, represent a set of
skills that enable selection, organizing and dispensing training in working with them skier different age groups and abilities. A content of ski training is based primarily on knowledge of their morphological characteristics, motor, functional and
psychological abilities, as well as the competitive
demands of skiers.
Reference
Branković, N., Stojiljković, S., & Joksimović, A.
(2005). Theoretical and methodological basis of
determining the interval of rest in the teaching of
physical education. Fizi~ka kultura, 33 (2),
201-202
Joksimović, A., Branković, N., Stojiljković, S.,
Przulj, D. & Branković, N. (2005). The
Methodological Shaping of the preparation of
condition training of athletes. Fizi~ka kultura, 33 (2), 101-202.
Joksimović, A. i Joksimović, S. (2007). Smučanje –
tehnika i metodika [Skiing – tehniqueand
methodics. In Sebian.] Knjaževac: GIP Timok.
Joksimović, A. (2009). Skijanje – tehnika [Skiing –
tehnique. In Serbian.] Knjaževac: GIP Timok.
Joksimović, A. (2009). Praktikum – Skijanje
[Praktikum – Skiing. In Serbian] Knjaževac.
GIP Timok.
Malacko, J. (2000). Osnove sportskog treninga
[Fundamentals of sports training. In Serbijan.]
Beograd: Fakultet za fiziku kulturu
Stojanović, T. i Joksimović, A. (2005): Karving
skijanje – tehnika [Carvingskiing – tehnique. In
Serbian.] Banja Luka: Centar za sport.
Correspondense:
Aleksandar Joksimović
University of Niš,
Faculty of Sport and Physical Education
Čarnojevićeva 10A, 1800 Niš, Serbia
E - mail: joksimovicaleksandar@yahoo.com
181
APES 1(2011) 2:179-182
Joksimović, A.: METHODOLOGICAL SHAPING OF...
METODSKO OBLIKUVAWE NA SKIJA^KIOT TRENING
UDK: 796.921.015
(Stru~en trud)
Aleksandar Joksimovi}
Univerzite vo Ni{, Fakultet za sport i fizi~ko vospitiuvawe,
Ni{, Srbija
Apstrakt
Metodikata na skija~kiot trening, prvenstveno ja prou~uva zakonitosta za na~inite, vidovite i negovite formi, so {to go utvrduva
trena`niot proces na skija~ite. Taa sodr`i pravila za oblikuvawe na
postapkite koi se povolni za razvoj, usvovr{uvawe i odr`uvawe na
motornite sposobnosti i tehni~ko-takti~kite znaewa na skija~ite.
Metodikata na skija~kiot trening, pretstavuva zbir na znaewa koi
ovozmo`uvaat, izbor, dozirawe, distribucija i organizacija na treningot vo rabotata so skija~ite so razli~ni sposobnosti i vozrasni kategorii. Sposobnosta za odreduvawe na sodr`inata na skija~kiot trening, pred sé, se temeli vrz poznavaweto na natprevaruv~kite barawa na
skijaweto, odnosno vrz negovite komponenti (tahnika, taktika, kondicija), kako i modelite na vrvnite skija~i vo odnos na nivnite funkcionalni, morfolo{ki, motorni i psiholo{ki osobini.
Klu~ni zborovi: motorni sposobnosti, funkcionalni sposobnosti,
antropometriski merki, psiholo{ki karakteristiki, tehnika, taktika, intenzitet
182
APES 1(2011) 2:183-186
Stefanović, R. and Lilić, L.: THE INFLUENCE ON PHYSICAL ...
THE INFLUENCE ON PHYSICAL EXERCISES AND AGE
CHARACTERISTICS ON THE YOUNG SCHOOL-AGE RUNNERS
UDC: 796.422-057.874
(Professional paper)
Rade Stefanović and Ljubisa Lilić
University of Priština, Faculty of Physical Education, Leposavić,
Kosovo-Metohija, Serbia
Abstracts
This paper in a way included a part of teaching practice, practical use at the sport
clubs and school sport association. The focus of this paper is also on the methods and
performance of training courses under all teaching conditions. Children like sport,
physical education and activity, they like to compete and imitate famous sportsmen and
their role models. This is why the teacher’s role is of great importance. A teacher gives
the guidelines and first steps in sport and that kind of lifestyle.
Keywords: teaching practice, sport clubs, school sport association, physical
development, working ability
pare them and reinforce their health, help them
improve their posture. In a way, it should eliminate bad habits when it comes to deformities. A
positive impact of athletics can be explained by the
fact that it strengthens your heart, breathing; it harmoniously develops the musculature, increases
joint mobility and improves muscle tone.
Thus we can set the tasks to be dealt with by
athletics and entire physical education in the elementary schools:
- To strengthen health
- To develop children’s body capacities
- To enable the use of lessons learned
- To develop fighting spirit.
Athletics is a beautiful sport that demands
exceptional energy, creativity and enthusiasm from
the teachers. It has always been of great importance to the mankind.
Suffice it to mention that a man could run fast
enough, to throw his spear far and precisely
enough, and just in order to survive. However,
there is a bunch of exciting things to do in everyday lives of people, but less time to commit themselves to the athletics. In a way, this is understandable since the first contact with the athletics is not
so attractive, to some extent even repulsive, so this
is why teachers who wish to involve young people
INTRODUCTION
The issues that this paper deals with relate to
the overall organizational and methodical preparation for carrying out the crouch start and sprint
start under various preparatory conditions. The
preparatory conditions, i.e. determination of the
section length, number of repetitions as well as the
performance of running itself, are not usually
adapted to particular age. Often those who have
teaching experience in these issues of training programming and training phases, in practice they do
not comply with mandatory rules and principles
which they publically forbid.
AGE CHARACTERISTICS
Modern physical education curriculum that is
held in schools is responsible for solving a series
of tasks of great importance for the course of elementary school education as a whole. Often, some
teaching areas are not given appropriate attention
and the most common reason for this is the teacher’s affinity towards specific area. The teaching
conditions are various so the teaching process can
totally differ from school to school even in the same municipality.
This primarily relates to the fact that the athletics should shape children’s bodies, thoroughly pre183
APES 1(2011) 2:183-186
Stefanović, R. and Lilić, L.: THE INFLUENCE ON PHYSICAL ...
into sport should be warned about. Looking at
their friends, boys and girls see them running,
throwing sport requisites, jumping, sweating and
getting dirty from the dust and sand. However,
there is a prettier side of athletics which is attractive and irresistible. Looking at the athletes at the
sport venues in arenas, one can see the beauty of
movements, perfection of body structure, good
health, strong will, and when we feel all the beauty and charm of this sport, it is hard to separate
from athletics, just the way it is today. Especially
for those ones who achieve remarkable sport
results, they can hardly leave the athletics. It is no
coincidence that the athletics is called “queen of
sports”.
School age from 9 to 14 is particular because
children of that age grow up and develop fast. If
we observe them a year before they are just kids
but at the end of their elementary school they become grown-ups. Within this characteristic period
they put up with changes, they grow up so fast that
they cannot recognize themselves from the photos
in which they were two or three years old. These
changes are visible and they reflect on increased
height, weight, width of shoulders, chest and hips.
Their legs and arms are becoming longer, the
growth of long bones is considerably intensive so
the muscles in limbs are thin this is why the proportionality of height and weight is not aligned the
way it should be. Later on the muscles will strengthen, tone of voice will change, and the hair will
get its true color. However, it should be noted that
the body growth is influenced by genetic factors as
well as by social environment, nutrition, physical
activity, racial characteristics, history of disease
and injuries. Any further development of each
individual depends on the hormonal influence on
the body development. Besides, body structure can
depend on specific workload. A progress of body
height, weight, chest, lung capacity and other indicators that has been observed from year to year is
called the rate of growth and development. Comparing the rate of growth and development of the
respondent with the average values we can determine whether a person is properly being developed
or not. For those who would like to achieve good
results as an amateur or top sportsman for example
in athletics, according to the table below, the respondents should get close to the upper indicators.
The first signs of sexual maturity begin to show
up during physical development of children at the
age of 9. These signs are noticeable not just with
physical development which ends at the age of 18
to 20 or even later. This whole process is biologically and completely defined so that’s why the
period of physical development is very extensive.
If we tried to evaluate the physical development
based solely on years of growth, this evaluation
would be unreliable. Namely, the persons of same
age can physically develop totally different from
each other. But if we include the degree of sexual
maturity, the mentioned evaluation can be more
reliable.
The degree of physical development is generally taken for the evaluation of sport results. It often
happens that some young athletes, whose physical
development for some reason stagnates, balance
their weaknesses and achieve even surpass those
athletes who achieved good results long time ago.
THE INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON YOUNG SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN
Physical exercises as they are performed today
at schools, during trainings of amateur athletes or
sport recreations, greatly contribute to the development of personality as a whole, both in physical
and mental quality. Since man is less mobile today
thus misbalancing his instinct for mobility and
play, the physical exercises are priceless for him,
having been in these circumstances.
Beside knowing the improper use of physical
exercises which primly relates to their type,
method, conditions and dosage, it is also necessary
to know their influence on the development of
heart, circulation and respiratory system, especially when it comes to development period. Proper
breathing is one of the factors that affect efficient
performance of exercises. Teachers’ warnings directed to children to breathe properly are often said
for reason. A smooth and deep breathing is recommended which provides not just the oxygen to the
body but also a positive influence on development
of respiratory system and body as a whole. The
physical education at the elementary schools with
curriculum as a normative document cannot provide and adapt students to/for better results. It is
not just enough to make commitment to protecting
their growth, warning them about their poor posture and worrying about the function of their maturity. The focus of this consideration is also the
heart ability to adapt to physical exercises. Children generally and especially untrained ones have
184
APES 1(2011) 2:183-186
Boys
Body height
Body weight
Middle chest
size
Lung capacity
Girls
Body height
Body weight
Middle chest
size
Lung capacity
Stefanović, R. and Lilić, L.: THE INFLUENCE ON PHYSICAL ...
Age
9
From 124
to 137
From 24
to 31
From 60
to 66
From 1300
to 2000
Age
9
From 123
to 136
From 25
to 31
From 58
to 65
From 1100
to 1800
10
From 129
to 124
From 26
to 34
From 61
to 68
From 1500
to 2200
11
From 133
to 147
From 28
to 38
From 63
to 71
From 1600
to 2400
12
From 138
to 153
From 30
to 42
From 65
to 73
From 1800
to 2700
13
From 142
to 159
From 33
to 47
From 67
to 76
From 2000
to 3000
14
From 150
to 161
From 39
to 61
From 70
to 82
From 2400
to 3700
10
From 128
to 142
From 25
to 35
From 59
to 67
From 1300
to 2000
11
From 134
to 138
From 28
to 40
From 61
to 71
From 1500
to 2200
12
From 139
to 155
From 31
to 45
From 64
to 74
From 1700
to 2500
13
From 145
to 158
From 36
to 51
From 66
to 76
From 1900
to 2800
14
From 151
to 164
From 42
to 58
From 70
to 83
From 2200
to 3100
a smaller heart. At children and youth, in the period of physical development and training, the size
of heart, circulation of blood and respiratory apparatus are constantly subject to changes. An obvious
example for this is the increased size of the heart at
young athletes in middle and long-distance running.
Physical exercise should be performed constantly for a longer period in order to strengthen
the body as a whole, the cardiovascular system,
respiratory organs, musculature, joints and articular cartilage. This is a positive impact of physical
exercises to children’s body. The schedule of physical activity should include gradual changes of
intensity and diversity of exercises so that systematic training with proper lifestyle represents an
answer for good health, high working ability and
sport success.
successful they will be depends on our preferences
and quality. Our patience, our methods for drawing
their attention and activating them to learn some
motor activity, all this depends on their personal
interests and involvement.
Children like sport, physical education and
activity, they like to compete and imitate famous
sportsmen and their role models. This is why the
teacher’s role is of great importance. A teacher
gives the guidelines and first steps to be taken in
sport and that kind of lifestyle.
REFERENCES
Nikolić, Z. (1995). Fiziologija fizičke aktivnosti
[Physiology of physical activity. In Serbian.]
Beograd: Fakultet fizičke kulture Univerziteta u
Beogradu.
Perić, D. (1994). Operacionalizacija istraživanja u
fizičkoj kulturi [Operationalization of research in
physical education. In Serbian.] Beograd: Politop
Stefanović, Đ. (1988). Atletika (skripta) [Athletics
(the script). In Serbian.] Priština: Zavod za uđbenike i nastavna sredstva.
Stefanović, Đ. (1992). Atletika 2 – Tehnika
[Athletics 2 – Technique.In Serbian.] Beograd:
Samostalno izdanje autora.
Stefanović, Đ.(1993). Brzina trčanja u atletici
(Monografija) [Speed running in track
(Monograph). In Serbian.] Beograd: Fakultet
fizičke kulture Univerziteta u Prištini.
Stefanović, Đ. i Stefanović, R. (2002) Teorija i
metodika atletike. [The theory and methodology
of athletics. In Serbian.] Beograd: Samostalno
izdanje autora.
CONCLUSION
The world research results as well as domestic
ones indicate that the speed rate at the age of 10 to
14 is at the high level and its improvement is the
greatest. As far as the training load is concerned a
special attention is given to it, since it represents
the most intensive development period in children’s lives and the improper training may give
reverse health effects in general.
The paper considered the issues of speed, sprint
speed as the maximal running method. What is in
common is that the speed is the most significant
motor skill of the humans.
Children are curious, eager to learn and how
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Stefanović, R. and Lilić, L.: THE INFLUENCE ON PHYSICAL ...
Correnspondence:
Ljubiša Lilić
University of Priština
Faculty of Physical Education
Dositej Obradović b b,
38218 Leposavić, Kosovo-Metohija, Srbija
E - mail: ljubolilic@sbb.rs
VLIJANIETO NA FIZI^KOTO VE@BAWE I VOZRASNITE
KARAKTERISTIKI KAJ TRKA^ITE OD MLADATA
U^ILI[NA VOZRAST
UDK: 796.422-057.874
(Stru~en trud)
Rade Stefanovi} i Qubi{a Lili}
Univerzitet vo Pri{tina, Fakultet za sport i fizi~ko vospituvawe,
Leposavi}, Kosovo-Metohija, Srbija
Apstrakt
Redovnata fizi~ka aktivnost i fizi~kata kondicija se osobeno
zna~ajni za odr`uvawe na zdravjeto i blagodedot na lugeto od site
vozrasti. Istra`uvawata jasno poka`vaat deka re~isi site poedinci,
vklu~uvaj}i gi i onie so odreden ivaliditet, imaat podobro zdravje,
dokolku se zanimavaat so redovna fizi~ka aktivnost. Vo pove}eto
studii vo koi e procenuvano nivoto na fizi~kite aktivnosti na mladite so invaliditet, utvrdeno e deka licata so o{teten sluh imale
najvisoko nivo na fizi~ki aktivnosti. Toa pred s#, proizleguvalo od
faktot {to tie bile od u~ili{ta za gluvi deca i mladinci koi bile
opfateni so programa za vonnastavni fizi~ki aktivnosti. Za ostvaruvawe na fizi~koto zdravje kako edna od celite na nacionalnite aktivnosti, potrebno e da se podobri nivoto na fizi~kite aktivnosti na
gluvite lica koi se nadvor od u~ili{noto fizi~ko vospituvawe i
programite na natprevaruva~kiot sport. Promoviraweto na razli~nite na~ini na `ivot, fizi~kite aktivnosti i mo`nosti, vklu~uvaj}i go i konceptot na „aktivniot `ivot“, pretstavuva na~in na
`iveewe koj gi integrira fizi~kite aktivnosti vo sekojdnevnata
rutina za postignuvawe na prioritetnite zdravsptveni celi.
Klu~ni zborovi: fizi~ka aktivnost, zdravje, invaliditet,
fizi~ko vospituvawe, sport, atletika, roditeli,
motorni sposobnosti, kognitivni sposobnosti
186
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Stanišić, I. and Stanišić, M. : THE INFLUENCE OF...
THE INFLUENCE OF DAMAGED EYESIGHT ON
MOTOR DEVELOPMENT
UDC:796.012.4-056.262-053.5
(Professional paper)
Irena Stanišić1 and Milan Stanišić2
1High school for professional education of teachers in preschool,
Kruševac, Serbija
2Regional Prison, Kruševac, Serbija
Abstract
Aspect plays an important role in the development of a small childrens motor,
because they give a reason for moving. Vision is the primary motivator for children to
move around and explore their environment, to manipulate objects and to interact with
people and in this way learn about the world around them. Stimulates and supports the
vision of early righting reflexes, which are essential to learning how to properly direct
the head and body for coordinated movements. As a result, a child with impaired vision
can have a reduced capacity to shifting weight and rotating trunk and upper body.
These factors may affect the quality of movement of the trunk, shoulders and upper
extremities, which often manifests in the form of atypical body position and movements
of visually impaired children.
Keywords: perceptual information, balancing the body, walking,
motor coordination, music
ing the feedback for improvement of movement,
eyesight also provides information about the sequence of the whole movement. Additionally, eyesight stimulates the coordination and control, and
interferes in the creation of images of the body
(Ferrell, 2000). There are three main restrictions
associated with lack of eyesight and its influence
on the movement (The Canadian National Institute
for the Blind, 2004):
• limited range and variety of experiences with
people and the environment, because a child with
a damaged eyesight doesn`t have a direct experience that provides the eyesight itself,
• limited ability to move through space, which
limits opportunities for enrichment experiences
and social contacts,
• limited control over the environment and relations with the environment, because the child lacks
the visual information about shape, size, position
and orientation of objects from the environment.
child with a damaged eyesight has little or no
observation of space beyond that which only covers its body.
All of these restrictions can negatively influ-
Most people who can see, imagine that being
blind means being in total darkness. The term
“blind” and “damaged eyesight” covers a wide
range of experiences, starting from total blindness
to the ability to see the light and to read the paper,
which is quite close to the face. A child who is
blind or with the damaged eyesight has to rely on
other senses to understand and accomplish the
interaction with the outside world. Nevertheless,
children with damaged eyesight should be encouraged to develop and use what`s left of their eyesight. The strength of other sensory modalities is
used to compensate the perception of incomplete
information caused by damaged eyesight.
Eyesight plays an important role in motor
development of infants, because it gives a reason
for moving. Eyesight is the primary motivator for
children to move and explore their environment, to
manipulate with objects and interact with people
and thus learn about the world around them. A
child with the unharmed eyesight can behold the
movements of others and observe the results of
their actions and thus learn spontaneously. By
allowing the imitation of movements and provid187
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Stanišić, I. and Stanišić, M. : THE INFLUENCE OF...
ence the child’s motor development, and therefore
child with a damaged eyesight requires special
encouragement, stimulation and intervention to
move and explore.
Eyesight stimulates and supports the reflexes
of early straightening up, which are essential for
learning how to properly direct the head and torso
of coordinated movements. As a result, child with
a damaged eyesight can show a reduced ability to
shift weight and turn the trunk and upper body.
These factors can influence the quality of trunk
movements, shoulder and upper extremities, which
often manifests in the form of atypical patterns in
posture and movements of children with a damaged eyesight.
Children with a damaged eyesight have problems when they perform the balance exercises,
since the possibility of balancing the body depends
largely on the quality of information that are received visually (Grbović , 2006, 109-122).
Some of the characteristic body position of a
blind and a child with a damaged eyesight (The
Canadian National Institute for the Blind, 2004)
are as follows:
• lying on the back - blind and children with a
damaged eyesight show preference to this position,
because it doesn`t require a lot of active movement. Without stimulation the children tend to lie
passively in this position, resisting the movement
or changing according to the position,
• lying on the stomach - children with a damaged eyesight do not usually like this position
because it requires more activity and leads to faster
to tiredness. In this position, both blind or children
with a damaged eyesight cannot raise their heads,
because there is no visual stimulation, which would corroborate that. If they raise their heads, there
is little motivation to retain that position for longer,
• sitting - both blind and children with a damaged eyesight lack adequate balance in keeping the
head in the upright position, and they tend to lean
forward with their heads that fall down. It happens
that they are trying to hold their heads up by raising their shoulders, which can lead to tension in
the shoulder muscles during the time,
• rotation – both blind and children with a damaged eyesight often exhibit lag in development
rotation, which allows more freedom and finesse.
Rotation requires of children to dislocate one part
of the body from another, which can lead to loss of
security for the child with a damaged eyesight,
• changes in the movement – both blind and
children with a damaged eyesight need more time
to change movements and to move from one position to another because they lack the balance and
security for the movement as a result of the lack of
visual stimulation,
• creeping - both blind and children with a
damaged eyesight can skip this stage and as a
result, they may have limited stability and limited
ability to rotate their hips. Besides that, they can
develop a “duck walk” with their feet facing outward, the gap wide base for support when walking
and paralyzing their knees for stability. This causes more weight transfer to make movement from
one to the other foot, and reduces the length of the
footstep,
• walking - both blind and children with a damaged eyesight tend to walk with their feet spread
apart, because of security. The hands are often held
in high guard, protective position because they
have not developed a sense of balance and security when walking. Longer-term usage of this form
can prevent the development of higher level of
walking motor skills,
• motor coordination - both blind and children
with a damaged eyesight do not have the same
opportunities to imitate and to model the patterns
of movement as children of with the undamaged
eyesight. It also can be less skillful in activities
that require visual observation and motor coordination, such as throwing and catching a ball.
Besides, coordination can be damaged if the child
can`t move opposite the gravity (some children
cannot jump or stand on one leg).
The child with a damaged eyesight needs to
learn how to move safely and with more confidence to learn about the world through movement.
Mobility of both blind and the child with a damaged eyesight is limited due to reduction or lack of
ability to visualize their environment, with all its
obstacles and dangers, and the understanding of
the physical world is also limited, particularly in
terms of shape, form, distance of objects and their
relationship (Warren, 1994) .
Recommendations for intervention when it
comes to motor development of children with a
damaged eyesight :
• Provide a positive experience in carrying out
the activities of the child:
While working with the child with a damaged
eyesight it is important to create opportunities for
a variety of movements and positions through whi188
APES 1(2011) 2:187-191
Stanišić, I. and Stanišić, M. : THE INFLUENCE OF...
ch it can learn to walk. It is desirable to involve
movements and positions that are short in duration
(several minutes) when you start to work with the
child, because it will create an opportunity for a
pleasant and positive experience for the child.
Then tolerance can be gradually built throughout
the extended time from several minutes to longer.
When a child completely mastered a certain position or activity, it is advisable to import new elements that will be a new challenge for the child.
to put the child to lie on his parents ` chest and to
touch their face, collar, necklace. Tactile stimulation of the child’s chin and neck muscles on the
dorsal side may also encourage the raising of the
child`s head.
• Encourage a child to walk :
Walking can be encouraged with the help of
toys that a child can push as it moves through
space, by placing them in front of him and by placing the child’s hands on them (for example, small
trolley or large rubber ball). When the child moves
to an adult while learning to walk, it is important
that an adult does not increase the distance by
making the move back, because it can be confusing until the child develops a sense of spatial distance. To develop skills of balancing the child
should be allowed to practice walking on different
types of surfaces - wooden floors, carpet, grass,
sand, concrete, stairs, hills, etc.
Rotation of the hips is encouraged with activities such as walking up and down stairs, swimming, using hula-hop (the ring), bike riding and
balancing activities, too. Games that include walking sideways or backwards, imitating various animals walking or crawling over, under or through a
variety of obstacles have a positive effect on the
development of the child’s motor skills and planning orientation.
• Achieve communication with the child:
You should always speak with the child about
what is being done. A child with a damaged eyesight relies on the argument that to acquire a sense
of the environment in which it is. It is important for
a child to communicate and to be surrounded by
objects in which can enjoy. When you talk and
explain the child about the objects it is surrounded
, it provides the simulation for movements which
would explore the objects.
• Use sensory stimulation to encourage the
movement:
A child with damaged eyesight cannot stop to
move or to stand still when trying to listen to auditory stimuli from the environment, so the lack of
movement does not necessarily mean a lack of
interest in the environment. For the older children
you should use auditory stimuli, notably by lying
in front of children using the voices of famous or
interesting toys. To encourage awareness of the
body, the bell or rattle the child’s feet or ankles can
be laid. The child’s awareness of the body can be
increased with the use of tactile stimuli. When the
child is lying on its back, one of the possible interventions that can help to develop awareness of the
body means to capture the child’s hands and to
touch the feet with them. The child is leading slowly to a sitting position, which strengthen the muscles of the head, neck and body.
• Creativity in encouraging the movement of the
child:
Music, songs that include a presentation of
some actions, like dancing, can also help a child to
develop finer motor skills. The development of the
child’s awareness of the body may also encourage
the child to be massaged with lotion, baby powder
or oil, soft tissues using the names of body parts
that are massaged. The same can be done when a
child is bathing or dressing, as these are ideal
opportunities for a child with a damaged eyesight
to learn the names and functions of the body. It is
also important to do this with the child by sitting
behind him, because it allows the child to feel the
adult`s movements and what he is trying to show,
especially when he shows how to manipulate
objects. Playing with the ball, particularly the ball
which emits a sound, should be involved in the
child’s activities to encourage skills fetch, holding
objects in his hand, transferring and throwing of
objects.
• Encourage the raising of the child`s head:
Encouraging a child to raise the head when
lying on stomach, it`s recommended for the time
when a child is active during the day. Among children who have preserved some degree of eyesight
batteries, toys with bright, contrasting colors with
toys such as yellow and red and mirrors can be
used to encourage the raising of the child`s head. A
good way to encourage a child to raise his head is
189
APES 1(2011) 2:187-191
Stanišić, I. and Stanišić, M. : THE INFLUENCE OF...
rada u predškolskim ustanovama [Kindergarten
Fit for Children - a manual for the inclusive
model of preschool institutions. In Serbian.]
Beograd: Save the Children
Eškirović, B.M., Vučinić, V.J. & Jablan, B.Đ.
(2001). Neke tiflodidaktičke osnove nastave
fizičkog vaspitanja sa slabovidim učenicima
[Some tiflodidactic basis of physical education
students with low vision. In Serbian] Beogradska
defektološka škola, (1), 67-76.
Ferrell, K.A. (2000). Growth and development of
children. New York: American Foundation for the
Blind.
Grbović, A. (2006). Ispitivаnje fizičkih sposobnosti
slаbovidih učenikа – rаvnotežа [Examination of
the physical abilities of visually impaired students
– balance. In Serbian] Beogrаdskа defektološkа
školа, (2), 109-122.
Jablan, B. (2003). Motorne funkcije dece sa oštećenjem vida [Motor function of children with visual
impairments. In Serbian] Beogradska defektološka škola, (3), 97-105.
Kavčić, R. (1975). Uloga fizičkog vaspitanja u
razvijanju orijentacije i mobilnosti slepe i
slabovide dece. [The role of physical education in
the development of orientation and mobility of
blind and visually impaired children. In Serbian.]
Specijalna škola, (24), 285-292.
Maksimović, J. (2006). Korektivni rad sa decom
oštećenog vida predškolskog uzrasta [Corrective
work with visually impaired children of preschool
age. In Serbian. Zbornik radova
(Proceedings),Učiteljskog fakulteta, Užice, (7),
269-284.
The Canadian National Institute for the Blind.
(2004). A Strong Beginning: A Sourcebook for
Health and Education Professionals Working With
Young Children Who Are Visually Impaired or
Blind. CNIB.
Warren, D.H. (1994). Blindness and Children: An
Individual Differences Approach. Cambridge NY:
Cambridge University Press.
Conclusion
Eyesight is the primary motivator for children
to move and explore their environment, to manipulate objects and interact with people and in this
way to learn about the world around them.
There are three main restrictions associated
with lack of eyesight and its impact on the movement: limited range and variety of experiences
with people and the environment, because a child
with a damaged eyesight does not have a direct
experience that provides the eyesight, limited ability to move through space, which limits opportunities for enrichment experience and social contact,
limited control over the environment and relations
with the environment, because the child lacks the
visual information about shape, size, position and
orientation of objects from the environment. A
child with a damaged eyesight has little or no
observation of space beyond that which only covers its body. All of these restrictions can negatively influence the child’s motor development, and
therefore child with a damaged eyesight requires
special encouragement, stimulation and intervention to move and explore.
Both blind and children with a damaged eyesight do not have the same opportunities to imitate
and to model the patterns of movement as children
of with the undamaged eyesight. It also can be less
skillful in activities that require visual observation
and motor coordination, such as throwing and
catching a ball.
While working with the child with a damaged
eyesight it is important to create opportunities for
a variety of movements and positions through
which it can learn to walk. It is desirable to involve
movements and positions that are short in duration
(several minutes) when you start to work with the
child, because it will create an opportunity for a
pleasant and positive experience for the child.
References
Došen, Lj. & Gačić-Bradić, D. (2005). Vrtić po meri
deteta - priručnik za primenu inkluzivnog modela
Correspondence:
Irena Stanišić
High school for professional education of teachers in preschool
Luke Ivanoviæ 22, 37000 Kruševac, Serbia
E - mail: irena_s@verat.net
190
APES 1(2011) 2:187-191
Stanišić, I. and Stanišić, M. : THE INFLUENCE OF...
VLIJANIETO NA O[TETENIOT VID VRZ
MOTORNIOT RAZVOJ
UDK: 796.012.4-056.262-053.5
(Stru~en trud)
Irena Stani{i}1 i Milan Stani{i}2
1Visoka
{kola za stru~ni studii za obrazovanie na vospituva~i,
Kru{evac, Srbija
2Okru`en zatvor, Kru{evac, Srbija
Apstrakt
Vidot ima zna~ajna uloga vo motorniot razvoj na deteto, poradi toa
{to e vo pr~inska vrska so telesnoto dvi`ewe. Vidot e primaren motivator za dvi`eweto na decata za prou~uvawe na svojata okolina, za
koristewe na objektite i za ostvaruvawe na interakcijata so lu|eto,
so {to go soznavaat svetot koj gi opkru`uva. Vidot gi stimulira i
poddr`uva po~etnite refleksi na podignuvaweo na teloto, {to vsu{nost e od klu~no zna~ewe za adekvatnoto naso~uvawe na glavata i
trupot pri koordiniraite dvi`ewa. Vo sprotivno, deteto so o{teten
vid mo`e da poka`uva namalena sposobnost za prefrluvawe na te`inata
na teloto i vrteweto na trupot i gorniot del na teloto. Ovie faktori mo`e da vlijaat vrz kvalitetot na dvi`ewto na trupot,
ramenicite i gornite ekstremiteti, {to ~esto se izrazuva vo vid na
atipi~na polo`ba na teloto i dvi`eweto na telesnite dvi`ewa.
Klu~ni zborovi: perceptivni informacii, ramnote`a na teloto, odewe,
motorna koordinazija, muzika
191
192
APES 1(2011) 2:193-196
Hadzivanova, I.: THE FUNCTION AND IMPORTANCE OF...
THE FUNCTION AND IMPORTANCE OF A PSYCHOLOGIST
PSYCHOTHERAPIST IN TRAINING PROCESS, COMPETITIVE
CYCLE OF LEADING SPORTSMAN I AND IMPLEMENTATION OF
THE HOLISTIC GESTALT APPROACH IN DEVELOPING
(PROGRESSING) OF THEIR POTENTIALS
UDC:796.42.015:159.9.019.2
(Professional paper)
Ivana Hadzivanova
Clinic of Psychiatry, Skopje, Macedonia
Abstract
Despite of the spreading laymen`s opinion that sportsman are an example of
physical and psychological health , the statistic has shown that about 20 - 25% of
sportsmen need professional help for reducing and eliminating the barriers in their
sporting progress and personal development.In my opinion, Gestalt psychotherapy is
the most useful and the most adequate for training the leading sportsmen, it is an
effective method in developing and getting characteristics necessary for topping
achievement, and above all, for getting human virtuous characteristics.The treatment,
of those, who have blocked their potential and have developed pathological way of
reacting and behaving, has an aim to make sportsman aware of the blocking mechanism , and to help him to find his own way for using his potential in achieving the
optimal results, in order to be successful in a professional sport.
Keywords: coaches, phychiatry, anxiety, emotional stability
Despite of the spreading laymen`s opinion
that sportsman are an example of physical and psychological health , the statistic has shown that
about 20-25% of sportsmen need professionalhelp
for reducing and eliminating the barriers in their
sporting progress and personal development.In my
opinion, Gestalt psychotherapy is the most useful
and the most adequate for training the leading
sportsmen, it is an effective method in develing
and getting characteristics necessary for topping
ach-ievement, and above all , for getting human
virtuous characteristics. The treatment, of those,
who have blocked their potential and have developed pathological way of reacting and behaving,
has an aim to make sportsman aware of the blocking mechanism , and to help him to find his own
way for using his potential in achieving the optimal results, in order to be successful in a professional sport.
It is well known and approved that the psychological skills, that the leading sportsmen have,
are the meritorious and determinative for their
success and achieves.The sportsmen who have
mental power and are self-conscious, are the best
in their field of sport , and they have capability to
show their best performance and to get optimal
results. The opinion in the past was that, these
characteristics and skills are inherited genetic, or
they are learned and developed during the earliest
age. But, nowadays, generally accepted opinion is
that the sportsmen and trainers (coaches) are capable for permanent, unlimited teaching and developing of new psychologies skills and techniques
that can have the main part in getting optimal sporting results.
The psychology of a sport is applied science
and is engage with study and analyse of psychological aspects of all modes and contents of sports
culture, as well as, behaviour of all participants in
it, in order to describe, define and control such a
behaviour, all with one purpose: to give direction
to the sportsman for getting personal and sporting
competence and also to increase the sporting efficiency .
The specific field of sporting psychology is
rapidly progressing during the passing years,
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APES 1(2011) 2:193-196
Hadzivanova, I.: THE FUNCTION AND IMPORTANCE OF...
although this science is still treated as a recent
one.The importance of a sport psychologist, or a
psychologist- psychiatrist therapist as the integral
member of a team for training and health, is
already well known. A psychologist is able to educate a professional sportsman to skills , to help
him in over coming and processing a new, locomotor skills, to learn him to have a self control and
to know how to bare with the tension of competition and competitive animosity, as well as to
increase the level of awareness necessary to the
body for optimum performance.The psychologist
also, help the sportsman to reach the necessary
concentration, help to focus sportsman attention
and to ignore the destructors during the competition.
A psychological training should be the integral part of a sport holistic training concept.
A psychotherapist has a great function in taking care for emotional health of a sportsman.The
psychological stress of a sportsman, very often,
may occur as a psychosomatic disturbing symptoms and repressive, unaware aetiology that can`t
be recognized at all. The stress can appear in a
different psychosomatic difficulties and complaint,
as distracted sleeping, in abusing substances, as
irritating and susceptibility, anorexia, bulimia or
other gastrointestinal problems.
Te stress can also appears as a muscle tensions
and incapability for relaxing, and also as growth
anxiety, and culminate with panic attack. In some
situation, although a sportsman is body injured he
is incapable for psychological recovering.
The first step of the sportsman is looking for a
help by common doctor, which is based on psychological somatic difficulties and because of the
awareness of a sportsman for the real aetiology of
the symptom. Even if he is aware of the psychological factor, it is possible to avoid psychotherapist because of existing stigmatism of psychological anomies.
Unfortunately, the situation in our sporting
clubs, at the moment, is that they work without
psy-chiatrists at their disposal. That is one more
difficulty for those who need and look for such a
help. If the sportsman asks help from a psychologist, who has a certificate and is well educating,
with longterm adequate education in psychotherapy, the next step is tete-a-tete communication
that has to be made carefully and professionally.This communication through conversations
develops the conversation into psychotherapy
scance , and if this situation repeats, a psychotherapy process has begun. This process continues
with many individual meetings. Through this
meeting one can detect problems with a trainer,
with other sportsmen in the team, members of the
family, social environment, with himself or, some
anxiety maybe, because of an important future
competition, uncertainty , loss of confidence and
motivation, overtraining, indecision in transferring
in a sport`s career and etc.
It is necessary, very often, more attention has
to be devoted to the internal motivation for training, which at the same time, makes their self-confidence stronger that is essential for successfull
competition. Those sportsmen who believe in their
capability and believe that they have done everything to be well prepared for competition show
less symptoms of insecurity and anxiety, than
those who were able and should have made more
efforts and to show more energy , but they had not
enough motivation to do that. All abovementioned
proves that the psychologist-therapist takes the
main part in working with professional sportsmen.
Although there is laic`s opinion that the sportsmen are the most healthy people both, in body
and in mind (“In healthy body healthy mind”)
some of statistic data shows that there is even
about 20-25% among the sportsmen, persons who
need professional help for elimination and reducing of different barriers through(in) their sporting
progress and personal development.
Psychological studies confirm that characteristics that have been developed with the leading
- sportsmen , make them different from the
others, and they are the following:
- emotional stability
- self-control
- less prone to anxiety and psychosomatic
symptoms
-expressed forms of extroverted behavior and
expression
- greater self-confidence
- confidence in themselves and minded
- higher degree of persistence and tolerance
- responsibility and care for themselves
expressed necessity for domination and leadership
- competence and achievement
- greater capacity for successful adaptation and
performance under stress conditions
- adequate internal motivation in training conditions
These are qualities which can be developed
with necessary capacity, with potential and suitable work .
Unfortunately, an adequate education for
sporting psychology has not been existing in our
country, yet.
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APES 1(2011) 2:193-196
Hadzivanova, I.: THE FUNCTION AND IMPORTANCE OF...
But several psychotherapy’s courses exist and
actively have been applied , such as:transactional
analysis, cognitive-behavioral therapy, psychodrama, Gestalt therapy, systemic- family therapy,
integrative treatment approach and etc.
Taking into consideration my theoretical ,
long-term education, working with clients and my
personal experience as a sportsman and competitor in individual and collective sports, my attitude isthat Gestalt psychotherapy is the most adequate and most effective for working with the
leading sportsmen.
Abovementioned properties, necessary for
superior performances, but also virtuous human
traits, have being achieving by applying of this
method .On the other hand, working with those,
who have blocked their potentials and develop
ways of pathologicresponse and behaviour, means
to go towards achieving awareness of the way and
the reasons for blocking . But also, the aim is to
find their own , new way of restarting the use of
their potential.
Gestalt therapy is a humanistic trend in psychology , due to the fact that training techniques
allows a person to use all its potentials, to develop
and use them in every field of his life.
Etymologically, Gestalt is a German word that
means a completeness, configuration ,integrity of
the form. Gestalt therapy is phenomenological
approach, which works as it would appear now and
here. Its founder Fritz Perls , was a devotee of
Freud at the beginning , and was a psychoanalyst,
Later, he made revision of Freud’s psychoanalytic
theory , so he created Gestalt psychotherapy that
has grown into a psychotherapy nowadays and is
number one in the world, with a growing trend.
My pleasure is to say that this psychotherapy
is implemented therapy in our country, as well.
Gestalt therapy is used by clients who are healthy, young and adults persons who`s aim is maturation, self-discovery, integration, development
and psychological homeostasis, and there is
absolutely included a professional sportsman and
competitor.
Gestalt psychotherapy contains several techniques that enable contact with yourself now and
here and resolve the unfinished situations and fixations in the past.These techniques allow realising
of the tethered energy necessary for progress and
becoming of the self-regulation of the organism.What I have to mention is that in Gestalt therapy the basic motive power and immanent instinct
is aggressiveness, i.e. the active human being. This
characteristic is consider as a positive human trait,
that is necessary for moving forward (to prog-
ress),despite the current opinions that the aggressiveness associates on violent behaviour and that
is characteristic that should be overcome (suppressed) and, for some people, such a behaviour
should be condemned. Properly directed aggression of the sportsman, i.e. his moving energy is
one that will lead him to his aim (target). Excess
amount of aggressiveness fully sublimated through
training gives to a human being in general, possibility of catharsis and is really a physiological
wisdom of the body.
During the work in Gestalt therapy are used:
technique of contact with yourself and awareness
of yourself in the present, phenomenological
approach, amplification, an empty chair technique,
work on dreams, also water ??experiments are
made by active imagination and visualization, psychodrama, the body is using also, as well as nonverbal gestures and speech.All of these techniques
are applicable and effective in psychotherapy also
in a work with sports professionals, and
the
results
- are undoubtedly confirmed by the experience.
Conclusion
My opinion is that every professional club in
any sporting discipline, as well as individuals,
leading sports professional needs and it is desirable
to have regular contact and work with an associate
psychologist, Gestalt psychotherapist, who
would be available as throughout the training
process and in the competitive cycle. Only in this
way can be used most of the potential that a leadingsportsman possesses, without oversights the
psychological aspects of personality that is equally
important as the physical loco-motor part of the
sportsman is. Implementing the holistic Gestalt
concept means to work with the person as a whole
,composed of all its various parts, getting a new
quality, which means progress in the sport, leading
scores, moving the upper limit of achievements
and finally new records.
Literature
Cox R. H. (2007). Sport psychology, Concepts and
Aplications. New York: McGraw-Hill
Deci, E.L. (1975). Intrinsic motivation. New YorkLondon: Plenum Press
Lazarevic, Lj. S. (1994). Psiholoska priprema
sportista [Psihological preparation of athletes. In
Serbian]. Beograd: Fakultet fizicke kulture
Mladenović, U. (1981). Osnove psihologije sporta. [
The basics of psychology of sport. In Serbian ]
Novi Sad: Zavod za fizičku kulturu Vojvodine
195
APES 1(2011) 2:193-196
Hadzivanova, I.: THE FUNCTION AND IMPORTANCE OF...
Perls, F. (1951). Ego Hunger and Aggression: A
revision of Freud’s theory and Method. New
York: Julian Press
Perls, F., Hefferline, R. F., & Goodman, P. (1980).
Gestalt therapy: excitement and growth in the
human personality. Original from the University
of California. New York: Bantam Books
Williams Jean M. (2009). Applied Sport Psychology:
Personal Growth to Peak Performance McGrawHill Higher Education. New York: Pennsylvania
State University
Correspondence:
Ivana Hadzivanova
Clinic of psychiatry,
Belgradska bb, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
E-mail: hadzivanova@gmail.com
FUNKCIJATA I ZNA^EWETO NA PSIHOLOGOTPSIHOTERAPEVT VO TRENA@NIOT PROCES I
NATPREVARUVA^KIOT CIKLUS KAJ VRVNITE SPORTISTI
I IMPLEMENTACIJA NA GE[TALT HOLISTI^KIOT
KONCEPT PRI RABOTATA ZA RAZVOJ NA NIVNITE
POTENCIJALI
UDK:796.42.015:159.9.019.2
(Stru~en trud)
Ivana Haxivanova
Univerzitetska klinika za psihijatrija, Skopje. Makedonija
Apstrakt
Iako me|u laicite vladee misleweto deka sportistite se etalon na
zdravjeto vo fizi~ki i psihi~ki pogled, nekoi statisti~ki podatoci
poka`uvaat deka me|u sportistite ima duri okolu 20-25 % li~nosti na
koi im e potrebna stru~na pomo{ za otstranuvawe ili namaluvawe na
raznovidnite psiholo{ki pre~ki niz nivniot sportski napredok i
li~en razvoj. Verojato e deka Ge{talt psihoterapijata e edna od najadekvatnata i najdelotvornata rabota so vrvnite sportisti, i istovremeno efikasna metoda da se razvivaat i postignuvaat osobini koi
pred sé, se potrebni za vrvni dostignuvawa i doblesni ~ove~ki osobini.
Od druga strana pak, vo rabotata so onie sportisti koi gi blokirale
svoite potencijali i razvile patolo{ki na~ini na reagirawe i
odnesuvawe, so nea se nastojuva postignuvawe svesnost za na~inot na
blokirawe barawe na svoj, nov na~in tie potencijali povtorno da
po~nat da se koristat, i so niv da se postignat maksimalni rezultati
i uspeh vo profesionalniot sport.
Klu~ni zborovi: treneri, psihijatrija, anksioznost,
emocionalna stabilnost.
196
APES 1(2011) 2:197-199
Aćimović, D. et. al.:SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL...
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL ACHIEVEMENTS
AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE IN SPORT
UDC: 796.001.894/.895
(Professional paper)
Danilo Aćimović1, Aleksandar Joksimović2 and Omer Špirtović1
1State
University in Novi Pazar, Department of Bio-chemical and Medical Sciences,
Novi Pazar, Serbia
2University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Niš, Serbia
Abstract
Sport today is one of the main direct promoters of science and technology.
Contemporary achievements of sportsmen are greatly based on scientific and technological findings, which directly speak about great interconnection and intertexture
between sport and development of science and technology in general.
Keywords: training, transformational processes, anthropological characteristics,
methodology, method of measurement,
Development of science and technology in
modern world is not only significant but also quite
necessary, considering that contemporary world,
human society increasingly depends in its development from advancement of science and accompanying technology as a manifestation and expressional element of scientific progress.
It is impossible to talk about any advancement,
if that advancement is not related to new scientific
findings and technologic achievements of the modern world. The field of sport is also a part of the
altogether scientific and technological development of the world. Sport today is one of the main
direct promoters of science and technology. Contemporary achievements of sportsmen are greatly
based on scientific and technological findings,
which directly speak about great interconnection
and intertexture between sport and development of
science and technology in general. In order to substantiate such opinions we shall first consider the
influence of science on sport, and after discuss further influence of science and technology on sport
and influence of sport on science and technology.
Under science in sport, we consider in general
“…regulations of management of transformational
processes of anthropological characteristics under
the influence of programmed training, in order to
create desired conditions (results) in different
sport disciplines, and effects of those processes on
human organism.”
As it can be noticed, in these definition dominates the attitude “…regulations of management of
transformational processes of anthropological
characteristics” which clearly points out that the
author connects certain natural laws in development of humans to development of human anthropologic characteristics. Still, on contrary to natural
physiological development of a man, under the
influence of scientific findings and development of
technological functions, natural predispositions of
a man as a sportsman are scientifically moved forward. To substantiate this it is enough to compare
sport results of older generations with the results of
contemporary sport generations.
On the other side, sport anthropology deals
with basic anthropologic characteristics, through
scientific laws, within sport methodology, while
considering other transformational processes
would be in the area of so-called sport methodology. Science as a basic postulate of contemporary
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APES 1(2011) 2:197-199
Aćimović, D. et. al.:SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL...
world regarding sport and its establishment,
requires the following considerations and approaches to the analyses of sport:
determination of desired condition, implying
development of the model of complexity (equation
of specification) in certain sports or sport disciplines, meaning that it is necessary to priory determine on which anthropological characteristic
depends the result in sport activities, what is their
significance, mutual relations, relations regarding
certain sport phenomena and their changeability
under the influence of training, considering genetically limitations,
determination of condition of sportsmen,
whose anthropological characteristics are the closest to the desired conditions of the sport activity
that help achieving priory set goal of transformation of the subject, and regarding this possibilities
of knowing or not knowing the desired condition
of the subject,
construction of management model, that is,
development of transformational process of relevant anthropological characteristics, implying the
method of measurement and condensation of
measured data, in order to calculate their quantity
and quality changes, and necessary basics for conduction of diagnostics, programming, controlling,
data processing and analyzing of derived effects of
training, and
valorization of training, according to which
many relevant anthropological characteristics can
be changed, implying development of most adequate program model in particular sport activities
which will, through control and evaluation of their
efficiency lead to optimal transformational results.”
Change and development of scientific findings
depend greatly upon validity and level of development of research methodology, which further
implies application of scientific methods and adequate technological procedures. According to this,
sport methodology tries to discuss its scientificmethodological procedures through study of the
problem, subject and goals that are being researched and therefore is narrowly related to theoretical and practical results of certain anthropologic disciplines. In any case, methodology approach
and its conceptualization in scientific research and
within sport are based on determination of founded scientific laws. They are still consisted of expla-
nation, prediction and transformation (procedure
of making changes).
Methodological procedure in solving certain
sport problems would therefore have to be based
on the following methodological knowledge and
techniques: methodology of research, methods for
data measurement, methods for data processing,
and technology of research.
When considering technology in sport, it
belongs to the management constituents of cybernetics and has fundamental significance in sport.
“Effect of training technology management in one
interactional system on relation coach-sportsmen
depends on one side on the information the sportsmen receives and on the other side on the information about the condition of the sportsman in the
form of conducted corrections.” Therefore, when
talking about the process of training, we consider
above all the behavior of the subject, his cumulative charge, but also feedback.
Opinions of the most scientists, experts and
coaches are almost the same – the effect of the use
of technological knowledge is dependent on the
quantity and quality of the information that competitor (sportsman) receives from one side, and quantity and quality of the information from the sportsman, that is, his work as a sportsman that coach
receives. Complete application of technology of
training is conducted on relation of trainer –
sportsman with the use of adequate interactional
relations of relevant scientific disciplines and personnel. The purpose of interactional relations is to
achieve maximal level of preparation of sportsman
through creative and constructive work, that is,
that coach with his work prepares the sportsman
for greatest efforts of the competition.
Reference
Aćimović, D. (2004). O shvatanju menadžmenta
rizika i njegovoj primeni u sportu [The understanding of risk management and their applicationin
sport. In Serbian.] Niš: Ekonomika.
Bartoluci, M. (1994). Razvoj sporta i poduzetništva.
Kineziologija, 26 (1-2), 60-66.
Đorđević, B. (2003). Menadžment [Management. In
Serbian.] Priština/Blace: Ekonomski fakultet
Tomić, D. (1989). Teorija sporta [The theory of
sport. In Serbian.] Beograd:
Naučna knjiga.
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APES 1(2011) 2:197-199
Aćimović, D. et. al.:SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL...
Correspondence:
Danilo Aćimović
State University in Novi Pazar
Department of Bio-chemical and Medical Sciences
Vuka Karadžića bb, 36300 Novi Pazar, Serbia
E - mail: dacimovic@np.ac.rs
NAU^NO-TEHNOLO[KI DOSTIGNUVAWA I NIVNOTO
ZNA^EWE VO SPORTOT
UDK: 796.001.894/.895
(Stru~en trud)
Danilo A}imovi}1 , Aleksandar Joksimovi}2 i Omer [pirtovi}1
1Dr`aven
Univerzite vo Novi Pazar, Oddel za Bio-hemiski i medicinski nauki,
Novi Pazar, Srbija
2Univerzitet vo Ni{, Fakultet za sport i fizi~ko vospituvawe,
Ni{, Srbija
Apstrakt
Denes sportot e vo direktna promocija so nau~no-tehnolo{kite
dostignuvawa i eden e od afirmatorite na naukata i tehnologijata.
Sovremenite dostignuvawa na sportistite vo golema merka se zasnovuvaat na nau~nite i tehnolo{kite soznanija. Toa neposredno zboruva za
golemata me|uzavisnost i isprepletenost me|u sportot i razvojot na
naukata i tehnologijata.
Klu~ni zborovi: trening, transformacioni procesi, antropolo{ki
karakteristiki, metodologija, metodi na merewa
199
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PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS, RESOURCES, DEVELOPMENT AND
TRAINING TASKS FOR THE STEEPLECHASE RUNNER
UDC: 796.422.35.015.68
(Professional paper)
Rade Stefanović and Ljubiša Lilić
University of Prishtina, Faculty of Physical Education, Leposavić,
Kosovo and Metohija, Serbia
Abstracts
Long distance running requires from the athletes to overcome many difficulties
during trainings and competition. That is why a strong will plays an important role in
the preparatory period. Especially steeplechase running requires extraordinary efforts,
so it is not accidental that these runners are the most persistent and the most aware
long distance runners. There has to be a good ratio of the athlete’s height and weight.
The athletes of medium height achieve the best results but taller athletes are also suitable for achieving higher score.
Keywords: training, competitions, endurance, aerobic capacity, anaerobic capacity,
aerobic oxidation
INTRODUCTION
Hurdling is running on middle and long distance under special conditions where a runner has
to overcome/jump over a number of the so-called
“dry and water” hurdles. The word steeple is an
English word for a tall pointed church bell tower,
whereas chase has the meaning of a race, so the
steeplechase would be a long race with church
bells used by runners as road signs. Endurance is a
core feature of the steeplechase runners. During
the preparatory period of the training the steeplechase runners primarily work on gaining their
endurance. In other words, endurance can be defined as the counter-fatigue ability.
While running across fields and meadows, the
steeplechase runners even jumped over wooden
fences of the farms.
Steeplechase is not an artificial athletic creation
although in the competitive sense it appeared relatively late as a separate discipline. This exceptional and attractive combination of running and jumping over the hurdles, found its source and role
model in everyday life and human search for the
paths of evolution and emancipation.
PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS AND
TRAINING TASKS OF STEEPLECHASE
Unlike hurdling, steeplechase doesn’t have the
same number of steps between the hurdles. It depends on the runner’s speed, his/her good command
of the jumping technique over the hurdles, the
bounce ability using either of the legs, fatigue,
body position in the race, etc. When running over
hurdles, the constancy of number and length of the
paces depends on the “hurdle feeling” and especially on the fact whether the runner can use either
of legs.
Gaining and training endurance activity and
ultimately any other activity requires energy. It is
not possible to do anything before you satisfy your
energetic needs. This means that every human
activity is connected with energy consumption.
When the muscles are contracting, a direct source
of energy is decomposition of adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) – energy-rich compounds. Consumed
ATP reserves which are usually of small quantities
in body, need to be quickly filled up, otherwise the
muscles will loose their ability to contract. The
renewal of ATP reserves produces the chemical
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reaction of dual nature: aerobic reaction in the presence of oxygen and anaerobic reaction in which
oxygen takes no part.
When running the steeplechase, the need for
oxygen is huge primly because of the activity duration rather than intensity. This practically relates to
the energy consumption as well. This need for oxygen is usually satisfied during the activity.
Development of aerobic and anaerobic capabilities
Endurance is developed only when the necessary level of fatigue is reached during training.
Since the fatigue isn’t the same when having
endurance exercise with different type of training
loads, a crucial question is the nature of caused
fatigue. What is also important is the type of
caused fatigue, because it causes reactions of
desired character and size during trainings.
The aerobic oxidation is mostly used when running long distance. This primarily relates to the
preparatory period of training. However, it would
be mistaken to eliminate the significance of anaerobic capabilities for several reasons, since during
long distance running there are sudden and frequent rhythm changes and this is the reason why a
runner should be well prepared. The same goes for
steeplechase running since this is the discipline
with drastic rhythm changes, as well. If we consider that the 3,000 m length is close to the upper limit
of the middle distance, then the necessity to
include anaerobic capabilities into training is much
bigger.
It would be a mistake to take the achievement
of better results or having a great volume of training activities as quality indicator. The best results
should be achieved in competition rather than during trainings. In addition, a large number of training activities doesn’t serve to its purpose. If we can
achieve the same size of body reactions with a
smaller number of training activities then we don’t
have to increase it.
The activities for improving aerobic training
capabilities are the activities which can provide
achievement of maximum value of the heart and
breathing performance as well as maintaining of
high oxygen consumption for a longer period.
During the aerobic capability improvement, equal
and different variations of repetitive and changing
rhythm of the training methods are used.
This training method of equal rhythm is widely
used at the initial phases of aerobic capability
improvement trainings. This kind of training is oriented towards learning the following characteristics of the training load components, such as: the
intensity of work, length of the section, resting
intervals, the type of rest, and number of repeating
parts of the training load.
Having a continuous or interval type of training
of the same quantity leads to approximately the
Aerobic capacity
Steeplechase is running in which aerobic oxidation is predominately used. During running, oxygen consumption relates to aerobic processes. A
person’s aerobic capacity can be characterized by
his/her maximal oxygen volume which can be consumed per a minute.
Aerobic capacity determines the entire body
functions and influences the oxygen consumption
and its use in the tissues. Aerobic capacity include
the capacity of the external respiratory system, circulatory system, blood vessel system, oxygen utilization in the tissues depending on the level of tissue respiration, as well as the harmonization of all
body systems.
The aerobic oxidation is the most efficient,
physiologically and energetically most suitable.
Anaerobic capacity
Anaerobic process leads to accumulation of the
body products which were not completely decomposed. These products are being removed not only
during running/training but also during the recovery period when a sportsman is using the oxygen
much more. This excess of the oxygen which is
called the “oxygen debt” serves as a measure of
anaerobic reactions. Maximum oxygen debt is an
indicator of anaerobic capacity (anaerobic capabilities). The so called functional “ceiling” transport
of energy that is the energy capabilities are characterized by aerobic and anaerobic capabilities.
Anaerobic processes are consisted of two types
of reactions. Within first type of reaction, creatine
phosphate is decomposed and it is called creatine
phosphokinase, its phosphate groups are transferred to adensinediphosphate which regulates
ATP. Other reaction – glycolysis – consists of fermented decomposition of carbohydrates into lactic
acid while the part of released energy is used to
restore ATP reserves.
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same increase of abilities. Having this kind of
sport knowledge and experience, the greatest sport
results with long-term loads cannot be achieved
neither by continuous type or interval type of training. It is obvious that it needs an optimal combination of both types of training.
The training cycle schedule for linking aerobic
and anaerobic capabilities is as follows: at the
beginning – development of respiratory capabilities, then glycolytic and at the end alactic capacity,
which defines the capacity for absorbing the energy of creatine phosphokinase reaction. Referring
to individual training, a reverse order would be
more appropriate.
Regarding the relation of aerobic and anaerobic
capacity, the values for long distance running are
as follows: for 3,000- meter track the relation is
3:1, for 5,000-meter track the ratio is 5:1, and for
10,000-meter track the ratio is 10:1.
today it is not. Only with long-term and systematic work we can achieve the highest sport achievements. It is known that the ancient Hellenes emphasized the importance of preparation before the
Olympic Games in Olympia. Hellenic athletes
were preparing for a year before the Olympic
Gam-es and used the last month to make final
trainings and to have elimination at Olympia. The
training system even consisted of cycles. These
were the four-training cycles – the so - called
tetrads.
CONCLUSION
Steeplechase is a discipline belonging to longtrack discipline combining running and jumping
over hurdles. Steeplechase is a discipline for improving health, persistence and basic physiological
ability, especially endurance.
Steeplechase training has to be based on a scientific basis. It should be focused on general physical preparation first and then on specific training
activities.
To achieve good steeplechase results it is necessary to be good at running disciplines of 1,500
m, 5,000 m and sometimes 10,000 m. For top
results it is necessary to train two times a day and
run at least 600 km on a monthly basis within
preparatory period. Trainings should be conducted
on a range of terrains. The preparatory period should last at least 5 to 6 months.
Within the preparatory period it is necessary to
work on developing of endurance as well as on
developing on speed. The work on general and
specific endurance should be combined in both
preparatory phases. Warming-up activity is also
significant. Steeplechase runners have to warm-up
at least one hour and within this warming/up activity they have to run at least 6 km, to loosen up at
least 10 minutes and perform at least 6 100-meter
sprints. The best distance for general endurance
activities is the 30/kilometer distance.
The activities for developing strength are mostly done in the preparatory period. To develop
strength it is necessary to use diverse methods but
mostly hops and light weights with many repetitions. These activities should be continued during
competitions but having different focus. The technique of running the steeplechase is needed to be
developed in the preparatory period, and then connect the technique elements during the competitions. The improvement of tactics should be
worked on within this period.
TRAINING OF A STEEPLECHASE RUNNER
To achieve high sports results in running over
hurdles at 3,000 meters, athletes have to be not
only tough, but also quite fast, strong, to possess a
high level of coordination movement, mobility as
well as the technique of running and running over
the hurdles.
Training is a pedagogical process within versatile physical education as well as education of
moral and other features aiming at developing a
versatile personality and achieving top sport
results in certain sport branches. The goal of sport
training is preparation for achieving top sport
results, health improvement as well as satisfying
personal interests and desires. Today, training provides complete pedagogical results only when it
represents the versatile educational process, focused on development of physical and mental skills,
building a broad base of training knowledge, skills
and habits.
During sport development of an athlete, the
training should be understood as a continuous
series of annual training cycles in which a certain
period of the following annual cycle is on the higher level than the corresponding period of the previous cycles.
The level of training knowledge and scientific
development in this direction has led to realization
that today’s achievement of high score in athletics
is very difficult. If it used to be necessary to
achieve certain goals within several sport seasons,
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Lenert, S. (1981). Atletski skokovi [Athletic jumps.
In Serbian.] Novi Sad: Zavod za fizičku kulturu.
Opavski, P. (1997). Osnovi biomehanike
[Fundamentals of Biomechanics. In Serbian.]
Beograd: Jugoslovenska trenerska škola.
Stefanović, Đ. i Stefanović, R. (2002). Teorija i
metodika atletike [The theory and methodology of
athletics. In Serbian.] Beograd: samostalno izdanje autora.
Enciklopedija fizičke kulture A-O [Encyclopedia
Phisical Culture. In Croatian.] (1975). Zagreb:
Jugoslovenski leksikografski zavod.
Ilić, S. (1994). Istorija fizičke kulture – staro doba i
srednji vek [History of Physical Education – old
age and the Middle Ages. In Serbian.] Beograd:
Fakultet fizičke culture.
Keler, B. (1983). Tehnika atletskih skokova
[Technique athletic jumps.In Serbian.] Novi Sad:
Novi Sad: Zavod za fizičku kulturu Vojvodine.
Correnspondence:
Ljubiša Lilić
University of Priština
Faculty of Physical Education
Dositej Obradović b b,
38218 Leposavić, Kosovo-Metohija, Srbija
E - mail: ljubolilic@sbb.rs
FIZIOLO[KI OSNOVI, SREDSTVA, RAZVOJ I ZADA^I
NA TRENINGOT KAJ TRKA^ITE NA STIPL-^EZ
UDK: 796.422.35.015.68
(Stru~en trud)
Rade Stefanovi} i Qubi{a Lili}
Univerzitet vo Pri{tina, Fakultet za sport i fizi~ko vospituvawe,
Leposavi}, Kosovo i Metohija, Srbija
Apstrakt
Tr~aweto na dolgi pateki bara od natprevaruva~ite nadminuvawe na
mnogu te{kotii vo tekot na treningot na natptrevarite. Poradi
toa, potrebnata komponenta vo podgotovkite za postignuvawe na
vrvni sportski rezultati igra mo{ne zna~ajna uloga. Tr~aweto stipl~ez bara vonredni napori, taka {to ne e slu~ajno {to trka~ite vo ovaa
disciplina se edni od najupornite i najsovesnite trka~i na dolgi pateki. Trka~ite vo ovaa disciplini mora da imaat proporcionalen odnos na
nivnata telesna viso~ina i te`ina. Najdobri rezultati postignuvaat
trka~ite so prose~na telesna viso~ina, no isto taka, takvi rezultati
mo`at da postignuvaat i trka~i so povisok rast.
Klu~ni zborovi: trening, natprevari, izdr`livost,
aeroben kapacitet, anaeroben kapacitet,
aerobna oksidacija
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Živanović, N and Ranđelović, N.: REGISTERED FORMS...
REGISTERED FORMS OF VIOLENCE IN SPORT
UDC: 796: 316.624
(Professional paper)
Nenad Živanović and Nebojša Ranđelović
University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Niš, Serbia
Abstract
Sport is a social event, and as such, it is impossible to view it outside of a particular society. Thus, sport is what modern society makes it. Violence is seeping into our
everyday life. It is no coincidence that certain researchers mention “daily violence”.
Violence is expanding due to the mass-media, by means of which it is entering our
homes. Registered sport is an integral component of our everyday lives, and it is almost
a logical conclusion that it is not immune to violence which usually has a very negative outcome. The very language that sports commentators use is the poisoned language of violence: victory, defeat, attack, defense, resistance on the part of the opponent, the destruction of the opponent and the like. Taking a broader view, violence in
sport is a component and expression of violence in social life in general, especially the
violence that is often the most effective form of communication between individuals and
groups, which is often manifested precisely in relation to sport as a kind of social
reserve for violence.
Keywords: society, mass-media, aggression, communication, fans, political groups
INTRODUCTION
athletes, violence against sports umpires, violence
against sports journalists and the like. One should
bear in mind that all of the victims of violence
could at another point be perpetrators, and at yet
another, the victims of violence. These roles
change depending on the context, influence of the
situation, the personality factor, the activities in the
field, the course of the concrete training or competitive process.
The terms aggression and violence in sport are
most frequently used as synonyms, but a difference must be made between aggressive and socalled assertive behavior.
Assertive behavior in sport includes a firm,
decisive, strong game in which the players use
legal means in order to achieve an aim. For this
reason, assertive behavior is an essential component of success in sport. Aggression in sport is
behavior which lies outside the rules of the game
of sport, and which is deliberately aimed at hurting
or injuring the other participants, irrespective of
whether at the core of this behavior we find the
Sport is a social event, and as such, it cannot be
analyzed outside of a society. Accordingly, sport is
what modern society makes it. Violence has seeped
into our everyday life. It is no coincidence that certain researchers mention “daily violence”. Violence is expanding due to the mass-media, by means
of which is enters our homes.
Registered sport is an integral component of
our everyday life and it is almost a logical conclusion that it is not immune to aggression and violence which usually leads to a negative outcome.
Violence in sport has become a world-wide
problem present on almost all the continents.
DEFINING VIOLENCE IN SPORT
In sport it is customary for unfriendly and
aggressive behavior to be called violence, which
leads us to speak of viewer violence, violence in
the field (violent actions during a game, mutual
verbal or physical attacks among the players), the
violence of parents and/or the coach against child
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desire to achieve a certain aim (instrumental or
“good aggression”), or to cause pain and hurt
someone else (hostile or “bad aggression”).
Violence means aggressive behavior with a particular aim in mind. Some forms of sport such as
volleyball, basketball, soccer, and baseball can
contain an aggressive tactic, but eventually actual
violence will expand beyond the limits of the rules
of sports competitions. Contact sports such as:
American football, rugby, boxing and wrestling
contain a certain level of physical violence, but
include limitations and penalties for excessive use
of force. A high level of violence, the kind that
takes place during a physical fight (boxing), can
occur as something that is contrary to the rules of
the game, but could still be expected or even valued in a certain way (effort). Actually, even when
an activity is violent and outside the rules of the
game, it could still be an acceptable and expected
part of the game. The level of acceptability of violence outside the rules of the game can be based on
cultural patterns or gender differences or could be
related to the history of the development of sport.
Irrespective of which part of defining violence in
sport we are dealing with, the analysis of all the
aspects of violence must include the behavior of all
the participants in the sports event: the players, the
fans, the spectators and the relatives of all those
who are indirectly included in the sports event.
Starting from the definition of aggression
(Baron & Richardson,1994) “as any form of
behavior whose only aim is to do damage or harm
to another human being which is motivated to
avoid this type of treatment”, what we consider
violence in sport is every use of illegal means or
excessive force, in any form, on the part of the athletes, coaches, umpires, parents, spectators and
other participants in sports or those involved in it
(staring from the preliminaries, competitions,
judging and reconstruction, to their media coverage), which harms those who are taking part in the
sports event.
manifests itself, and which cannot be classified
into a limited and predetermined number of subcategories, since each day new forms occur which
did not exist before and which appear in various
sports, but are most frequently to be found in collective sports, primarily in the case of sports
games.
Explicit violence is usually expressed as physical violence (hitting, tripping, slapping, pulling
ears, punishment through additional exercise, bodily harm, fights) and can be recognized in the
immediate influence it has on the human body
(causing injuries of various types and significant
load on the body), which might lead to more
severe damage to the entire health status. Physical
violence, then, means the dissolution of the
anatomical-physiological unity and the usual operating method of the human body.
The range of physical violence is relatively
wide: from causing light bodily harm to its ultimate form – murder. Graver physical violence is
easily noted and recognized on the basis of the data
gathered during a medical exam.
Physical violence in various forms is something
that all those involved in sport can resort to, but
today it is widespread in the behavior of fans and
athletes. There is no sport, or sports discipline and
competition, without the fans. Where we find fans,
there we find violence which in a way is aestheticized as “violence in sport”. Excessive and violent
behavior of the fans in certain types of sport is
especially prominent today.
The aggressive behavior of fans today unites
quite often both physical and psychological violence. It even has a specific name and ways of
expression – hooliganism. “Hooliganism represents a certain manifestation of social violence
which cannot be explained as interpersonal interaction which is marked by aggression. This type of
behavior is usually linked to the fans as organized
groups related to various sports, mostly team
sports, such as soccer, basketball, handball and the
like. In this sense hooliganism can be defined as an
occurrence which consists of vandalism, and systematic and organized types of aggression of
young fans, which are aimed against similar
opposing groups within and outside the stadium”.
(Roversi & Balestri, 2000). The athletes who participate in individual sports today, in comparison
to the period just before the end of the last century,
THE CLASSIFICATION OF VIOLENCE
We could say that the overall violence that is
present in sport in the widest sense can be divided
into two main categories: explicit (visible at first
sight and obvious) and non-explicit violence
(invisible at first sight and less conspicuous). Each
of these categories has several forms in which it
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are more and more often the perpetrators of violence. This violence is usually directed against the
opposing team, but it is not rare that the violence is
aimed against the judges, even against the players
of the fans’ own teams. They usually resort to violence with the aim of frightening their opponents.
This type of behavior could also be a part of the
strategy developed on the part of the coach or the
players themselves. The parents of athletes, even
though that is a rare occurrence, sometimes become aggressive and use violence against the coaches, the players of the opposing teams, and other
parents. Some scare their children or punish them
because they did not fulfill their expectations.
Non-explicit violence is the kind of violence
that does not have an obvious physical manifestation or which is derived from explicit violence. It
is most often qualified as psychological violence
which influences the psyche of the participants in
sport. This type of violence is very difficult to
determine since it does not always have clearly
visible consequences and reactions which might
indicate its presence. It is, considering its many
manifestations, to be found even more often than
physical violence. This type of violence includes
mockery, humiliation, insults, the use of swear
words and name calling, inciting to unethical and
unsporting behavior, high expectations, constant
criticism and the like.
Taking into consideration the various sources
which inform us about sports events and sport in
general (the press, TV, and the internet) we can,
based on the different examples which represent
various types of violence, create the following
classification of violence in sport, which is certainly not exhaustive.
- According to type of manifestation
- According to focus
- According to the participants (perpetrators)
- According to the victims
- According to the causes
- According to the location in question
- According to type of manifestation
- Physical violence
- Psychological violence
- According to focus
1.According to the athletes
1) one’s team members
2) members of the opposing team
3) fans
4) coaches
5) members of the club management
6) sponsors
7) the media
8) members of political groups
9) regular citizens
10) members of criminal groups
2. According to the judges
1) athletes
2) members of the club management
3) the fans
4) the media
3. According to club representatives
1) athletes
2) fans
3) members of political groups
4) sponsors
5) the media
4. According to the fans
1) the athletes
2) opposing athletes
3) law enforcement officials
4) the media
5. According to regular citizens
1) the fans
6. According to law enforcement officials
1) the fans
2) the athletes
7. According to the media representatives
1) the fans
2) athletes
3) club management representatives
According to the participants (perpetrators)
- the athletes
- the fans
- the club representatives
- law enforcement officials
- the media
- the sponsors
- members of criminal groups
- the parents
According to the victims
- athletes
- judges
- members of the club management
- the fans
- law enforcement officials
- representatives of the media
- regular citizens
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According to the cause
Caused by conflicts which originated during a
sports manifestations
Caused by conflicts which originated outside the
sports manifestation
Caused by conflicts which originated outside of
sport
According to the location
- at sports settings – stadiums
– all these are types of behavior which are seriously punished in everyday life and which are a legal
and legitimate part of the “sports fight”.
Sports competitions have by their very nature
started to resemble war. Practically speaking, they
mimic war clashes. This is also indicated by the
expressions that dominate sport: opponent, victory,
defeat, attack, defense, counter-attack, charge, line
of defense, attack strategy, breaking the opponents
line of defense , developing lines of attack, providing support for the fans, taking out the opponents’
head player by means of constant charges and forcing him to retreat, huddling in rank, holding the
lines of defense, creating panic in the enemy’s
lines, striking an opponent in such a way that he
cannot recover, incapacitating the fighting ranks,
forcing the opponent to retreat to his territory,
destroying the opponent’s game, breaking the
opponent’s moral, brining him to his knees, beating him to the end, forcing him to surrender,
destroying his desire to fight, to cowardly give in,
to be defeated heroically defending one’s goal line,
fighting to the end, preparing for the deciding
charge… Scoring a point in basketball or a goal in
soccer represents the defeat of those who are
defending the goal, with the scored points symbolically representing the value of the bounty that has
been won. Each attack is a fight, each game a war,
in which whoever was able to win in the greatest
number of struggles and in this way claim the
greatest number of points (the greater bounty)
wins.
- outside of sports settings
The manifestation of violent behavior
Violence in sport, as we have already mentioned, can take various forms, and the activities
themselves can also be quite varied:
- insulting
- intimidation and threats
- initiation (ritual violence)
- blackmail
- kidnapping
- doping
- trade
- fights
- physical harassment
- hooliganism
- murder
CONCLUSION
Based on all of the above, we can conclude that
violence in sport is a very complex occurrence
which takes various forms. Violence in sport has
always been and always will be a key ingredient of
and manifestation of violence in social life in general. The causes and reasons for its presence are
also linked to social and cultural values, and to a
great extent depend on the set goals of the individual, but more so on social groups and society as a
whole.
Setting wrong goals, from the ethical point of
view, can lead to various social deviations, even in
sport as a social activity. This is why we have situations in sport when behavior which is otherwise
forbidden by law is not only allowed, but encouraged or even required (in boxing or in other contact sports): deliberate or accidental negligence
(the so-called “sliding starts” in soccer); the deliberate cause of grievous bodily harm, (as is the case
in boxing); planning to commit murder and being
an accomplice in it (coaches, club owners); inciting to commit grievous bodily injury and murder
(umpires who only follow the “rules of the game”)
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et violences en Europ. Éd. du Conseil de
l’Europe; Strasbourg.
Roversi, A. & Balestri, C. (2000). Italian Ultras
Today: Change or Decline? European Journal on
Criminal Policy and Research, (8), 183-199.
Simonović, Lj. (1995). Sport, kapitalizam,
destrukcijа [Sport, capitalism, destruction. In
Serbian.] Beograd: Lorka.
208
APES 1(2011) 2:205-209
Živanović, N and Ranđelović, N.: REGISTERED FORMS...
Correspondence:
Nenad Živanović
University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education
Čarnojevićeva 10A, 18000, Niš, Serbia
E-mail: zivanovic@fsfv.ni.ac.rs
REGISTRIRANI FORMI NA NASILSTVOTO
VO SPORTOT
UDK: 796: 316.624
(Stru~en trud)
Nenad @ivanovi} i Neboj{a Rangelovi}
Univerzitet vo Ni{, Fakultet za sport i fizi~ko vospituvawe,
Ni{, Srbija
Apstrakt
Sportot e op{testvena pojava, i kako takov, nevozmo`no e da se sogleduva nadvor od bilo koe op{testvo. Spored toa, sportot e takov kakvo
{to e sovremenoto op{testvo. Vo na{iot sekojdneven `ivot navleglo
nasilstvoto. Ne e ni malku slu~ajno {to oddelni istra`uva~i, s# pove}e zboruvaat za ,,nasilstvoto na sekojdnevieto”. Nasilstvoto svojata
ekspanzija ja do`ivuva blagodarenie na mas-mediumite, so ~ija pomo{
navleguva vo na{ite domovi. Registriraniot sport e sostaven del na
na{eto sekojdnevie, taka {to logi~ene e zaklu~okot deka toj ne e imun
od agresivnosta i nasilstvoto, koi ~esto imaat tragi~en zavr{etok.
Ve}e samiot jazik so koj se slu`at komentatorite, pretstavuva zagaden
jazik na nasilstvoto: pobeda, poraz, napad, otpor na protivnikot, rasturawe na protivnikot i sli~no. Po{iroko razgleduvano, nasilstvoto
vo sportot e sostaven del i izraz na nasilstvoto vo op{testveniot
`ivot vo celina, osobeno na nasilstvoto kako pozastapen najefikasen
oblik na komunikaciite me|u poedinecot i grupata {to ~esto jasno
doa|a do izraz tokmu vo sportot kako svoeviden op{testven rezervat
za nasilstvoto.
Klu~ni zborovi: op{testvo mas-mediumi, agresivnost,
komunikaci, naviva~i, politri~ki grupi
209
210
APES 1(2011) 2:211-213
Vangelov, V. : DUST – HARMFUL AGENT TO HEALTH...
DUST – HARMFUL AGENT TO HEALTH OF TEACHING
AND COACHING STAFF
UDC: 796.02:613
(Professional paper)
Vasko Vangelov
Professor of Physical Education, Bitola, Macedonia
Abstract
Harmfulness of dust in school and sports facilities for physical education and training process has been treated in a general and approximate sense. The impact of dust
reflects not only to health of teachers of physical education, but also to health of students and athletes. Therefore, it is necessary to provide application of substantive and
legal criteria for maintaining sanitary conditions, and also for neutralization presence
of dust in school sports halls. In this respect, systematic and continual ecological
measurements should be taken for determining the dust level, and particularly the level
of its micro particles with harmful influence to health of physical education teachers,
sports coaches, students and athletes.
Keywords: students, athletes, sports halls, health, ecological measurements
So far, situation and conditions in which teaching in physical education and training process are
practiced have been treated very little. Furthermore, hygienic conditions, and especially reasons
that cause harmful effect of dust in school sports
halls, have not been treated sufficiently.
Teachers of physical education and sports
coaches spend several working hours a day in
closed and inadequate hygiene sports halls. This
situation has constantly been present over the
forty-year working experience of physical education teachers and sports coaches.
There is no need for explaining and presenting
arguments how big is the impact of this situation
on health of professional cadres who organize and
conduct teaching and training processes.
Also, the situation is particularly worrying taking into account presence of so-called micro dust
which is characterized by small harmful particles
that physical education teacher permanently breath
in, thus increasing the risk of pulmonary diseases.
This inconvenient situation does not only
endanger health of physical education teachers and
sports coaches, but also health of young people
during their physical exercises together with their
teachers and coaches, usually in indoor under-ventilated halls due to actual financial and economic
conditions.
In this context, it should be borne in mind that
adverse effect of dust which is most evident with
students and athletes living in urban environments,
where pollution from exhaust gases and industrial
facilities, as well as smog correlates negatively
with dust in school and sports halls.
Presence of dust with its harmful micro particles in school and sports halls where teaching in
physical education and training process are practiced, almost can not be determined through appropriate measurements. Therefore, it is hart do say
how much dust is present in a certain environment
and to what extent it is harmful to health of students, athletes, teachers and sports coaches. From
ecological point of view, especially in today’s
modern living conditions, it is unacceptable and
inhuman practice for further organization of the
physical practicing process for students and athletes.
Over the last several years in the Republic of
211
APES 1(2011) 2:211-213
Vangelov, V. : DUST – HARMFUL AGENT TO HEALTH...
Macedonia have been built a great number of modern school sports halls and other indoor sports
facilities which satisfy elementary hygienic standards and normative in respect of their ventilation
for conducting the physical training process.
Anyway, this convenient situation should be
continued with additional building of sports halls,
but it is also important to take maximal care about
maintaining hygienic conditions and particularly
about controlling normal percent of dust presence
in the halls.
The purpose of aforementioned facts and consideration in this scientific paper is not to point out
critics for hygienic situation and dust presence in
sports halls, in which teaching process and free
activities in physical education are conducted, but
to take as many as possible preventive activities
and provide convenient ecological conditions.
Accordingly, based on these activities, the main
function and tasks of physical education would fulfilled more efficient and successful (both from personal and social aspect), as well as professionalism
of cadres (teachers and coaches) who realize this
function.
Therefore, based on the analysis of hypothetical
and real situation of hygienic conditions in school
and sports halls, the following main conclusions
are possible:
In functioning of existing and new school and
sports halls, maximal care is necessary for application of material and legal system criteria for maintaining high level hygienic conditions, and also for
maximal avoiding dust presence during teaching
and free activities in physical education and training process.
Hygienic conditions and dust presence in
school and sports halls should be controlled on a
regular base with appropriate ecological measurements. Results of these measurements need to be
used for useful health programming and organization of teaching and free activities in physical education and sports training process.
LITERATURE
Andrijašević, S. (1999). Sport kao javno dobro.
[Sports as public welfare. In Serbian]. Zagreb:
Faculty of Physical Culture.
Naumovski, A. (2007). Управување, користење и
одржување на спортските објекти, терени и
училишните спортски сали. Методски и
организациски претпоставки во спортот и
спортските активности и физичкото и
здраввственото образование кај децата и
младите (Voveden zbor) [Management, use and
maintenance of sports facilities, sports fields and
school sports halls. Methodical and organizational
presumptions in sports and sports activities and
physical and health education with children and
youth. In Macedonian] (Foreword). Fizi~ka
kultura, 35(2), 11-15.
Polić, B. (1967). Humanizacija fizičke kulture.
[Humanization of Physical Culture. In Serbian.]
Beograd: Jugoslovenski zavod za fizičku kulturu.
Partizan – Novinska izdavačko-propagandna ustanova.
[ukova-Stojmanovska, D. (2000). Istra`uvawa vo higienata na telesnoto ve`bawe
(Avtorizirani predavawa) [Physical Exercise
Hygiene Research. In Macedonian.] (Authorized
readings). Skopje: Fakultet za fizi~ka kultura.
Correspondence:
Vasko Vangelov,
Profesor
ul Milton Manaki, 20 7000 Bitola
Rebulic of Macedonia
212
APES 1(2011) 2:211-213
Vangelov, V. : DUST – HARMFUL AGENT TO HEALTH...
PRA[INATA - [TETEN AGENS ZA ZDRAVJETO NA
NASTAVNI^KITE I TRENERSKITE STRU^NI KADRI
UDK: 796.02:613
(Stru~en trud)
Vasko Vangelov
Profesor po fizi~ko obrazovanie, Bitola, Makedonija
Apstrakt
Tretirano e vo voop{tena i orientaciona smisla {tetnoto vlijanie na pra{inata vo u~ili{nite i sportskite sali za fizi~ko obrazovanie i trena`niot proces. Toa vlijanie se odrazuva ne samo vrz zdravjeto na nastavnicite po fizi~ko obrazovanie, tuku i vrz zdravjeto na
u~enicite i sportistite. Poradi toa, potrebno e da se vodi gri`a za
primena na materjalni i pravni kriteriumi za odr`uvawe na higienskite uslovi, a vo ramkite na toa i za neutralizirawe na mo`nostite za
prisutnosta na pra{inata vo u~ili{ite i sportskite sali. Vo taa
nasoka, neophodni se sistemski i postojani ekolo{ki merewa za utvrduvawe nivoto na pra{nata, a osobeno na nejzinite mikro-~esti~ki koi
{tetno vlijaat vrz zdravjeto na nastavnicite po fizi~ko obrazovanie
i sportskite treneri, kako i na u~enicite i sportistite.
Klu~ni zborovi: u~enici, sportisti, sportski sali, zdravje,
ekolo{ki merewa
213
214
APES 1(2011) 2:215-219
Drašković, J.K. et. al.: THE COACHES THE PEDAGOGUE...
THE COACHES THE PEDAGOGUE
UDC: 796. 071.43
(Professional paper)
Jelena-Krulj Drašković, Sladjana Vidosavljević and Radomir Arsić
University of Priština – Kosovska Mitrovica, Kosovo i Metohija, Teacher Ttraining
Faculty, Prizren-Leposavić, Serbia
Abstract
The aim of this work is to stress the importance of the coach to be good pedagogue
for young sportsman. We assume that the best result in sport belong to those sportsman
whose coach has good pedagogic approach. The work with children represents the
gratest satisfaction for the coach-pedagogue because he is the witness of child’s growth
and development. The education is the largest pedagogic concept which refers to forming of the personality. For children, the coach is not only the instructor in demostrating of the sport skills, but also the model to which they want to be similar. Thanks to
pedagogy the coach-pedagogue acquires grater abillity to transfer the skills to children
on easily understandable way by forming the positive emotion of children to the sport
they are performing. The task of the the coach is to motivate children for sport practicing by favorite firstly the playning games, companionship and than the sport ethics
and fair-play and in the and the value of good results. By his presence, the coach influences on the positive work atmosphere and good cooperation in the sport group and
the tactic empathy can have the positive influence on the good and good results of the
sportsman.
Keywords: pupils, education, sport ethics, fair-play, sport skills, reward,
punishment
knowledge, abilities and skills, especially creative
human resources. Hence the imperative task of
training, in which the control part of the central
figure coach, the adoption of functional knowledge
and skills and education of man in a measured and
responsible behavior. In addition, it must be significantly taken into account and the parallel development of other human socio-psychological characteristics,flexibility and dynamism, a willingness
on the exploits of the risk, the individual sleeves
(actualization and achievement), and teamwork.
‘’Education in the sport derives its knowledge
from any vision of man we want in the future ’’
(Tomić, 1992). Today, the word sport means in
particular The territory of human creativity, specifically in the health of biological, sociocultural and
ethical educational functions and known for its
goals and ways of their implementation. This, of
course, requires the trainer to considerably expand
the range of svijih knowledge and interests. Coach
INTRODUCTION
Often we hear that every job is meaningful only if
it is also fun, and coaching certainly is. But in
addition to being fun, responsible and challenging.
At first, the coach is a teacher, later a mentor who
guides the player and eventually a consultant. A
good coach-teacher shows the way athletes, teach
them wisdom, honesty, courage. It focuses on the
psycho-physical development of its players, is a
creative, responsible, authoritative, loyal. In an
interview with the athletes he chooses, but should
not be deaf to the feelings of the players. From the
above we can conclude that in the modern world
significantly changed the role of sports coaches.
Modern sports coach, makes a connection
between science and practice, determining the content leading up to its methodological and life experience that has accumulated years of scientific and
theoreticalknowledge.
Development of sports, determined, therefore,
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educator can not only meet their solid technical
knowledge of specific disciplines, but must be well
versed in the elements and pedagogical, psychological, sociological and medical sciences because
its function is closely adjacent to these areas.
‘’If the teacher wants to educate a man in every
respect, it needs to know in every way’’(Ushinsky,
1957). So the coach if he wants good results on the
ground, it must first of all to his players well
known, thus being a good coach not only know the
tactics of sport which is dealt with, but know know the pedagogy.
gogy was practical discipline, and theorical problems of education, primarly in ethical aspect, were
subjects of philosophy.
The education is the subject of pedagogy, and
not just that, it’s very important also the organization about pupil and with pupil, because on that
way can be achieved some tasks and aims. The
pedagogy is not occupied just with child and some
person in this moment, it doesn’t rest upon to
philisophy, psycology and other related sciences,
but also its perspecitive, so it’s necessary that in its
basis has developed theory and philisophy about
man, society and education. “The specificity of
pedagogy is that through styding educational phenomenon in this moment, always aspire to determine and propose behavior for future- how to take
process, how to predict treatment of pupils and
teachers and elements of their relation in process
of realization of assignments and aims of education, which are always symbol of future and mark
of future (disered) state.” (Djordjevic & Trnavac
1992). Although pedagogy in its investigationses
considering biological and sociable dimensions of
personality of some pupil, it includes in group of
sociable sciences, with emphasized humanistic orientation. That’s the reason why many people treted the pedagogy as expressive example of humanistic science, which exists in the interests of child
and man. The education is one of the primary conditions of sociable life and continuous development of society. It’s related organicly and it’s
imbuing with other humans activities and also
there is in all interpersonal relations. Because of
that, the field of work of pedagogy is problematic
inexhaustible. The pedagogue has to be maximally
engaged, and it’s necessary to have sence for differentiation of problems and knowing about educational and school system on the whole. Educational pedagogical institution is the school- where
is properly directed school and out - of school
work of pupils with pedagogical influence.
Primery school task is identification and direction,
and for that is necessary expert who knows very
well problems of school and out-of -school education, as well as organization and presentation of
teaching work.
The pedagogue can fight successfully, direct
and surmount realizations of “all” problems. Knowing general children’s and educational psychology, biological development of child, then defectol-
THE ROLE AND FUNCTION OF
PEDAGOGUE
The notion pedagogy (on greek-paidagogos)
originates as compound word from greek words
paiodos, paidos – which means child and ago,
again which means to take. The notion paidagogos
“ that who takes a child” was the name for slave
who takes a child of master and takes care of its
security, especially when the child is out of home.
In ancient Greece paidagogos is not real teacher,
because he isn’t educated, but just make possible
to a child to acquire some specific experience. He
makes a child more able for life, helps it to orient
itself in some environment. In the beginning the
pedagouge was person who was taking care of a
child, then he was person who was taking child of
master to the teacher. Later, the pedagogue became
the name for person who bring up childrens and
educate them- the teacher of cild.
In ancient Roma pedagogus – pedagogue, this
name is related for captured educated slave, that
was the slave of home, the teacher to childrens of
its master. He was real teacher who was teaching a
child of slaveholder “about everything”, basically
making able a child for life, taking care of development and education-on some way, the slave was
nurse and teacher to child.
The pedagogy appears relative later as special
scientific discipline, in the beginning of 19 th century. Johan F. Herbart is one of the first founders of
pedagogical science. J. F. Herbarye had intoduced
pedagogy in the work of university discilines, he
used term “pedagogy” which was accepted mostly
in Europe and other contries of the world. As science- scientific discipline-pedagogy started with
development introducing schooling as general
obligation of young people. Before that, the peda216
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ogy and others, it’s capable to enter in psychological problems. With pedagogical - psychological
observing, conversations, experiments, comun
work with children at school, it can understand,
help and direct every educational activity and on
that way can help in realization of aims and assignments of school. Modern school wants to create
versatile educated person, so the functions of pedagogue are:
- permanently folowing of development of
pupils
- folowing of development of pupils
- preffesional informing and directing pupils
for occupation
- creation and raising of teaching process on
higher level
- intesive and continuous work with parents
- daily activity and coordination with sociable
environment
For this realization, the pedagogue must be
with all factors which are engaged in problems of
education of children, youth and adults. Therefore,
he must be mayor factor in connection of these factors which are important for education of young
people and proffesional directing and development
of this work.
which the caoch applies. If it si democratic style,
the coach supports democratic tolerant, non-violent, free comunication in team, in contrast of
autoritative style, where coach tries to prevent with
presion failure, he is arrogant and unfriendly. For
lesfer (indolent) coach is characteristic indifference, pedagogical passivity, adversely has infuence on motivation of sportsman… From all of
these, democratic style of work is the best for education of students. The success of pedagogical
work of coach and development depend of communication between coach and sportsman. The
coach is a builder of this communication.
SPORTS COACH WITH AND WITHOUT
PREFIH-PEDAGOGUE
We can mention once again that the coach of
younger ages, it should be pedagogue, psychologist, biologist, model of youth. To be more successful, the coach has to develop different abilities:
proffesional knowledge, organizational skills, then
skills of communication, motivation and management of group.
The coach must have educational role, in other
words, he should transfer experience and knowledge on young sportsman. The coach must know
basis of humans development if he wants to bring
about quality educational role, for example: intelectual, healthy biological, motor, emotional and
sociable development. Namely, procedures must
be adjusted with developed phases where there are
players.
Today, unfortunately, the job of coach of young
ages has people who give a bad example to children. They are very nervous, smoke cigarets all the
time, and some of them drink alchocol during the
match. We have also examples of coaches who
roar to children, call them insulting names, and
sometimes hit, especially when they are dissatisfied with results.
For these coaches we can’t say that they are
pedagogues, because their pimarly aim is victory
at any price, and not general development of childrens and youth.
Good, we can say modern coach pedagogue,
need to know how to use method of reward and
punishment for sportsmen.
Generally speaking, the reward is positive
result of behavior or individual activity (therefore,
the praise only has the value and meaning of
SPORTS COACH
When we talk about coach, usualy mean on
knowledge which he has about sport, about tactics,
knowing players or some physical preparations.
However, the role of coach is not just to know tactics, prepare team, but more bigger and important.
The role isn’t easy and the coach can’t be everybody, or must clear, successful coach. It should be
borne in mind that coach with his atitude to young
man (sportsman), has a lot of influence on its psychological and sociable growing in the most sensible moment of life - adolescence. Because of that
it’s not just enough narrowness of proffesional
preparation, but also permanent education of pedagogy. The coach is idol for young people, the
teacher, leader, doctor, psychologist, but most of
all the pedagogue.
One of the most important educated roles of
coach is continuously stimulation of sportsman in
active individual or groups learning , psychomotor
exercises, conditional-physical strengthening,
mental elevation and complete psychophysical
development. It’s very important style of work
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awards). Being positive, the reward is also information to some person that its reaction, activity
was good, regular and adequate. Because of that,
the result of reward is reapiting activity of person
for which it has awarded. Just that is purpose of
award. The award makes sense of self-esteem,
confidence and success on every individual.
The punishment is negative result or activity of
individial. It comes after reaction which we consider bad or undesirable, and its aim is that reaction wouldn’t repeat once again. When we use
punishment it should be more careful that that one
who is punished wouldn’t understand punishment
as revenge. It’s also worse if the coaches make fear
from punishment on young sportsmen, which it
generalizes on individual who punishes, but also
on contents which with punishment it should be
adopted regularly.
For example, some boy can feel fear from
coach and training, that in the end he will start with
hating a sport, and from time to time he will stop
going at training. The punishment can undermine a
self-confidence of every individual.
The coach who knows to use all of this in practice, we can say that is successful coach-pedagogue.
If coach wants to be pedagogue, he should be:
more focus on what childern are doing well, and
not to look on theirs mistakes. He needs to give
them more praises and recognitions with smiling.
he should: give praises honestly,develop real
expectations in line with ages of sportsmen,
organize training which should be more varied per
activities, and that every individual be more active
create atmosphere which will reduce fear from
testing of theirs skills. The coaches need to look on
errors as normal part of process of learning and be
full of encouragament.
The coach has to spread enthusiasm, good mood
and positive thinking, which are transfering on
childern. It’s good to talk with them, listen all the
time with smiling.
The coach can realize this with whole contens of work and dominating of features of style of
its pedagogical action, but also with some intentional psycho-pedagogic based motivational actings.
INSTEAD OF CONCLUSION
For pedagogy of sport it’s important: “to
emphasize that sport is educational sociable institution, full of games, and which the aim is physical and spiritual improvement of person. ”(Kokovic, 2000). When we talk about this theme,
instead of usual conclusion, it’s better and affective to give declaration of real examples of coache
pedagogue, which trough work they have showed
what means the coach and how can he leads some
team on real way.
Branko Jankovic, the legend of ex-Yugoslavia,
the handball coach, on question: What one coach
has to have for being successful? he corresponded:
“The coaches have big responsibility. Sport is
not just a feeling of competitor, but also of families, friends. For directing of development of child
it can’t be useful just teacher pr parent, but also the
coach. The person who has humans values, organized abilities, abilities of leadership, that one can
be successful coach. It’s not all on the paper and it
can’t be all drawn.”
Radomir Antic, selector of serbian representation of footbal, says that successful coach, exept
tactics, has to know all his players. And that could
be possible if he breathes as they do. To players
you have to elicit respect, some dose of fear, but
also feeling that you are friend and that you want
to help all of them. It’s important to have the same
aim. Good coach must know psyche of player and
when, and how to behave to him. In the same time
the coach is parent, teacher and pedagogue to all
players. And that can’t be every body. (SportsJournal, 12.08.2009.)
REFERENCES
Djordjevic, J., & Trnavac, N. (1992). Pedagogija
[Pedagogy. In Sebian.] Beograd: Naucna knjiga.
Ilic, M. (2003). Pedagogija sporta [Pedagogy of
sport. In Serbian.] Banja Luka: Centar za sport.
Cox, H.R. (1998). Sport Psychology. Boston, Mc
Craw- Hill.
Kokovic, D. (2000). Sociologija sporta [Sociology
of sport. In Serbian.] Beograd: Sportska
akademija.
Krulj, S. R., Kacapor S., & Kulic, R. (2003).
Pedagogija [Pedagogy. In Serbian]. Beograd:
Svet knjige.
Malt, J. (2005). Pedagogija-teorija osposobljavanja
[Pedagogy-theory training. In Serbian.] Zagreb:
Školska knjiga.
Martines,R. (1987). Coaches guide to sport
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APES 1(2011) 2:215-219
Drašković, J.K. et. al.: THE COACHES THE PEDAGOGUE...
psychology. Champaing-Illinois, Human
Kinestetics Publishers
Tomic, D.S. (1992). Trenersko umeće [Coaching
skills. In Serbian.] Beograd: SIA
Jarvis, M. (2004). Sport Psychology. London and
New York: Routledge
Dnevne novine [Daily newspapers. In Serbian.]n
’’Sportski žurnal’’ 12.08. 2009.
Correspondence:
Jelena-Krulj Drašković
University of Priština – Kosovska Mitrovica,
Kosovo i Metohija, Teacher Training Faculty,
Prizren-Leposavić, Serbia
38218 Nemanjina bb, Leposavić, Serbia
E - mail:chadja@ptt.yu
SPORTSKIOT TRENER KAKO PEDAGOG
UDK: 796. 071.43
(Stru~en trud)
Jelena Kruq – Dra{kovi}, Sla|ana Vidosavqevi} i Radomir Arsi}
Univerzitet vo Pri{tina Kosovska Mitrovica, Kosovo i Metohija,
U~itelski fakultet, Prizren – Leposavi}, Srbija
Apstrakt
Celta na trudot e da se uka`e kolku e zna~ajno za mladite
sportisti deka trenerot treba da bide dobar pedagog. Najdobri
rezultati vo sportot }e imaat onie sportisti ~ij trener, pred sé, se
odlikuva so dobar pedago{ki pristap. Rabotata so decata pretstavuva
posebno zadovolstvo za trenerot - pedagog, bidej}i od samiot po~etok,
e svedok za nivniot rast i razvoj. Vospituvaweto e naj{irok pedago{ki
poim koj se odnesuva na formiraweto na li~nosta. Za pomladite
vozrasni kategorii na deceta, toj ne e samo instruktor za poka`uvawe
na sportskite znaewa, tuku primer na koj sakaat da li~at. Blagodarenie
na pedagogijata trenerot-pedagog, steknuva sposobnost da im gi
prenesuva tie znaewa na decata na lesen i razbirliv na~in, vsaduvaj}i im
qubov kon sportot so koj se zanimavaat. Trenerot ima zada~a da gi
motivira decata za zanimavawe so sport, taka {to }e im dava prednost
na igrite, dru`eweto, sportskata etika i fer-plejot, a potoa na
vrednostite od dobriot rezultat. So svojot pristap, trenerot vlijae
vrz povolnata rabotna atmosfera i dobrata sorabotka vo grupata na
sportistite, taka {to takti~kata elementarnost mo`e da da se
odrazuva vrz raspolo`enieto i dobrite rezultati na sportistite.
Klu~ni zborovi: учениci, vospituvawe, sportska etika, fer-plej,
sportski znaewa, награда, kазна
219
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APES 1(2011) 2:221-223
Joksimović, A.:SPORTS FORM OF ALPINE SKIERS...
SPORTS FORM OF ALPINE SKIERS
UDC: 796. 926.015.3
(Professional paper)
Aleksandar Joksimović
University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Niš, Serbia
Abstract.
There are several definitions of sports form, but they are common to the sport of form
consists of harmoniously the unity of all components that provide the highest level of
specific work skills. The main indicator of the level of sporting form, are the achieved
results in the competition. In order to analyze sports form, it is necessary to get to know
the following components: The legality of the development of sports form; Mana-
gement of sport and form; Methods of determining the sports form. Indicated
components must be viewed as a dynamic phenomenon that is constantly evolving, changing and adapting appropriate conditions.
Keywords: competition, management, methods, technical quality, tactical quality,
psychological preparation
It is a condition characterized by great skier ability in competitive conditions.
The subject of this work represents a theoretical
and practical settings, and review of sports form of
alpine skiers. Then, indicate to certain laws, management and methods of determining the sports
form.
The problem of this work indicates that the
development of sports form observed three phases:
phase entry in the sports form, the phase of relative
stabilization of sports form, and a phase of temporary fall of sports form.
The aim of this paper is that the application of
better organization of work, use the appropriate
management of the training and the legality of the
work, as well as use appropriate methods for rapid
and rational mastering stage form of entry into the
sport form, and the longer maintenance of sports
form of skiers.
Introduction
Sport form is a reflection of the unity of optimal
physical fitness, mental, technical and tactical
quality of skier. Signs of a certain state of the
organism in which the factors that make this form
in such a harmonious whole that their choice
allows athletes to achieve certain level of ability,
(which allows him to achieve high sport results).
But we cannot form a sport seen as a permanent
phenomenon that is moving, evolving and changing and whose path of development has its own
dynamics, its laws which we must comply.
Sport form is a condition of athletes in a particular stage of development training process when
the skier is ready to achieve the highest sports results.
Sport Form is the maximum state of readiness
for achievements in sports by athletes comes after
proper preparation of each new level of development (Matvejev, 1964).
Sport form is such a state of athletes that are
characterized by the ability to achieve high sports
results and stable maintenance of these results in
participation in competitions during the long period of time.
Based on this we can say that the sport form of
state but also because it changes the process and
indicate a high level of preparedness skier, which
enable successful participation in the competition.
Methods of sports form in skiing
If training is systematic, intense and complete it
is so realistic to expect rapid growth and higher
level of sport forms and vice versa. Poor training
and not systematic work greatly affect the extension phase of entry into the sports form. It is often
times the reason that in a certain period, an athlete
is unable to achieve expected results.
In the development of sports form, there are
221
APES 1(2011) 2:221-223
Joksimović, A.:SPORTS FORM OF ALPINE SKIERS...
three phases:
- Phase entry into the sports form,
- Phase of relative stability and maintenance of
sporting forms and
- Phase temporary fall sports form.
sports form.
Some athletes achieved a high sport form especially at the expense of physical fitness, the other
on account of technical or tactical training process
etc.Some will even prepare your good psychic to
build a more solid physical basis, others on the
basis of modern technical and tactical preparation.
Each of these preparations (physical, mental,
technical, tactical), represents a combination of a
whole series of specific factors, which may not
always have the same value for each athlete.
For these reasons, sports form, and its development process, we have seen from another perspective:
- It is necessary to assess the value of certain
factors that participate in the process of sports
form.
- Their relationship and a way of regulating the
mutual influence of individual factors in the
process of building the sports form.
- And to develop and nurture mutual trust of
coach-athlete, then we can talk about the proper
motivation (reward, praise, punishment, just a look
is enough).
Characteristics of sports forms
Sport form is manifested – fast entering of the
organism in strenuous physical work, the achievement of economy of movement and speed of execution of the organism from hard physical labor.
Components of sport forms are: physical, technical, tactical and psychological preparation, in
addition to this one of the characteristics and educational and quality.
Preparatory, competitive and transitional periods
Phase of entering the sport form is characterized primarily by increasing gradually the primary,
abilities and characteristics, and ends with the initial formation of sports form. Phase of maintain the
sporting form is characterized by stabilization of
sports form, which ensures the achievement of
sports results.
Phase temporary loss of form sports are characterized by changing the direction adaptation
process, ie, the transition of recovering the organism level.
The duration of an entire cycle of creation,
maintenance and decline, sports forms depends
primarily on athlete’s quality level
- His individual characteristic,
- Condition of training process,
- Ways of training and others.
This means, in order to successful manage the
sport form we need to know:
- what are all the factors that influence the
development of sports form:
- To what extent they influence.
- What relationship exists between them?
- How to operate the internal factors (talent and
constitution).
- How can we positively impact their use for the
purpose of increasing the level of their sport
form?
Signs of a mechanism of managing sports form
use those ones form of content work; the means
and methods as well as external and internal factors that in most concrete situations can affect the
certain changes take place as planned.
Sporting a form of skiing has its specificities
and the result of mutual action of the entire series
is very different, even similar factors, where individual skills play a big role in the construction of
Conclusion
Given the theoretical and empirical settings that
are shown in this paper, as well as subjects, issues
and objectives of this study we can conclude the
following:That for a successful, stable and sports
form must be taken into account first of all:
- Laws of development of sports form
- Management and sports forms
- Methods of determining the sports form.
Of course, that these components must be considered as dynamic phenomenon, which is constantly evolving, changing and adapting to new
conditions appropriate.
REFERENCES
Andersen, R. E., & Montgomery, D. L. (1988).
Physiology of Alpine skiing. Sports Medicine,
6(4), 210-21.
Hadžić, R., Radosav, S. & Joksimović, A. (2009).
Takmičarska forma alpskih skijaša u dečijem
uzrastu [Competitors form of skiers in children’s
age. In Serbian.] Sportekspert , 2(2), (33-34).
Joksimović, A. & Joksimović, S. (2007). Plan and
program of training in the technical disciplines of
Alpine Skiing. Proceedings of XI International
Scientific Conference FIS Communications. (pp.
53-59). Niš: Faculty of Physical Education.
Joksimović, A. (2008). The physical preparation of
alpine skiers. Fizička kultura (Skopje), (1), 55-60.
Joksimović, A. (2009). Skijanje – tehnika [Skiing –
technique. In Serbian.] Knjaževac: GIP Timok.
222
APES 1(2011) 2:221-223
Joksimović, A.:SPORTS FORM OF ALPINE SKIERS...
Kostelić, A. (2005). Prikaz i analiza kondicijske
pripreme Ivice i Janice Kostelić tijekom sportske
karijere [Overview and analysis of fitness and
preparation Janica Kostelic edges during career.
In Croatian.] (Unpublished BA thesis), Zagreb:
Kineziološki fakultet.
Matveev, L.P. (1966.). Problemi periodoizacije
sportskog treninga [Problems of periodization of
athletic training. In Serbian.] Beograd:
Jugoslovenski zavod za fizicku kulturu.
Malacko, J. (2000). Osnove sportskog treninga
[Fundamentals of sports training. In Serbian]
Beograd: Fakultet za fizičku kulturu.
Rieder, M., & Fiala, M. (2006). Skiing Fitness.
Conditioning Training for Ski Sports. Oxford:
Meyer und Meyer.
Stojanović, T. & Joksimović, A. (2005). Carving
skiing: technique. Banja Luka: Center for sport.
Zahorjević, A. (1972). Sportska forma [Sports form.
In Serbian.] Beograd: NIP Partizan.
Correspondence:
Aleksandar Joksimović
University of Niš,
Faculty of Sport and Physical Education
Čarnojevićeva 10A, 1800 Niš, Serbia
E - mail: joksimovicaleksandar@yahoo.com
SPORTSKATA FORMA NA ALPSKITE SKIJA^I
UDK: 796. 926.015.3
(Stru~en trud)
Aleksandar Joksimovi}
Univerzitet vo Ni{, Fakultet za sport i fizi~ko vospituvawe,
Ni{, Srbija
Apstrakt
Postojat pove}e definicii na sportskata forma, no zedni~ko im
e deka nejzinata osnova ja so~inuva harmoni~noto edinstvo na site komponenti koi ovozmo`uvaat najvisokio nivo na specifi~ni rabotni
sposobnosti. Osnovni pokazateli na nivota na sportskata forma se
postignatite rezultati na natprevarite. Za analizirawe na sportskata forma neohodno e da se steknat soznanija za slednite komponenti: zakonitostite za razvojot na sportskata forma; upravuvaweto so
sportskata forma; metodite za odreduvawe na sportskata forma. Ovie
komponenti mora da se tretiraat kako dinami~ka pojava koja neprekinato se razviva, menuva i se prisposobuva na soodvetnite uslovi.
Klu~ni zborovi: natprevari, metodi, upravuvawe,
takti~ki kvaliteti., tehni~ki kvaliteti,
psiholo{ka podgotvenost
223
224
APES 1(2011) 2:225-227
Šiljak, V and Boškan, V. : MULTI-SPORT COMPETITIONS ...
MULTI-SPORT COMPETITIONS
UDC: 796.09 (100) (091)
(Professional peper )
Violeta Šiljak and Vesna Boškan
Alfa University, Faculty of Management in Sport, Belgrade, Serbia
Abstract
Apart from the Olympic games, world championships, the university students games –
The Universiade, there are many other regional sport movements organized as well.
The World Games, the Asian Games, the Panamerican Games, the Commonwealth
Games, the Balkan Games and so on, are some of multi-sport competitions all having
the mutual features of competitions in numerous sports which last for several days.
Some sports which are not a part of the Olympic Games programme are included into
these world/regional games. These games are organized with the intention of improving international sport/competitions.
Keywords: Olympic games, World Games, students games, regional sports
Introduction
Multi-sports competitions are organized sports
events that last several days and include competition in great number of sports/events. The Olympic
Games as the first modern multi-sport event serve
as a model for organizing all other major multisports competitions. These several-day events are
held in a host city, where the winners are awarded
medals and competitions are mostly organized
every four years, although some of them take place
each year. In orientation - the regional games are
certainly the best known. Besides them, there are
those that are organized by different orientations:
political, religious, ethno-religious, according to
age group, for extreme sports, by gender and sexual orientation, for the disabled and others.
The subject of this research relates to multisport events held all over the world. As most of
these competitions are organized for the specific
audience, participating countries or community,
this paper emphasized regional multi-sports competitions. The aim is to highlight their importance,
both in practice and in theory of physical culture.
The results indicate insufficient awareness of
sports population about possible participation in
one of them.
Games Association under the patronage of the
International Olympic Committee. Some of the
sports that were in the program of the World
Games have become the Olympic disciplines (such
as triathlon), while some of them used to Olympic
sports in the past, but not any more (such as rope
pulling). The selection of sports at the last World
Games was done based on the criterion adopted by
the IOC on August 12, 2004. Given the attitude of
the IOC and to limit the Olympic Games to 10,000
participants, it is unlikely that some of these sports
shall become Olympic sports. Some of the sports
taking place at the World Games include: orienteering, body building, power lifting, swimming
with fins, squash, water skiing, karate, etc. The
World Games hosts those sports that can be held in
the existing facilities available to a host city, without the necessity to build additional facilities are
not built for games.
Asian Games are a sporting event consisting of
several sports and are held every four years.
Athletes from all over Asia take part. The Games
are controlled and regulated by the Olympic
Association of Asia under the IOC supervision.
Medals are awarded for each discipline, starting
from 1950. The Asian Games were created to show
unity and cooperation among three nations: Japan,
Philippines and China. The first East Asian Games
were held in Manila in 1913. Other East Asian
nations joined later. The games were abolished in
1928 when Japan invaded China and annexed the
Philippines. After the Second World War a large
number of independent countries wanted to organ-
Regional Games
World Games are an international sporting
event which was first held in 1981. The program of
these games includes even the sports that are not
included in the Olympic Games program. World
Games are organized by the International World
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Šiljak, V and Boškan, V. : MULTI-SPORT COMPETITIONS ...
ize a new way of competition. During the XIV
Olympic Games in London, the Indian representative of the IOC, Indian representative of the IOC
Mr. Guru Dup Sandhu, proposed to sports leaders
of the Asian teams to hold a discussion on renewal of the the Asian Games. They agreed to form the
Asian Athletic Federation. In February 1949 the
Asian Athletic Federation was formally established and named the Federation of Asian Games.
It was decided to hold the first Games in 1951 in
New Delhi and that the Asian Games would be
held regularly every four years.
The idea for the organization of the Pan American Games resulted from the continuity of the
Central American Games, organized for the first
time in 1920. In 1932 the first plans were made for
the Pan American Games and the Pan American
Sports Organization was established. The first Games were officially held in Buenos Aires, but the
World War II postponed them to 1951. Mr. Since
then the Games have been held every four years,
with the participation of all new disciplines for
more than 5000 athletes from 42 countries. There
were some attempts to organize the Pan American
Winter Games as well, but without much success.
The Games planned for 1989 had been delayed for
a year later due to bad weather, because at that
time only the Alpine games could be held. The
Games in 1993 were completely deferred, and
since then the Pan American Winter Games were
not held any more.
Commonwealth Games are a multi-sport event
which is held every four years and elite athletes of
the Commonwealth of nations participate in them.
The first such games known as the British Empire
Games were held in 1930. The Games were
renamed over time several times, and since 1978
they have become known as the Commonwealth
Games. Although the athletes from only t six countries participate in these Games (Australia, Canada, England, New Zealand, Scotland and Wales),
they are very interesting because of participation
of the best athletes.
Balkan games are a sports event, organized
every year since 1930 featuring the countries of the
Balkan Peninsula. The idea of organizing sporting
competition in the Balkans was directed towards
rapprochement and mutual development of sport
in this area. Not all the Balkan countries were
involved in them since their beginning. Since 1936
the Games involve all the countries of the Balkan
area, our country included.
Mediterranean Games were first held in 1951
with an objective to gather them all the nations that
surround the Mediterranean Sea.
Arctic Winter Games are designed to enable the
athletes of the sub polar north to compete in the
conditions in which they live. The first Games
were held in 1970 in Yellowknife in the Northwest
Territories of Canada. The participants in these
Games are the athletes of Yukon, Alaska and the
Northwest Territories of Canada, Russia, Norway,
Sweden and Finland. Since then, they have been
regularly held in different places and with an
increasing number of competitors. The Games are
held every two years and their program includes
the following sports: alpine skiing, badminton,
basketball, biathlon, cross country skiing, dog sled
racing, figure skating, gymnastics, ice hockey,
snowboarding, table tennis, volleyball, wrestling
and others.
Jeux de la Francophonie connect nations and
the regions of the world where French is the common language. Additionally, sports competitions
are accompanied by cultural events. In 1997, seven
art competitions were held (sculpture, photography, painting, fairy tale, traditional inspiration dance,
poetry, song), and there were only four sports in
which men competed (boxing, judo, soccer and
athletics) and four sports in which women competed (judo, basketball, athletics and tennis).
In addition to the stated regional sports competitions the following games are also well- known:
Pan-African Games, Pan – Arabic Games, Pacific
Games, Canadian Game, Nordic Games, et al.
Educational aspect
Considering the perspectives of the 21-century
sport, the world-famous educators have recognized
the problem and decided to devote twenty-first
century to children’s sports (Šilljak, 2007). This
world movement should be joined by the sports
teachers from all countries that are members of the
IOC and to offer their contribution by educating
young generations both in practical and in theoretical part of sports culture. Awareness of future
sports population in our region about possible participation in some of these multi-sport competition
is negligible. Although these games are organized
for the purpose of promoting international sport /
events as they involve also sports not contained in
the Olympic competition program, they are generally known to participants and a small number of
audience because they are not adequately covered
by the media.
Conclusion
In the course of XX century, the development
and spreading of almost all forms of physical education across the planet led to appearance of the so
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APES 1(2011) 2:225-227
Šiljak, V and Boškan, V. : MULTI-SPORT COMPETITIONS ...
called modern sports movement. New sports branches emerge, an increasing number of sports
clubs, sports associations and international sports
associations and competitions have been formed.
The global sports events as Modern Olympic
Games, University Games, World and continental
sports competition in a particular sports branch,
with their emergence and development very quickly led to professionalism and commercialization of
sport. Bearing in mind the fact that in almost all
periods of the history of mankind, professionalism
in sports led negative phenomena in sport, it can be
concluded that it is not advisable to repeat the mistakes, but prevent them with quality education. In
modern times, sport has taken a very important
role as a planetary phenomenon.
References
Encyclopedia of Physical Culture, (1975). I vol.
from A–O, Zagreb: JLZ.
Encyclopedia of Physical Culture, (1975). II vol.
from P–Ž, Zagreb: JLZ.
Ilić, S.; Mijatović, S. (2006). History of Physical
Culture, Belgrade: DTA Trade.
Metchnikoff, R., A. Estes, S.G. A History and
Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education –
From Ancient Civilizations to the Modern World,
WCB – McGraw–Hill, San Diego State
University, USA.
Šiljak, V. (2007). History of Sport, Belgrade: Faculty
of Management in Sport.
Fortin, F. (2000). Sports, The Complete Visual
Reference, Ontario: A Firefly Book.
Correspondence:
Violeta Šiljak
Alfa University, Faculty of Management in Sport
Palmira Toljatija 3, 11070, Belgrade, Serbia
E - mail: vsiljak@yahoo.com
MULTI - SPORTSKI NATPREVARI
UDK: 796.09 (100) (091)
(Stru~en trud)
Violeta [iqak i Vesana Bo{kan
Alfa Univerzitet,Fakultet za menaxment vo sportot,
Belgrad, Srbija.
Apstrakt
Pokraj Олимписките игри, светските првенствa, студентските игри igri
- Универзијадата, во светот се организираат и други регионални спортски
натпревари. Светските игри, Азиските игри, Пан Американските игри, Игрите
на Комонвелтот, Балканските игри и други, се некои од мулти-спортските
нтпревари кои имаат заедничка карактеристика на повеќедневни натпревари
во многу спортови. На овие светски/регионални игри, се вклучени и спортови кои
не се во олимписката програма на натпревари. Овие игри се организираат со цел
да се унапреди меѓународниот спорт/натпреварите.
Клучни зборови: Олимписки игри, светски игри, студентски игри,
регионален спорт
227
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APES 1(2011) 2:229-233
Boškan, V. and Šiljak, V.: THE NEEDS AND WAYS OF ...
THE NEEDS AND WAYS OF ENGAGEMENT OF PR IN SPORTS
EDUCATION OF THE YOUNGSTERS
UDC: 796.038:37
(Professional paper)
Vesna Boškan and Violeta Šiljak
Alfa University, Faculty of the Management in Sport, Belgrade, Serbia
Abstract
One of the basic functions of PR in sports is to represent a sports organization and its
creation of strategic–communication politics. The management of sports organization
should use PR as an instrument of strategic–communication politics so as to create and
realize intern and the extern relationships with the basic relation groups. The subject
of this work is the necessary everyday connection of PR and children’s sport and it is
related to the presentation of conditions in the last decade (in our region) as well as
consideration of the methods for improvement and overcoming of the same unacceptable position of the sports education of the youngsters. The goal of this work is to
point the possibilities and ways of working of PR sector in the formation of basically
strong and stable children’s sport with the existence of huge and constant support of
the public and society. Instead of up to now almost complete non-existence of PR in
sports activities of the youngsters, the representatives of public relations should take
the primary initiative with the maximum engagement in everyday work.
Keywords: sport management, children’s sport, sport clubs, electronic media,
sport education, sport sciences
Basic grounds of PR in sport education:
a permanent dialogue with the changeable surroundings; PR is a part of the sport management;
PR is a function of management, research and
analysis of the surroundings factor ; means of
motivation and informing…
The necessary existence of everyday connection of PR and children’s sport is the subject of this
work through which is shown the position of sport
at the earliest age (3 – 10 years old ) as well as consideration of metods for improvement and evercoming the same unacceptable position of sport
education of to say uneducation of the youngest.
The aim of this work is to present the possibilities an ways of work of PR sector in the foundation
of basically strong and stable children’s sport with
the creation of constant support of the public and
society. The work consists of two thematic wholes
which basic directions are presented and clarified:
I. The need for the existence of PR in sport education of the youngsters
* what is and what is not PR, condition analysis;
I.The ways of engagement of PR as an equal member of the management
* sustainable development strategy.
I.The need for the existence of PR in sport
education of the youngsters
* what is and what is not PR
What do we get with the existence and active
functioning of PR person of service?
it makes better the understanding inside an organization as well as with the public; creation of the
subject’s identity in this case subject is children’s
sport); stimulation of team atmosphere feeling; it
provides better informing of all the participants; it
influences the positions, action and reaction of the
public…
Also it is important to point out that public
relations aren’t:
Polishing outside world with giving incorrect and
invalid information; better word for propagands; a
goodwill lying and hiding the truth.Scientific,
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Boškan, V. and Šiljak, V.: THE NEEDS AND WAYS OF ...
technological and practical knowlegdes acquired
by education, experience, communication, making
the data bases and expert systems brought the
world to irrefutable fact that a human potential is
the main quality today and tomorrow and it largely depends on: health, activity and timely informing of the population, education personal system of
values, habits and creativity. It is up to the state
and society to be aware of its potetntials and to recognize, develop and cultivate them at the right
time starting from the earliest age.
To recognize, to develop, to cultivate, to support, to set directions, to properly educate, to survey… And these happen everyday in the sport
activities of the youngest?! To a great sorrow of
both these things don’t happen!!! And who is
RESPONSIBLE We all know very well that the
children are not, so we can only blame ourselves
and ourselves only – grown up, educated, distingwished, famous… who forgot their biggest treasure.
Unfortunately in this part of the text it is
inevitable to point out that upbringing of the future
healthy, strong, tough, resistent to the templations
nation begins from the birth that is from the
moment when a child is capable with parent’s help
to perform exercises suitable for his age. Every
year in a development of a young being is a special
one and irreplaceable and most of the psychologists and pedagogies agree that all the child
acquires during 3 – 10 years of age presents the
base for the child’s further development and life.
The next is information which is really worrying and which should immediately be changed that
is completely changed by new facts and better
numbers:
a small number of mothers ( that is a small
number from the urban places and in rural there are
no schools for the pregnant women ) goes to the
school for the pregnant women where they can
learn which exercises should be done with the
newly – born so as to strengthem the baby;even
smaller number reads and follows the literature
intended for the upbringing of the children, they
are rather learnt by their mothers, grandmothers; a
big number of children is raised by grandmothers
and grandfathers until the age of 7 ( and even later)
“ Why does he/she need kindergarten when he/she
has enough place in a house or a garden where
he/she can run?” – But who does he/she run?!;in
the preschool institutions work teachers who
sometimes with their looks and later with the
knowledge of sport culture cannot by any means
be a model for the creation of the future sport personality; just some sport kindergartens in the urban
places manage to keep their position and only in
them children 3 – 10 years old should get a proper
physical education;in primary schools teachers
usually use physical education classes to catch up
the syllabus from maths, native language or other
subjects that was left out. Some well organized
sport clubs mostly have in the bigger towns young
ones who are from the age of 7.
It has already become negative to number all
the facts which surround us and in which our children grow up. And it is not yet mentioned “ the
promising “ influence of electronic media – radio
and television stations, the internet, mobile
providers – through which to out houses enters
who ever wants and how he/she wants and when
he/she wants.
Where will we come if we go on like this?
What will the future generations look like? Who
will have enough strength, the excessive energy, a
lot of will and inexhanstible motives to fight with
the XXI century challenges and turbulences which
it brings with itself?
And why this questions are not asked from the
assembley rostrum? It would bi so nice to watch
the news which begins with the practical examples
in which you invest every day in a sport, especially in the children’s sport and you are in touch with
the improvement of the nation and you decrease
the number of desperate and depressive “ loosers “
and at the same time you increase the number of
life fighters? Yes, we all know that, we are horrified over statistic reports, we pay for the therapies
and expensive medical remedies but it is a fact that
we do very little.
And we have forgotten to point out constantly that SPORT as a social whole has a unique and
significant role in the harmonic development of the
whole mankind and its mutural connection and
sharing of the ideas. Sport, as a noble fight, has a
much bigger importance than a sheer competition:
it contributes to psycho – physical development, it
awakens only positive values such as a ethics and
moral, it develops team spirit, it connects people of
different cultures, it sets the broken diplomatic
connections…
I.The ways of engagement of PR as an equal
member of the management
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Boškan, V. and Šiljak, V.: THE NEEDS AND WAYS OF ...
indeed proved sport functions as part of social
activities) should present the base of directions for
the activities of the engaged experts in the public
relations field related to sport education of the
youngest children.
In the first phase of work nothing can be left to
any chance, inertion or improvisation but we
should bassed on the detailed analyses bring some
decisions, plans and aims of working which will be
presented and hastened in public relations engagement in all the segments of work with the basic in
a long time ago proved sport sciences – the history of sport, sport management, sport marketing,
information science in sport, sport psychology,
sport sociology…
A theory which has so far shown and proved in
practice its positive practical side is sustainable
development – to deal with those activities which
can during longer period of time keep maintain or
they can automatically renew by themselves.
Sustainable development is especially for the
countries in transition and also for the sport as a
social whole, practical solution for overcoming
many many difficulties in everyday work and survival of many clubs, associations, societies ( top
and amateur ones ).
Now we have an obstacle which is finance and
material possibilities of children’s sport and sport
in general, as well as educational system, health
care and their similar fields.
A solution intrudes itself (at least one for now,
but there will be undoubtedly many). We only need
to mention to the responsible persons (ministers,
presidents of the municipalities, associations,
clubs…) that an enterprising may of thinking for a
long time has brought great results and that we
shouldn’t hesitate to use it every minute.
An enterpreneur is a person ready to risk, ready
for new ideas, an innovator who follows a dynamic process, invests his/her time and money, bravely and cautionsly with a certain dose of adventure.
An enterprising decision means leaving up to now
way of working and thinking, wishing for a new
job – an idea, and harmonizing internal and external factors.
All you need is to be clever and to show to the
interested economy subjects a business opportunity with the previous idea analysis and its programming. For a successful enterprise we need three
moving forces: agitators, a business opportunity
and necessery means.
* Sustainable development strategy
The basic problem of PR in children’s sport is
his/her almoust complete non – existence in the
frames and scales of children’s sport in the
Republis of Serbia territors (and the situation is
almoust identical in the whole our region ). If few
sparkles of PR activity (mostly needed for the personal political or party promotion), which appear
in the “ big “ actions connected to the children’s
sport and led by state authorities are rare and pale
and unfortunately of short term. Therefore in the
second part of this work a special attention is paid
to different aspects of everyday role, significance
and usefulness of PR can, know and need to contribute to the development of children’s sport on
our grounds.
We can conclude through the history of sport
development that the youngsters were taken care
of even in the earliest recorded days of civilization.
The significance of sport for children was seen
then and now in the proper development, building
of a team spirit and victorians character, learning
fair – play relationship, respect of the adversary
and yourself, building up a fighting spirit, competition thinking and beliefs, Olympic spirit as well
as fight against all earthly vices and addictions:
alcohol, cigarettes, drugs, laziness, depressiveness,
boredom…
All important directions of PR expert activity
which are the most useful for the context of this
work, are given in the numbering – sharing sport
functions (according to a few authors) and it is
especially significant for the further part of this
work to number them all:
Pedagogical – educational; Health – recreational; Preparatory; Etalonic; Euristic;
Hedonistic; Estethic; Observing; Socializing;
Political; Economical.
Therefore in all previously mentioned segments, characteristics and functions of significance
and importance of sport it is essential to put in the
right position timely and meeting high standards
children’s (kindergartens, clubs, associations) and
school (especially in the preschool age and from I
to IV grade of primary school) sport so that we
could on time secure a sport national identity,
healthy generations and new top results in all life
fields.
All numbered sport functions (there can be
more or less, depending on the author, but they are
231
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Boškan, V. and Šiljak, V.: THE NEEDS AND WAYS OF ...
We will be the agitators, sport workers, PR will
present children’s sport as an excellent business
opportunity (and of course before that PR will
establish and arrange mutural practical and useful
professional and constant collaboration with the
mass – media – and if need be an obligatory collaboration) whereas the necessary means will be
provided by the economy subjects who can by all
means do that and they still don’t know that thay
want it.
Future programme of everyday activities
of public relations in the field of children’s sport
should be made so as to:
activate children any youth, teachers, professors
and pedagogues, parents and members of the family and also the public; to provide the support of
state, school and health institutions, sport associations, sport persons and experts, media and eminent individuals because the problem of passiveness is something that happens to all of us.
When a young person 18 years old takes over a
complete responsibility for his/her life, doings and
obligations, the society and its law standards think
that he/she should be responsible for his/her acts
and to suffer a punishment for a commited offence
and other acts breaking the law. It is naïve to say
and not to write down that part of the blame is on
social surroundings in which “ the sinful individual
“ has been groving up and missed the education
about what is good to be done and what is not. And
a complete education of the future persons could
and can be realized through sport engagements
and activities.
Nobody expects and it’s not realistic for every
child to be a top sports person who will set the new
records on every competition. However, it would
be nice if everyone knew at the earliest age of life
how important the sport spirit and education are so
that in some close future finding of adequate sport
experts in all the fields as well as inclined sponsors, donors and media patrons would be easier.
This mission exactly should be the goal of PRs’
engagement so that in future even their part of
activities would be made easier and simplified.
Is it useless to say or not but in any case it is
true: all previously written lines lose their meaning
if there are no generations who will practise sport
and love it in their own way who will find their
own way of enjoying it daily and who will feel it
as a main motivator in achieving life goals through
a healthy and properly directed growing up.
Literature
Šiljak, V. (2007). Istorija sporta [The history of
sport. In Serbian.] Beograd: Fakultet za
menadžment u sportu.
Tomić, D. (2002). Public relations. In Serbian.]
Beograd: Fakultet za menadžment u sportu.
Kastratović, E. (2004). Osnove menadžmenta sa
menadžmentom u sportu [The management basic
with the management in sport. In Serbian.]
Beograd: Institut za razvoj malih i srednjih preduzeća.
Džamić, L. (1996). PR. In Serbian.] Beograd: autor.
IREX fondacija. (2003). PR i marketing medija [PR
and marketing media. In Serbian] London: IREX
fondacija.
Ilić, S. (1994). Novi vek i savremeno doba [New
age and modern times.] Beograd: autor.
Correspondence:
Vesna Boškan
Alfa University, Faculty of Management in Sport
Palmira Toljatija 3, 11070, Belgrade, Serbia
E - mail: vesnastn@hotmail.com
232
APES 1(2011) 2:229-233
Boškan, V. and Šiljak, V.: THE NEEDS AND WAYS OF ...
POTREBA I PRAVCI NA ANGA@IRAWETO
VO SPORTSKOTO OBRAZOVANIE NA NAJMLADITE
UDK: 796.038:37
(Stru~en trud)
Vesna Bo{kan i Violeta [iqak
Alfa Univerzitet, Fakultet za menaxment vo sportot,
Belgrad, Srbija
Apstrakt
Edna od osnovnite funkcii na odnosite so javnosta (PR) vo
sportot e da ja pretstavuva sportskata organizacija i nejzinata kreacija za sozdavaweto na strate{ko-komunikasiska politika. Rakovodstvata na sportskite organizacii bi trebalo da go koristat PR-ot,
kako instrument na strate{ko - komunikaciskata politikata pri
osmisluvaweto i realizacijata na internite i eksternite odnosi so
osnovnite relaciski grupi. Predmetot na ovoj trud e neophodnata sekojdnevna povrzanost na PR-ot i detskiot sport. Toj se odnesuva na prezentiraweto na sostojbata vo poslednata decenija (vo regionot), kako i
razgleduvawe na metodite za koregirawe i nadminuvawe na neprfatlivite pozicii na sportskoto obrazovanie na najmladite. Celta na ovoj
trud e da se prezentiraat mo`nostite, i pravcite za deluvaweto na PR
sektorot pri formiraweto na bazi~no silniot i stabilen detski
sport, so postoewe na ogromna, bezrezervna i konstantna poddr{ka od
javnosta i op{testvoto. Namesto dosega{noto, re~isi celosno nepostoewe na PR-ot vo sportskite aktivnosti na najmladata vozrast,
pretstavnicite na odnosite so javnosta, treba da prezemat osnovni
inicijativi so nekoleblivo i maksimalno zalagawe.
Klu~ni zborovi: sportski menaxment, detski sport, sportski klubovi,
elektronski mediumi, sportsko obrazovanie,
sportski nauki
233
234
APES 1(2011) 2:235-237
Joksimović, A. et. al. : NATURAL FORMS OF ...
NATURAL FORMS OF MOVEMENTS IN SKIING AS
RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY
UDC: 796.035:796.921
(Professional paper)
Aleksandar Joksimović1, Danilo Aćimović2 and Emilija Petković1
1
2
University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Niš, Serbia
State University in Novi Pazar, Department of Bio-chemical and Medical Sciences,
Novi Pazar, Serbia
Abstract
Natural forms of movement (walking, running) in skiing have an important impact
especially on the health status of participants, as well as developing a sense of security in the ski-skier system. Of course, if done in appropriate circumstances and under
the control of experts, which takes into account the extent and intensity of load that
must be adequate capability and capacity of participants. Constant and systematic
involvement in recreation man creates positive habits, primarily designed for organized, meaningful and useful way of implementation of the natural form of movement as
a tool in recreational skiing
Keywords: elements of skiing, natural movement, health status, intensity,
methods, motor abilities
rses, students should be aware of the surprises to
expect them to ski (speed, lubricity, volatility,
etc.). Use of natural forms of movements (walking,
skating) certainly contributes to the development
of sense to establish a better sense of balance and
security in the system skier-skis which may later
contribute to the efficient adoption skiing knowledge.
Its tools, content and methods, recreation has
an impact that using the natural form of movement
(walking, skating, etc..) overcome a sense of security in the system skier-skis so that this system has
become a single system. The development of base
security is lost unnecessary fear, which has an
important role in learning and mastering skiing.
The issue of stability and balance on skis is
made easier through the game, (who will be faster,
better, better, etc.) or using the natural form of
movement (walking, jogging, skating, etc.). Natural forms of movement in the snow take an
important place. All activities can be conducted
using natural forms as a means of movement are
very suitable for use in working with beginners.
An expert in the field of recreation has to know the
methodical application of dosing activities in relation to the age category taking into account their
overall abilities and capabilities.
Introduction
Natural forms of movement in skiing as a recreational activity has a special significance and value
through programs and activities that directly raise
the contributions of physical ability in obtaining a
feeling of security system skier-ski, so that this
system has become a single entity as well as establishing a better balance in that system.
In determining the scope and intensity of work
load, it is necessary beforehand to determine the
health status of participants. Natural forms of
movement as a recreational activity especially in
winter conditions (snow ball fight, sledding, etc.)
represent an ideal area to start the process of teaching skiing. Practicing these activities in the natural
environment and in the snow environment for students is an important prerequisite to undertake the
skills alpine skiing. With a certain satisfaction that
the game offers, well-designed organization and
the application of appropriate methodological procedures grow in an organized exercise (which
allows mastering techniques of alpine skiing).
Length of stay of participants in the snow shall
be determined according to their capabilities. It is
known that most students successfully submitted
and accepted all the loads through the game and
well-organized exercise. So before the skiing cou235
APES 1(2011) 2:235-237
Joksimović, A. et. al. : NATURAL FORMS OF ...
The subject of this paper is the natural forms of
movement as a recreational activity of skiing.
These activities help in creating positive habits,
primarily designed for organized, meaningful and
useful way of implementation of free time.
The problem of directed towards a better organization and realization of the natural form of movement (walking, running, skating, etc.) as a recreational activity in skiing.
The aim of work was defined by depicting natural forms of movement (walking, skating, running, etc.) and methodological procedures of program content and recreational activities. Using natural forms of movement (walking, jogging, skating, etc.) as well as recreational activities provide
candidates relief, fear losing and develop a sense
of security in the system skier-skis as well as
developing a sense of balance and security developments on the ski. The issue of stabilityand balance on skis is made easier through the game,
(who will be faster, better, better, etc.) or using the
natural form of movement (walking, jogging, skating, etc.).
skis on snow.
Turning
- We will give two basic types of turning:
- Turning around the peaks of skis and
- Turning around tails of skis
- In the first, and in another case, sticks and
serve as a backbone and facilitate movement of
skis.
Climbing
When climbing is used mainly in two ways:
Side-steppingclimbing
Herringbone climbing
When a skier is Side-stepping climbing
The upper ski, and the same time raise both
blends. In pitched climbing, you always want to go
to that level forward. The role of the sticks as well
as in the previous climb, as well as help support the
attraction of the lower legs.Simply position yourself across the Fall line of the slope. Make sure to
position your Skis parallel to each other and perpendicular to the Fall line. Also, let your Ski edges
dig into the snow. This will keep you from sliding.
Start making small steps. Slightly shift your
weight on your downhill Ski. Step up with your
uphill Ski and let its edge dig into the snow. You
can also use your Ski Pole for added support.
Slightly shift your weight on your uphill Ski and
then move your lower Ski upward. Again, you can
use your downhill pole to maintain balance. Keep
“walking” sideways until you reach the area where
you want to be.
Falling and rising
Falling generally can be, forward and back, it is
often inevitable fall forward. In this case the body
should be extended to fall on the chest. In the
falling back, try to fall back or sideways.
Downhill
- The main characteristics of the stance:
- The angle between the femoral and lower leg
1000
- The angle between the forearm and upper arm
1000
- Sticks parallel to each other
- Body upright
- Looking ahead ski
Plow
Skis are constantly in a Plow position. Ankles
as well as knee and hip joints are bent. Line of
gravity of the body falls behind the heel, the body
is relaxed, hands naturally crouch next to the body
and held parallel rods behind the body. Plowing
should be ongoing, and the body weight equally
distributed on both skis. Internal edges of both skis
are more or less strongly placed to influence and
regulate the speed of movement.
Methodical procedure
The issue of stability and balance on skis is
made easier through the game, (who will be faster,
better, better, etc.) or using the natural form of
movement (walking, jogging, skating, etc.). Natural forms of movement in the snow an important
place. All activities can be conducted using natural
forms as a means of movement are very suitable
for use in working with beginners. An expert in the
field of recreation has to know methodical application of dosing activities in relation to age category
taking into account their overall abilities and capabilities.
Natural forms of movement as a recreational
activity of skiing: the basic skiing stance, walking
and skating, turning, climbing, falling, rising, descent and the plow.
- The basic skiing stance
The basic attitude of ski primarily angle between the surface; Tibia and femur; Then the angle
between the forearm and upper arm; Parallel sticks. Body is upright.
Walking and skating
Coordination of movement is essentially the
same as when walking; No skis, basic characteristics are sticks that are extended arm. Skier to rely
on the stick the same hand beside and behind the
legs, which is in step (in contrast to the pace of
cross-country skiing) added to the motion of walking and sliding movement. In this exercise pay
special attention to developing a sense of skating
236
APES 1(2011) 2:235-237
Joksimović, A. et. al. : NATURAL FORMS OF ...
Alpine Skiing. Proceedings of XI International
Scientific Conference FIS Communications. (pp.
53-59). Niš: Faculty of Physical Education.
Joksimović, A. (2007). Tehnika i metodika skijanja
[Technique and methodic of skiing. In Serbian.]
Niš: SIA,
Joksimović, A., Joksimović, S. & Jovanović, D.
(2007). Imitacione vežbe u alpskom skijanju
[Imitation exercise in alpine skiing. In Serbian.]
Proceedings of XI International Scientific
Conference FIS Communications. (pp. 53-59).
Niš: Faculty of Physical Education
Joksimović, A. (2008). The physical preparation of
alpine skiers. Fizička kultura (Skopje), (1), 55-60.
Joksimović, A. (2009). Skijanje – tehnika [Skiing –
technique. In Serbian.] Knjaževac: GIP Timok.
Simić, М. (2001). Alpsko skijanja– teorijaimetodika
[Alpine skiing – theory and methodic. In
Serbian.] Priština: Fakultet za fizičku kulturu.
Conclusion
Natural forms of movement (walking, running,
skating, etc.) in skiing have an important role in
the acquisition of basic stability and the balance in
the system of skier-ski as a unique system. The
development of these components (stability and
balance) removes the needless fear, and thus the
quality preparation for the upgrade, that is, starting
the process of training skiers. Of course, with
respect for certain principles and methods, while
taking into account the age groups.
REFERENCES
Hadžić, R., Radosav, S. & Joksimović, A. (2009).
Takmičarska forma alpskih skijaša u dečijem
uzrastu [Competitors form of skiers in children’s
age. In Serbian.] Sportekspert , 2(2), (33-34).
Joksimović, A. & Joksimović, S. (2007). Plan and
program of training in the technical disciplines of
Correspondence:
Aleksandar Joksimović
University of Niš,
Faculty of Sport and Physical Education
Čarnojevićeva 10A, 1800 Niš, Serbia
PRIRODNITE FORMI NA DVI@EWATA VO SKIJAWETO
KAKO REKREATIVNA AKTIVNOST
UDK: 796.035:796.921
(Stru~en trud)
Aleksandar Joksimovi}1, Danilo A}imovi}2 i Emilija Petkovi}1
1Univerzitet
vo Ni{, Fakultet za sport i fizi~ko vospituvawe,
Ni{, Srbija
2Dr`aven Univerzite vo Novi Pazar, Oddel za Bio-hemiski i medicinski nauki,
Novi Pazar, Srbija
Apstrakt
Prirodnite formi na dvi`ewata (odewe i tr~awe) vo skijaweto imaat zna~ajno
vlijanie, pred sé, vrz zdravstveniot status, kako i vrz ~uvstvoto na sigurnost vo
odnos na sistemot skija~skii. Se razbira deka toa }e bide pouspe{no, dokolku se odviva vo adekvatni uslovi i pod kontrola na stru~no lice koe vodi smetka za obemot
i intenzitetot, usoglasen so mo`nostite i sposobnosti na skija~ite. So postojanoto i sistematskoto vklu~uvawe vo rekreacijata, ~ovekot sozdava pozitivni navki,
vo prv red, za smislen, organiziran, sodr`aen i korisen na~in za sproveduvawe na prirodni formi na dvi`ewata kako rekreativno sredstvo vo skijaweto.
Klu~ni zborovi: skija~ki elementi, prirodni dvi`ewa, zdravstven status,
intenzitet, metodi, motorni sposobnosti
237
238
APES 1(2011) 2:239-242
Aćimović, D. et al. SIGNIFICANCE OF INFORMATION AND...
SIGNIFICANCE OF INFORMATION AND ADVERTISING SYSTEMS
IN THE FUNCTION OF SPORT COMPETITIONS
UDC: 796.08: [007:004
(Professional paper)
Danilo Aćimović1, Aleksandar Joksimović2 and Omer Špirtović1
1
State University in Novi Pazar, Department of Bio-chemical and Medical Sciences,
Novi Pazar, Serbia
2
University of Niš, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, Niš, Serbia
Abstract
Competitions in sport are the basic purpose of existence of sport organizations and
sport clubs. Significance of sport competition also lies in the fact of increasing interest
of public for the results of the competition, and promotion of the best in the competition. In order to achieve and add significance to sport competition different informational and advertising systems are included, with the direct function to promote sport
competition.
Keywords: public, management, sport clubs, profit, principles, promotion
Organizational activity of management in total
is subjected to competition, mutual contests among
similar contestants or similar sport clubs. This simplification of significance of management and
sport competition (contest in sport) is not just the
opinion of the author of this monograph, but it can
be found in wider relevant social structures (especially among direct participants of sport events).
Competitions in sport are the basic purpose of
existence of sport organizations and sport clubs.
Impossibility to participate in the competition (justified or not) brings to possible participant or candidate, as well as to ownership structure in sport,
great economical loss and even sometimes elimination and liquidation of sport club or organization
from sport register. Such ending is difficult for all
subjects interrelated in the chain of sport competition. From this reason, all subjects of sport management give their maximal contribution in order
to, based on achieved results, collectively or personally participate in acquired gain (profit). The
power of competition can be seen in the fact that
many renown researchers from different field analyze encounters of sport participants and search for
answers: why sport competitions engage such
large number of participants and why do sport
events get global and media significance.
Significance of sport competition also lies in
the fact of increasing interest of public for the
results of the competition, and promotion of the
best in the competition. The audience phenomenon
is therefore the subject of analysis also, not only
from the aspect of sociological study but also from
the aspect of economical profit. Largest competitions, on the world level, always imply attendance
of audience in largest numbers and therefore the
biggest possible profit level.
In order to achieve and add significance to sport
competition different informational and advertising systems are included, with the direct function
to promote sport competition, but also are the
direct servers of the whole system of the certain
sport competition.
A special segment of sport competitions represent direct participants – sportsmen. In amateur
sport of the past, in former socialistic countries,
basic motive of sportsmen of that age was the principle of patriotism, as the highest value, which
239
APES 1(2011) 2:239-242
Aćimović, D. et al. SIGNIFICANCE OF INFORMATION AND...
mobilized those sportsmen to the ultimate limits of
their abilities. Although, after the end of the competition the best received awards from their country, the money itself was of not of great value to the
contestants. The participation in the competition
itself was valued more than anything else, just as
being selected and relied upon by the government
body of the homeland (to represent it). With the
fall of the political model of socialism failed the
model of socialistic sport. Only one model of sport
was left on the sport market as a ruling one – capitalistic.
Capitalistic model of competitions basically
implies competing on profit grounds. Participation
of sportsmen in largest sport competitions,
although under the motto of “it’s important to participate”- is far from model of old Olympic games
based on such grounds. While in the past Olympic
games implied the spirit of honor and representing
of the city or region the sportsmen came from,
Olympic competitors today are above all contestants-profiteers. The only goal of sportsmen today
(as it seams) is adequate profit based on achieved
results. Certainly, many professional sportsmen
would not agree with our opinion and such qualification, but it still leaves the overpowering facts
testifying about all possible malevolent machinations in top-level competitions, with the purpose to
promote certain contestants, their sport unions or
countries, or to achieve better results. Winners
today value their participation in sport competitions by completely new moral principles, which
are a product of world economical relations. Although still competing in the name of their country,
many sportsmen know well their personal interest
in the participation. In order to save the reputation
of the country participants rely on certain mimicry,
as much as organizers and representatives of the
state that sends them to competition. In order for
mimicry to be consistent, they always perform
under their country’s flag and emblems, in order to
make the whole spectacle of the competition more
convincing in the eyes of the audience. The significance of informational activity and media promotions lies in creating the atmosphere of most exclusive competition in order to increase the attendance of audience and raise profit. According to dr.
Dragan Životić, the constituents of sport competition can be the following:
- sport
- commercial
- media
- educational
Between set parameters, it is possible mutual comparison, grouping and modeling. In addition, there
is a mutual conditionality and correlation. On the
first glance, it is possible to group commercial and
media elements and interrelate sport and educational elements.
Based on knowledge acquired in practice it can be
concluded that the greatest influence among these
listed elements has the commercial factor of the
competition. As commercial factor can hardly be
imagined without media then it becomes clear that
both these elements are in the first plan of the competition. The other two, sport and educational factors, are secondary.
Regarding principles of sport competitions, we
should specify that they consist of the following:
- openness (equal opportunity for all contestants to take part in the competition),
- wideness (including largest possible number
of contestants and sport organizations),
- selectiveness (coming from the quality of the
participants),
- continuity (continuity of numerous competitions, which provides constant contestants),
- conformity (unique system of competitions
for all participants and regions),
- gradation (possibility of advancement of participants into higher levels of the competition),
- compatibility (possibility for sportsmen to
take part in competitions in the country and
abroad),
- specificity (taking care of every sport and its
uniqueness, development, material base, territorial
- coverage, communicational connections, interest
of the surroundings, tradition, etc.),
-economy (adjustment of competition system
with financial and material possibilities of the society).
Within the same type of sport competition, we
can make difference between: number of participants and composition of participants.
Considering number of participants we have:
control, preliminary, selective and main competitions. Control competitions have the goal to control technical and competition elements within
anthropological characteristics and abilities of the
sportsman. Preliminary competitions have the pur240
APES 1(2011) 2:239-242
Aćimović, D. et al. SIGNIFICANCE OF INFORMATION AND...
pose to adapt the sportsmen to situations and conditions regarding the type, level and period of the
competition.
Selective competitions are dealing with selection of individuals within sport organizations or
unions in order to take part in domestic or international competitions. Main competitions are those
demanding from participants achieving top-level
results.
According to composition, competitions can be
individual and team competitions.
- Individual competitions are taking part
between two or more competitors and their value is
expressed in achieved number of points.
-Team competitions are held with the help of
organized team competition leagues.
- According to the number of participants, the
competitions can be mass or top-level.
- Mass competitions are those that promote the
number of competitors (cross, school competitions, workers sport manifestations).
- Top-level competitions are those where best
representatives in competition disciplines take part
and therefore, the best top-level results are expected.
- Considering evaluation of certain sport competitions, there are those that are valued by:
point system (every team competes with every
team)
- cup system (competition is held according to
the system of elimination)
In conducting the system of sport competitions,
we can make difference between:
- calendar competition (season competitions)
- according to convention (through notification
of participants about the schedule of competitions,
- conditions, place, timetable, etc.
REFERENCES
Aćimović, D. (2003). Menadžment u sportu, O
nekim aspektima primene menadžmenta u nastavi
[Management in sport. On some aspects of application management in the classroom. In Serbian.]
Niš: Serbona,
Bartoluci, M. (1990). Neke mogućnosti primjene
marketinga u sportu i sportskoj rekreaciji [Some
possible applications of marketing in sport and
recreation. In Croatian.] Sport - Indok žurnal, (4)
Đorđević, B. (2001) Izazovi menadžmenta [The
challinge of management. In Serbian.] Priština /
Blace: Ekonomski fakultet.
Rajić, A. (1993). Upravljanje sportom i obrazovanje
sportskih menadžera [Management of sport and
sports education managers. In Serbian.]
Godišnjak (5). Beograd: Fakultet za fizičku kulturu..
Tomić, M.. (1993). Studije sportskog menadžmenta
[Studies of sports management . In Serbian.]
Godišnjak (5). Beograd: Fakultet za fizičku kulturu..
Correspondence:
Danilo Aćimović
State University in Novi Pazar
Department of Bio-chemical and Medical Sciences
Vuka Karadzića bb, 36300 Novi Pazar, Serbia
E - mail: dacimovic@np.ac.rs
241
APES 1(2011) 2:239-242
Aćimović, D. et al. SIGNIFICANCE OF INFORMATION AND...
ZNA^EWETO NA INFORMATIVNITE I PROPAGANDNITE
SISTEMI VO FUNKCIJA NA SPORTSKITE NATPREVARI
UDK: 796.08: [007:004
(Stru~en trud)
Danilo A}imovi}1 , Aleksandar Joksimovi}2 i Omer [pirtovi}1
1Dr`aven
Univerzite vo Novi Pazar, Oddel za Bio-hemiski i medicinski nauki,
Novi Pazar, Srbija
2Univerzitet vo Ni{, Fakultet za sport i fizi~ko vospituvawe,
Ni{, Srbija
Apstrakt
Natprevarite vo sportot pretstavuvaat osnovna cel za postoeweto na sportskite organizacii i sportskite klubovi. Sportskite natprevari, poradi se pogolemiot interes na publikata i prompovirawe na
se podobri natprevaruva~i, ima posebno zna~aewe. Za ostvaruvawe i afirmirawe na funkcijata i zna~eweto na sportskite natprevari, se vklu~uvaat razli~ni informativni i propagandni sistemi.
Klu~ni zborovi: publika, menaxment, спортски клубови, profit,
principi, промоција
242
APES 1(2011) 2:243-247
Raković, A. et. al. MODEL OF SPECIFIC EXERCISES...
MODEL OF SPECIFIC EXERCISES IN RACE WALKING
UDC: 796.421. 012.4
(Proffesional paper)
Aleksandar Raković, Daniel Stanković and Aleksandar Joksimović
University of Niš, Faculty od Sport and Physical Education, Niš, Serbia
Abstract
The aim of this research was to explain the model of specific exercises in race
walking and to show training methods in race walking. The paper gives vivid illustrated explanation of 22 specific exercises and training methodics of race walking. In sum
one can conclude that specific exercises in race walking can adequately influence correct coordination of arms, pelvis and by enhancing regular performance can directly
impact the improvement of the technique of race walking which is specific and difficult
and whose flaws can end up in disqualification from the competition. Also training
methods should be rationally used in the instruction of race walking without any haste
because the habit formation of movements and techniques is a slow one.
Keywords: competition, physical activity, methods of learning walking technique
Methods of learning are used to acquire and
master technical and tactical knowledge of the
athletes. Based on the criterium of the manner of
motor learning in training process one uses analytical, syntetic, complex, situational and ideo-motor
methods.
Race walking is one of the athletics discipline
and differs from the regular walking by its technique. Therefore in the instruction of the technique
of race walking one should first of all make corrections of regular usual walking (posture and body
movements). In the instruction of the technique of
race walking following methodics objectives and
tasks are set:
Contemporary advancement and civilization on
the one hand make life perfect but on the other
hand distances man from Nature. So man’s movement activities and negative ecology bring out
harm to man’s organism. Therefore we face the
increase of illnesses, decrease in immunity and
endangering of man’s life. Physical activity is a
vital factor in proper development.
The aim of this paper is to explain the model of
specific exercises in race walking and to show training methods in race walking.
Methodics of race walking instruction
In practical training work one uses methods of
exercising and methods of motor learning.
Methods of exercising are used to develop and
maintain different anthropological and mostly
physical abilities. According to the criterium of
overload of the athlete in training process one uses:
continued method (training exercises are performed without interruption) and interval method
where after the elapsing of the training exercise
there follows a short interval of longer or shorter
rest, so called time for stabilization followed by
the new training activity.
Task 1. Introducing the race walking technique
The race walking technique is demonstrated by
the teacher (trainer).
Lecture with short explanations is delivered in
usual walking speed with mild tempo. The trainees
should be allocated in such a manner that a demonstrator of the technique is visible sidewise, in front
and backwards. Besides practical explanations the
teacher uses kinograms and video clipps. Upon
demonstration of the technique trainees are asked
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Raković, A. et. al. MODEL OF SPECIFIC EXERCISES...
To instruct rotation of the hip around the vertical axis one uses opposite turning of the shoulders
and pelvis (shoulders to the right, pelvis to the left,
and vice versa), walking while the right leg goes
less forward and more to the left (zig zag step), and
vice versa (Figure 2).
To master complete leg erection that a walker
use to thrust himself on the surface one uses the
exercise walking up the hill trying to emphasize
release of the leg in knee joint. To avoid excess
tension of the muscles it is possible to perform the
exercise standing and on the move, while transferring body weight from one to the other leg. All recommended exercises for the teaching of race walking technique are repeated several times.
to do the exercises themselves 2 – 3 times 50 – 80
meters. The teacher should notice any serious mistakes (running, bent knees, etc.) and point out to
them.
Task 2. Teaching leg and hip movements in race
walking
Basic form of training starts with slow walking
where the extended leg is on the surface with the
simultaneous body turn and hand movements as in
usual walking staying in that position until the
moment of vertical. Then the speed is increased
gradually to the expense of the regular step. Training of the extension of the swing leg forwards is
performed with short steps of 60-80m, walking in
circle of circumference 5- 6 m and walking in formation of the „snake“, 2- 4 m to the left, then to the
right, in turns some 40-60 m. These trainings are
done with while line walking of 50-60 m (Figure
1).
Task 3. Teaching hands and legs movements in
race walking
During race walking hands should be bent in
the elbows joint under the 90 degrees angle, or
slightly smaller angle and make linear moves. It is
necessary to bear in mind that shoulders must be
relaxed, and hands must move freely and without
any tension. to resolve this problem following
exercises should be performed: walking with
Figure 1. Race walking along the lines
on the road
Figure 3. Race walking with gymnastics bat
hands behind head, behind back, on chest, on hips,
clasped hands, extended hands, walking with bats
in hands or on shoulders. (Figure 3).
If our aim is to increase the amplitude of hands
then it is to walk with relaxed hands. Distance of
walking with the shown exercises is 100 - 150 m.
Number of repeated exercises depends on the regularity of their performance and the speed of the
acquired movements.
Task 4.Training of the complete race walking technique
While trying to master the race walking technique it is necessary to repeat different exercises
numerous times whose aim is to master character-
Figure 2. Opposite turning of shoulders
and pelvis
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APES 1(2011) 2:243-247
Raković, A. et. al. MODEL OF SPECIFIC EXERCISES...
istic elements of walking. Therefore it is important
to pay attention to: position of the head and body,
softness and flexibility of the body, hands and leg
movements, optimal length of the steps, free extension of the leg onto the surface, if possible with
low transfer of the foot in relation to the surface,
timely removing of the heel from the surface, coordination of all movements. Basic means of training
race walking technique encompass the following
exercises: walking with different speeds at different distances (400-800 m and more) with warning
to the mistakes of the leg, hand, pelvis, body posture and finding the optimal relation of the length
and frequency of the steps.
the left and right hands by the body harmonizing
the movement rhythm with the steps
- walking with alternate hands towards the front
and upwards, body leaning mildly to the front
- walking with as much long steps feet near the
surface, hands lowered in the area of shoulders,
moving by the body, body leaning mildly to the
front,
- short steps heel walking
- walking with bending hands, body leaning
mildly to the front, with somewhat shorter steps
- walking with alternate hands backward rotation
- walking with hands on hips and emphasized
shorter steps of increased frequency
- relaxed race walking with extended steps and
emphasized vertical phase with two or three with
relaxed walking
- walking with deliberate interviewing of feet
along the straight line, hands by the body, slouched
shoulders, body leaning mildly to the front, hyperrotation in pelvic axis
- walking with a deliberate interweaving longitudinal foot over the line, arms beside the body,
shoulders relaxed, the body sloping gently forward, hiperrotation in pelvis axis
- zig zag walking – “snake like moving ”, with
abrupt changes of movement direction
- walking with sidewise trunk bending in the
vertical phase to the opposite side in relation to the
standing leg hip”shooting “ to the left with trunk
rotation to the right and vice versa
- stretching of the back side of the thigh while
moving, initial leg position in extension, leaning
on the heels, trunk flexion with continuous extended leg position to the pain limit, avoid too long
step, exercise is to be performed with maximum
coordination and stability, between the extension
of legs make two inter steps in regular walking
type:
- stretching of the front side of the thigh while
moving
- skip in standing for hands, elbows bent under
90 degree angle, fingers mildly flexed, shoulder
axis as relaxed as possible
- short intervals to 100m walking with about
90% maximal speed of the walker
Task 5. Improving the race walking technique
While teaching the race walking technique a
demonstrator must find for himself the adequate
walking tempo, in relation to the optimal proportion of the length and frequency of the steps, with
the breathing rhythm, with the softness, amplitude
of the body, legs, and hands movements, and finally with the overall complexity of all the movements. While planning distances of walking (400
m - 2.000 m and more) and including climbing and
sloping on different slopes, these are all equally
important parameters of the level of general and
physical preparation.
This model of specific exercises in race walking will be displayed by textual explanations for
the specific exercises for arms, hips and legs.
- walking standing skip, pay attention to the stabile trunk position, body leaning mildly to the
front, feet facing the surface all the time, alternate
change of the vertical phase
- walking with interwoven hands at the neck
- walking with extended hands, thumbs interwoven, body leaning mildly to the front, moderate
speed of moving, slightly shorter step
- alternate flexion and extension walking with
front extended hands, where in extension phase
fingers are opening, and in flexion phase fingers
are closing and bringing to the position of the
shoulders
- alternate flexion and extension of the lower
arm walking in front position where in extension
phase fingers are opening, and in flexion phase fingers are closing and bringing to the position of the
shoulders
- walking with alternate lowering and lifting of
245
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Raković, A. et. al. MODEL OF SPECIFIC EXERCISES...
will try to correct and eliminate them. It is not recommendable to hurry and force the results at the
expense of the technique. Situational method is
used in the competition level where acclimatization to the competition conditions is necessary,
which is the case in senior age and in already
proven and experienced competitors.
Conclusion
Race walkers success is determined by the level
and structure of many an ability, knowledge, and
features that an athlete possesses at each level of
his sports career.
Perfection of movements in elite sport has
reached a moment when the coach and the athlete
as well cannot use just their experiences to estimate the errors in the technical realization of the
movements.
Specific exercises in race walking can in an
adequate manner influence regular handwork, pelvis work and leg work and the correct performance
of these exercises can directly improve the race
walking technique which is very specific and difficult and whose flaws directly cause disqualification from the competition.
Apart from the everyday training process specific exercises in race walking can be used as a
warm up before the competition so everything
above mentioned helps us conclude that how important it is to perform these exercises on a daily
basis
Training methods of the complete race walking
technique should be used prudently and gradually
without hurry because the process of forming the
movement habits and technique lasts long. In training methods it is vital for the coach to be present
every day because he will find and reveal possible
errors in body, legs, and hands movements and
References
Branković, M. i Bubanj, R. (1997). Atletika-tehnika
i metodika [Athletics, techniques and methods. In
Serbian.] Niš: Filozofski fakultet.
Korčok, P., Pupiš, M. (2006). Všetko o chodzi
[Evrithing training about walking. In Czhes.]
Banska Bystrica: Fakulta Humanitnich vied.
Жилкин, А.И., Кузмин, В.С., Сидорчук, Е.В.
(2006). ЛЕГКАЯ АТЛЕ ТИКА. Москва
Ozolin, N. G., Voronkin, V. I., Primakov, J. N.
(1989). Legkaja atletika, Moskva.
Pavlović, R. (2010). Atletika Athletics. In
Serbian.]Istočno Sarajevo: Fakultet fizičkog
vaspitanja i sporta.
Stanković, D. i Raković, A. (2010). Atletika
[Athlrtics. In Serbian Niš: Fakultet sporta i
fizičkog vaspitanja.
Tončev, I. (2001). Atletika tehnika i obučavanje
[Athletics, techniques and training. In Serbian.]
Novi Sad: Fakultet fizičke kulture.
Correspondence:
Aleksandar Raković
University of Niš,
Faculty of Sport and Physical Education
Čarnojevićeva 10A, 1800 Niš, Serbia
E - mail: raka@fsfv.ni.ac.rs
246
APES 1(2011) 2:243-247
Raković, A. et. al. MODEL OF SPECIFIC EXERCISES...
MODEL NA SPECIFI^NI VE@BI KAJ
SPORTSKOTO ODEWE
UDK: 796.421. 012.4
(Stru~en trud)
Aleksandar Rakovi}, Daniel Stankovi} i Aleksandar Joksimovi}
Univerzitet vo Ni{, Fakultet za sport i fizi~ko vospitiuvawe,
Ni{, Srbija
Apstrakt
Celta na trudot e da se objasni eden model na specifi~ni ve`bi za
sportskoto odewe i prika`at negovite metodi za obu~uvawe. Vo trudot se navedeni 22 specifi~ni ve`bi i metodikata za usvojuvaweto na
sportskoto odewe. Od analizata na ve`bite e konstatirano deka tie
mo`at na adekvaten na~in da vlijaat vrz pravilnata rabota na racete,
karli~niot pojas i nozete. Na toj na~in, direktno se podobruva
tehnikata na sportskoto odewe koja e osobeno specifi~na i te{ka za
izveduvawe. Vo sprotivno, neadekvatnata tehnika mo`e direktno da
predizvika diskvalifikacija na u~enicite vo tekot na natprevarite
.Zatoa, metodite za obu~uvawe na sportskoto odewe, treba racionalno
da se koristat: postapno, bez brzawe, bidej}i procesot na formiraweto na motornite naviki i tehikata na izveduvaweto trae dolgo vreme.
Klu~ni zborovi: natprevari, fizi~ka aktivnost, metodi na u~ewe,
tehnika na odeweto
247
248
APES 1(2011) 2:249-256
Kalkovski, J : DETECTION OF DIFFERENCES...
DETECTION OF DIFFERENCES – THE BASIS FOR A QUALITATIVE
CORRECTION OF PRACTICAL TEACHING OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION FOR SPECIAL STUDENTS OF THE FACULTY OF CRIMINAL
JUSTICE AND DETECTIVE
UDC: 796.8: [378:343.9-057.87
(Preliminary communication )
Jadran Kalkovski
European University – Skopje, Faculty of Detectives and Criminology,
Skopje, Macedonia
Abstract
Apart from theoretical lectures, the students pursuing undergraduate studies at the
Faculty of Detectives and Criminology at the European University also attend and
need to pass the exam for the subject of Special Physical Education. The curriculum
content of the Special Physical Education subject gives students the opportunity to discover and learn the elements of various martial arts, such as karate, judo, and selfdefense. At the same time, particular attention is paid to improving students’ general
physical condition. As the Faculty of Detectives and Criminology is relatively new, its
first and second year curricula are not immune to appropriate changes. Of course,
these changes should aim at improving the quality of lessons, motivating students to
attend the lessons regularly by presenting the curriculum as best as possible and establishing realistic parameters for evaluating students’ results. Also, the experience
gained throughout the previous two years should be a good basis for preparing a good
training program for the students in their third year of studies.
Keywords: martial arts, physical condition, motor skills,training program,
tests, t-test
and self-defense and also to improve their general
physical fitness. The curriculum for general physical fitness includes: increase of the explosive
power of arms and shoulders, the power of the
abdominal muscle region, the explosive power of
legs, speed (anaerobic) and general (aerobic) condition and exercises for increasing students’ space
coordination.
Certain tests conducted to evaluate students’
results before (initial parameters) and after taking
the curriculum (final parameters) provide sufficient quantum information for creating a framework which would incorporate certain corrections
aiming to improve the curriculum. The initial and
final parameters from the tests help devise corrections to the current training program and create a
new one that would improve students’ perform-
INTRODUCTION
The enrollment of new students at the first academic year imposed the problem of an alarmingly
low level of motor skills and physical fitness.
Having detected this problem, great attention should be given to the preparation of training programs. Most importantly, a module should be
found that would enable active participation of the
students with lower fitness and less developed skills, without resulting in the stagnation of the
students with better physical fitness and developed
motor skills.
The curriculum program enables permanent
activity for the students throughout the whole academic year.
The curriculum gives students the opportunity
to master the martial arts elements of judo, karate,
249
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Kalkovski, J : DETECTION OF DIFFERENCES...
ance. The method of evaluating students through
partial exams gives an opportunity for detecting
the flaws of the training program and intervene on
time.
Table 1. Basic statistical parameters (Average
value, Minimum, Maximum)
Basic descriptive statistics
Push-ups.1.M
29
Average
value
42,24
24
70
Push-ups.2.M
29
42,28
17
76
Push-ups.1.F
16
15,94
2
23
Push-ups.2.F
16
22,63
8
45
Sit-ups.1.M
29
48,41
28
72
Sit-ups.2.M
29
49,55
25
70
Sit-ups.1F
16
36,19
27
50
sit-ups.2.F
16
39,63
15
52
Jump .1.M *
29
229,31
150
270
Jump .2.M *
29
223,10
160
265
Jump 1.F *
16
153,75
120
185
Jump .2.F *
16
152,50
120
195
Running.1.M
29
75,69
67
87
Running.2.M
29
77,34
52
87
Running.1.F
16
91
74
103
Running.2.F
16
92,19
82
106
Students
METHODS
This research includes the results achieved by
143 students (94 boys and 49 girls) at the first and
second year of the undergraduate studies on their
first, second, and third partial exams, with the
results of 61 boys and 20 girls being processed in
the first academic year and 33 boys and 29 girls in
the second academic year.
Four tests were used to evaluate students’ physical fitness:
- explosive power of arms and shoulders-pushups;
- explosive power of abdominal muscle regionsit-ups;
- explosive power of legs-standing long jump
- running 11m x 24
These tests and their findings fully meet the
requirements for designing quality instruments for
evaluating the achieved results. They also have an
affect on the curriculum contents and give directions for whether and how much the dosage and
number of classes should be corrected.
Minimum Maximum
According to Table 3, most of the results achieved by female students in the first group (1st
year), or 43.75% of them, lie between 15 and 20
push-ups, while in the second group (2nd year)
most, i.e. 31.25% of them lie between 20 and 25
push-ups.
According to Table 4, most of the results achieved by male students in the first group (1st year),
or 37.93% of them, lie between 40 and 50 sit-ups,
while in the second group (2nd year) most, i.e.
37.93% of them lie between 50 and 60 sit-ups.
According to Table 5, most of the results achieved by female students in the first group (1st
year), or 43.75% of them, lie between 35 and 40
sit-ups, while in the second group (2nd year) most,
i.e. 25.00% of them lie between 45 and 50 sit-ups.
According to Table 6, most of the standing long
jump results achieved by male students in the first
group (1st year), or 34.48% of them, lie between
200 and 220 centimeters, while in the second
group (2nd year) most, i.e. 27.59% of them lie
between 220 and 240 centimeters.
According to Table 7, most of the standing long
jump results achieved by female students in the
first group (1st year), or 25.00 % of them, lie between 140 and 150 centimeters, while in the second
group (2nd year) most, i.e. 27.59% of them lie
between 160 and 170 centimeters in.
RESULTS
The students in the first and second undergraduate year were randomly divided into two groups.
The first group (1st year) consisted of 29 male
students and 16 female students, and so did the
second group (2nd year).
The basic statistical analysis (Table 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8 and 9) showing the minimum, the average,
and the maximum achieved results as well as the
frequency of the results is sufficient for making
initial conclusions about the difference between
the two groups of students. The findings from the
T-test (Table 10,11,12,13,14,15,16 and 17) make it
is possible to determine the substantial differences
between the students of the first and the second
group.
Basic statistical parameters have been conducted:
According to Table 2, most of the results achieved
by male students in the first group (1st year), or
51.72% of them, lie between 30 and 40 push-ups,
while in the second group (2nd year) most, i.e.
51.72% of them lie between 40 and 50 push-ups.
250
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Kalkovski, J : DETECTION OF DIFFERENCES...
Table 2. Clustering for the explosive power of arms and shoulders - push-ups
in the frst group of male (Push-ups.1.M) and the second group (Push -ups.2.M)
Push-ups .1.Ì
10 < x <= 20
20 < x <= 30
30 < x <= 40
40 < x <= 50
50 < x <= 60
60 < x <= 70
Studens
0
3
15
5
2
4
%
0
10.34
51.72
17.24
6.90
13.79
Push-ups.2.Ì
10 < x <= 20
20 < x <= 30
30 < x <= 40
40 < x <= 50
50 < x <= 60
60 < x <= 70
70 < x <= 80
Students
1
2
6
15
4
0
1
%
3.45
6.90
20.69
51.72
13.79
0
3.45
Table 3. Clustering for the explosive power of arms and shoulders - push-ups
in the frst group of female (Push-ups.1.F) and the second group (Push-ups.2.F)
Push-ups .1.F
0 < x <= 5
5 < x <= 10
10< x <= 15
15< x <= 20
20< x <= 25
Students
0
1
2
3
7
3
%
0
6.25
12.5
18.75
43.75
18.75
Push-ups .2.F
0 < x <= 5
5 < x <= 10
10 < x <= 15
15 < x <= 20
20< x <= 25
25 < x <= 30
30 < x <= 35
35 < x <= 40
40 < x <= 45
Students
0
3
0
3
5
4
0
0
1
%
0
18.75
0
18.75
31.25
25.00
0
0
6.25
Table 4. Clustering for the explosive power of a bdominal muscle region - sit-ups
in the frst group of male (Sit-ups.1.M) and the second group (Sit -ups.2.M)
Sit-ups .1. Ì
20< x <= 30
30 < x <= 40
40 < x <= 50
50 < x <= 60
60 < x <= 70
70 < x <= 80
Students
2
6
11
6
2
2
%
6.90
20.69
37.93
20.69
6.90
6.90
Sit-ups .2. Ì
20 < x <= 30
30 < x <= 40
40 < x <= 50
50 < x <= 60
60< x <= 70
According to Table 8, most of the running results achieved by male students in the first group
(1st year), or 41.38% of them, lie between 70 and
75 seconds, while in the second group (2nd year)
most, i.e. 31.03% of them lie between 75 and 80
seconds.
According to Table 9, most of the running
results achieved by female students in both the first
(1st year) and second group (2nd year), or 31.25%
of them, lie between 85 and 90 seconds.
The application of the T-test helps determine
the difference not only between the groups but also
between the male populations from different gro-
Students
3
2
9
11
4
%
10.34
6.90
31.03
37.93
13.79
ups and between the female populations from different groups separately:
According to Table 10, the differences between
the male populations from the first and second
group regarding their explosive power of arms and
shoulders (push-ups), is insignificant and it
amounts to p=0.99.
According to Table 11, the differences between
the female populations from the first and second
group regarding their explosive power of arms and
shoulders (push-ups), is noteworthy and it amounts
to p=0.02.
According to Table 12, the differences between
251
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Kalkovski, J : DETECTION OF DIFFERENCES...
Table 5. Clustering for the explosive power of abdominal muscle region - sit-ups
in the frst group of female (Sit-ups.1.F) and the second group (Sit-ups.2.F)
Sit-ups .1. F
20 < x <= 25
25 < x <= 30
30 < x <= 35
35 < x <= 40
40 < x <= 45
45 < x <= 50
Students
0
4
3
7
0
2
Sit-ups.2. F
10 < x <= 15
15 < x <= 20
20 < x <= 25
25 < x <= 30
30 < x <= 35
35 < x <= 40
40 < x <= 45
45 < x <= 50
50 < x <= 55
%
0
25.00
18.75
43.75
0
12.5
Students
1
0
1
1
3
1
4
4
1
%
6.25
0
6.25
6.25
18.75
6.25
25.00
25.00
6.25
Table 6. Clustering for the explosive power of legs – standing long jump (*)
in the frst group of male (Jumb1.M) and the second group (Jump.2.M)
Jump. 1.Ì
*
120 < x <= 140
140 < x <= 160
160 < x <= 180
180 < x <= 200
200 < x <= 220
220 < x <= 240
240 < x <= 260
260 < x <= 280
Students
0
1
0
0
10
10
7
1
%
0
3.45
0
0
4.48
34.48
24.14
3.45
Jump. 2.Ì
*
140 < x <= 160
160 < x <= 180
180 < x <= 200
200 < x <= 220
220 < x <= 240
240 < x <= 260
260< x <= 280
Students
1
0
7
6
8
5
2
%
3.45
0
24.14
20.69
27.59
17.24
6.90
Table 7. Clustering for the explosive power of legs – standing long jump (*)
in the frst group of female (Jumb1.F) and the second group (Jump.2.F)
Jump. 1.F
*
110 < x <= 120
120 < x <= 130
130 < x <= 140
140 < x <= 150
150 < x <= 160
160 < x <= 170
170 < x <= 180
180 < x <= 190
Students
1
2
1
4
3
2
1
2
%
6.25
12.5
6.25
25.00
18.75
12.5
6.25
12.5
the male populations from the first and second
group regarding their repetitive power of abdominal muscle region (sit-ups), is insignificant and it
amounts to p=0.71.
According to Table 13, the differences between
the female populations from the first and second
group regarding their repetitive power of abdominal muscle region (sit-ups), is insignificant and it
Jump. 2.F
*
Students
%
110 < x <= 120
1
6.25
120 < x <= 130
1
6.25
130 < x <= 140
3
18.75
140 < x <= 150
4
25.00
150 < x <= 160
1
6.25
160 < x <= 170
4
25.00
170 < x <= 180
1
6.25
180< x <= 190
0
0
190 < x <= 200
1
6.25
amounts to p=0.27.
According to Table 14, the differences between
the male populations from the first and second
group regarding their explosive power of legs
(standing long jump), is insignificant and it
amounts to p=0.33.
According to Table 15, the differences between
the female populations from the first and second
252
APES 1(2011) 2:249-256
Kalkovski, J : DETECTION OF DIFFERENCES...
Table 8. Clustering for the running in the frst group of male (Running.1.M)
and the second group (Running.2.M)
Running.1.Ì
60 < x <= 65
65 < x <= 70
70 < x <= 75
75 < x <= 80
80 < x <= 85
85 < x <= 90
Students
0
3
12
9
4
1
Running. 2.Ì
45 < x <= 50
50 < x <= 55
55 < x <= 60
60 < x <= 65
65 < x <= 70
70 < x <= 75
75 < x <= 80
80 < x <= 85
85 < x <= 90
%
0
10.34
41.38
31.03
13.79
3.45
Students
0
1
0
1
3
5
9
7
3
%
0
3.45
0.00
3.45
10.34
17.24
31.03
24.14
10.34
Table 9. Clustering for the running in the frst group of female (Running.1.F)
and the second group (Running.2 .F)
Running. 1.F
70 < x <= 75
75 < x <= 80
80 < x <= 85
85 < x <= 90
90 < x <= 95
95 < x <= 100
100 < x <= 105
Students
1
1
1
5
3
3
2
%
6.25
6.25
6.25
31.25
18.75
18.75
12.50
group regarding their explosive power of legs
(standing long jump), is insignificant and it
amounts to p=0.86.
According to Table 16, the differences between
the male populations from the first and second
group regarding their speed condition (running
11m х 24), is insignificant and it amounts to
p=0.34.
According to Table 17, the differences between
the female populations from the first and second
group regarding their speed condition (running
11m х 24), is insignificant and it amounts to
p=0.66.
Running. 2.F
75 < x <= 80
80 < x <= 85
85 < x <= 90
90 < x <= 95
95 < x <= 100
100 < x <= 105
105 < x <= 110
Students
0
3
3
6
2
0
2
%
0
18.75
18.75
37.50
12.50
0.00
12.50
evaluation of female students’ explosive power of
arms and shoulders.
Having detected this difference, we can conclude that an appropriate correction to the dosage
and number of classes of the training micro cycle
intended for the female population can lead to a
positive trend in annulling the differences in their
results. In other words, this information gives a
right direction for correcting the training program
contents and thus improving the performances of
both the male and female students taking the subject of Special Physical Education in the third year.
These finding should not only be concluded but
fully applied in the corrections of the existing
training programs. By breaking free from the constrains of stereotype and implementing the research information as well as the new world research findings in the field of kinesiology into the
training programs, we created a new high-quality
training program. This approach in using the presented information will become an important segment in conceptualizing the curriculum contents,
selecting tests, i.e. confirmation of their representativeness perceived through their stability, validity, and objectivity.
CONCLUSION
The parameters emerging from the statistical
analysis of achieved results show that the first-tofourth semester curricula conceptualized as training programs for general physical fitness of the
students in the first and second undergraduate academic years at the Faculty of Detectives and Criminology are practically justified.
The tests conducted for evaluation of students’
physical fitness do not present any substantial differences between the groups except the test for
253
APES 1(2011) 2:249-256
Kalkovski, J : DETECTION OF DIFFERENCES...
Table 10. T-test for the explosive power of arms and shoulders - push-ups
in the frst group of male (Push-ups.1.M) and the second group (Push-ups.2.M)
T-test
Push-ups.1. Ì
Push-ups.2. Ì
Mean
Group1
Mean
Group 2
Valid N Valid N Std.Dev.
Group 1 Group 2 Group 1
t-value
df
p
42.24
42.28
-0.01
56
0.99
29
29
13.00
Std.Dev.
Group 2
11.29
Table 11. T-test for the explosive power of arms and shoulders - push-ups
in the frst group of female (Push-ups.1.F) and the second group (Push-ups.2.F)
T-test
Mean
Mean
Group 1 Group 2
Push-ups. 1.F
Push-ups. 2.F
15.94
22.63
t-value
df
p
-2.42
30
0.02
Valid N Valid N Std.Dev.
Group 1 Group 2 Group 1
16
16
5.92
Std.Dev.
Group 2
9.34
Table 12. T-tes for the explosive power of abdominal muscle region - sit-ups
in the frst group of male (Sit-ups.1.M) and the second group (Sit-ups.2.M)
T-test
Mean
Mean
Group 1 Group 2 t-value
Sit-ups. 1. Ì
Sit-ups. 2. Ì
48.41
49.55
-0.37
df
p
56
0.71
Valid N
Group 1
29
Valid N Std.Dev.
Group 2 Group 1
29
12.34
Std.Dev.
Group 2
11.11
Table 13. T-test for the explosive power of abdominal muscle region - sit-ups
in the frst group of female (Sit-ups.1.F) and the second group (Sit-ups.2.F)
T-test
Sit-ups. 1. F
Sit-ups. 2. F
Mean
Mean
Group 1 Group 2 t-value
36.19
39.63
-1.13
df
p
30
0.27
Valid N Valid N
Group 1 Group 2
16
16
Std.Dev.
Group 1
Std.Dev.
Group 2
6.30
10.39
Table 14. T-test for the explosive power of legs – standing long jump (*)
in the frst group of male (Jumb1.M) and the second group (Jump.2.M)
T-test
Jumb. 1. Ì *
Jumb. 2. Ì
Mean
Mean
Group 1 Group 2
229.31
223.10
t-value
df
p
0.99
56
0.33
254
Valid N
Valid N
Group 1 Group 2
29
29
Std.Dev.
Group 1
Std.Dev.
Group 2
22.94
24.73
APES 1(2011) 2:249-256
Kalkovski, J : DETECTION OF DIFFERENCES...
Table 15. T-tet for the explosive power of legs – standing long jump (*)
in the frst group of female (Jumb1.F) and the second group (Jump.2.F)
T-test
Mean
Mean
Group 1 Group 2
Jumb.1. F *
Jumb. 2. F
153.75
Valid N Valid N
Group 1 roup 2
t-value
df
p
0.17
30
0.86
152.5
16
Std.Dev.
Group 1
Std.Dev.
Group 2
20.62
20.08
16
Table 16. T-test for the running in the frst group of male (Running.1.M)
and the second group (Running.2.M)
T-test
Running. 1.Ì
Running. 2.Ì
Mean
Mean
Group 1 Group 2
75.69
77.34
t-value
df
p
-0.97
56
0.34
Valid N Valid N Std.Dev.
Group 1 Group 2 Group 1
29
29
4.83
Std.Dev.
Group 2
7.83
Table 17. T-tes for the running in the frst group of female (Running.1.F)
and the second group (Running.2.F)
T-test
Running. 1. F
Running. 2. F
Mean
Mean
Group 1 Group 2
91
92.19
t-value
df
p
Valid N
Group 1
Valid N
Group 2
Std.Dev.
Group 1
Std.Dev.
Group 2
-0.45
30
0.66
16
16
7.73
7.34
The final objectives are benefits from the highquality classes, high-quality curriculum, better physical fitness of the students and quantum of motor
skills.
Kurelić,N., Momirović, K., Stojanović, M., Šturm,
J., Radojević, Đ. i Viskić-Štalec N. (1975).
Struktura i razvoj morfoloških i motoričkih
dimenzija omladine [The structure and
development of morphological and motor
dimensions of youth. In Serbian.] Beograd:
Institut za naučna istraživanja Fakulteta za fizičko
vaspitanje Univerziteta u Beogradu.
Verhošanski, I.J. (1979). Razvoj snage u sportu
[Power development in sport. In Serbian.]
Beograd: NIP Partizan.
LITERATURE
Bala, G.(1986). Logičke osnove metoda za analizu
podataka iz istraživanja u fizičkoj kulturi [Logical
basis of methods for analyzing data from research
in physical education. In Serbian.] Novi Sad:
Autor.
Спасов, Ѓ. (1991). Теорија и методика на
спортскиот тренинг [The theory and methodology of sport. In Macedonian.] Skopje:
Просветно дело.
Correspondence:
Jadran Kalkovski
European University – Republic of Macedonia
Faculty of Detectives and Criminology
Kliment Ohridski Blvd 68, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia
E-mail: jkalkovski@yahoo.com
255
APES 1(2011) 2:249-256
Kalkovski, J : DETECTION OF DIFFERENCES...
POSTIGNATITE REZULTATI - OSNOVA ZA KVALITATIVNA
KOREKCIJA NA PRAKTI^NATA NASTAVA PO PREDMETOT
SPECIJALNO FIZI^KO VOSPITUVAWE ZA STUDENTITE
OD FAKULTETOT ZA DETEKTIVI I KRIMINALISTIKA
UDK: 796.8: [378:343.9-057.87
(Prethodno soop{tenie)
Jadran Kalkovski
Evropski Univerzitet vo Skopje,
Fakultet za detektivi kriminalistika, Skopje, Makedonija
Apstrakt
Studentite od Fakultetot za detektivi i kriminalistika pri
Evropskiot Univerzitet vo tekot na dodiplomski studii pokraj
toretskata nastava od stru~nite predmeti, go slu{aat i polagaat
predmetot Specijalno fizi~ko obrazovanie. Sodr`inite koi se
zastapeni vo toj predmet davaat mo`nost studentot da gi zapoznae i
sovlada elementite od bore~kite ve{tini kako {to se karate, xudo i
samoodbrana. Isto taka, tie ovozmo`uvaat podobruvawe na op{tata
fizi~ka podgotvenost. So ogled deka Fakultetot za detektivi i
kriminalistika e od ponov datum, nastavnite sodr`ini za Prva i Vtora godina, se podlo`ni na soodvetni promeni. Promenite treba se
naso~eni kon podobruvaweto na kvalitetot na nastavata, animiraweto na studentite za redovnosta na nastavata so kvalitetno
prezentirawe na sodr`inite i sozdavawe realni parametri za vrednuvawe na postignatite rezultati. Pokraj toa, steknatoto iskustvo
vo prethodnite dve studiski godini treba da bide dobra osnova za
izrabotka na kvalitetna trena`na programa za studentite od Treta
godina.
Klu~ni zborovi: bore~ki ve{tini, fizi~ka podgotovka,
motorni sposobnosti, trena`na programa, testovi,
t-test
256
14th SYMPOSIUM ON SPORTS
AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF YOUTH
Ohrid, 17th – 19th September, 2010
The Federation of Sports Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia, in
cooperation with the Faculty of Physical Culture, Agency of Youth and sports, Union of
Sports Federations of Macedonia and Macedonian Police Sports Federation “7th May”,
organized the International 14th Symposium on sports and physical education of youth.
The main topic of the Symposium was: Sports and physical education in function
of the needs of certain social activities (education, health, culture, security, defense,
legislation, economy, tourism, urbanism etc.)
The Symposium was attended by over 170 participants from a number of
countries. They presented over 150 professional and scientific papers in the field of
sports and physical education. The participants were welcomed by several
representatives of higher education professional and scientific institutions.
Also, they were welcomed at the Symposium by Mr. Velimir Stojkovski, Prof. Dr.
Sc., Rector of the “St. Cyril and Methodius” University in Skopje.
Based on professional and scientific papers presented, as well as discussions
that followed, the participants made a number of final conclusions for implementation of
the function of sports and physical education and its inter-disciplinary application in
activities of other related social activities.
Mr. Aleksandar Naumovski, Prof. Dr. Sc., President of the Federation of Sports
Pedagogues of the Republic of Macedonia, made an introductory speech in connection
with the main topic of the Symposium.
257
258
GUIDELINES FOR CONTRIBUTORS
The Journal ACTIVITIES IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT with ISSN
(International Standard Serial Number) 1857-7687, abbreviated title APES and subtitle
International Journal of scientific and professional issues in physical education and
sport, is published twice a year by the Federation of sports pedagogues of Macedonia.
The published papers are categorized according to the scientific and bibliographic
standards, or are papers that are presented at scientific meetings. Submissions are peerreviewed anonymously by two independent, competent reviewers. Submissions can be
accepted, rejected or returned to the authors for correction. Suggestions for corrections
are given by reviewers, experts, editorial board members, the editor-in-chief and the
chief editor deputies.
The accepted papers are not always published in chronological order, i.e. according to
the submission date to the editorial board. If the papers contain data or results from
master’s theses, doctoral dissertations or research projects reports, the consent of the
authors of these works, i.e. the head of the respective research project is needed. In
addition, the sources for these data and results must be cited.
Published works are categorized as:
• Original scientific papers (Papers that reveal new, still unknown facts or contributions
to scientific issues, and contain elements that allow checking the research results).
• Notes. Papers containing results of short and completed research. These papers present
synthesized results in a brief manner.
• Preliminary communications. (Papers containing new scientific data whose publication cannot be postponed for a long time. The results of these works may later be republished in the usual way as original scientific paper which is in progress).
• Reviews. Reports synthesized by analyzing and evaluating the status of a scientific
problem which is already published in certain papers. The reviews should contain the
views of authors on a certain scientific problem as well as the position and the significance of their work to the development of science and enrichment of knowledge in a
relevant scientific area.
• Conference papers. Complete papers presented at scientific meetings, but not
published in proceedings.
• Professional papers. Papers dealing with findings of existing original scientific papers
results. They also emphasize the application of these findings based on knowledge of
the research methods applied in the area that is analyzed in the work.
The categorisation of the submissions is carried out by the editorial board (based on a
proposal by the reviewers) and does not necessarily coincide with the authors’ proposal.
Technical form for preparation of the manuscript
The papers are written and submitted both in electronic form and in hard copy. Paper
length should not exceed 20 pages (A4 paper size, font size 12, single spacing, margins
2,5 centimeters), icluding all attachments (abstracts, tables, photographs, drawings,
charts, refe-rences, etc.). Annexes should be prepared with utmost technical and art
quality. They should be presented at the end of the text. If taken from another paper,
annexes must reveal the full bibliographical source.
In exceptional cases, the editorial board may review submissions larger than 20 pages.
259
Submissions must include:
• Abstract in the language of the first author’s country;
• Abstract in English;
• Full paper in the language of the first author’s country;
• Full paper in English.
The abstract and the entire paper in English should be proofread by a certified lector.
Papers should contain the following structure:
Title
The title should be brief but informative. Normally it should not contain abbreviations.
If abbreviations do exist, their identification should be given in parentheses.
As part of the paper title, authors and coauthors data should be provided, namely:
- First and last name without titles and positions,
- Full official title of the authors’ and co-authors’ institutions, city and country,
- Scientific and academic title, position, workplace, postal and e-mail address, telephone
number (preferably mobile phone) and fax number.
Abstract and keywords
The abstract should contain between 200 and 300 words. Its contents should not be
identical and coincide with some of the paper text. There should be no abbreviations. It
should integrate data on the essence of the work. (Original) research papers should
include data on the subject’s sample, measurement instruments, research methods, results and conclusions.
Keywords
Key words should indicate the essence of the work. They should not be included in the
title of the paper. Maximum seven keywords should be mentioned.
Structure of original papers
Introduction
It should contain information indicators of the research problems, results and associated
concluding observations. In addition, the research purpose should be indicated.
Research methods
This chapter should preferably not contain accented subtitles. However, it should
include classified indicators for the subjects sample, measurement instruments applied,
research methods (experimental, descriptive, historical, statistical, etc.).
Results
The results should be an outcome of appropriate processing methods. The results should
be presented in a tabular, graphical or schematic manner, or by drawings, photos, etc.
They should be interpreted concisely and should not be repeated in the text expressively
by numerical data.
Discussion and conclusions
The discussion scope should be the most significant chapter in terms of the full paper
text. It should contain causal relations and explanations of the results obtained. It should
also include data interpretation from the applied data processing methods and interpretation of scientific results.
260
The discussion should be characterized by appropriate comparisons of the research
results with results of previous relevant research. Directions could be given concerning
the theoretical and practical significance of the research results and their kinesiological
and scientific impleme-ntations. The research conclusions should be integrated and
synthesized with the discussion of results. They are based on discussions and should not
overlap with the survey results.
References
Citation of references in the text and in the “References” should be in accordance with
the Harvard referencing system (American Psychological Association standard). The
references citation examples given in these Guidelines should be followed by the
authors.
In the text
• Citation is made only from original sources. If they are not available (if quoted
indirectly), the appropriate wording should be used (“taken from…”,
“according to:…”). Citation should be either in original form or in quotes.
• In case of indications of results, views, thoughts, etc., the name of the author
should be indicated in parentheses, followed by a comma, and the year of
publishing of the paper, for example: (Strel, 1987).
• If an author that obtained research results is stated, the publishing year should
be indicated in parentheses, in addition to the last name of the author. Example:
(From the comparison of the results from the measurement characteristics of the
motor tests, received by Gligorov (1999), one can assume that…).
• When two or more research results’ sources are cited, published in the same
year, by the same author or group of authors, the citation in the parentheses
should be in the following format: author’s (authors’) last name, comma, years
alphabetical order in lowercase, on which commas are placed. Example: Bala
(2002a, 2002b). In such cases, these sources must be listed in the chapter
“References” in the same order.
In the following explanations for indication of the authors, examples are shown
only for the research results obtained. Examples of stating the results, views,
thoughts, etc., are not displayed, but they correspond to the research results’
reference examples.
• If two authors are cited, e.g. Naumovski & Gontarev (2006), it is necessary to
specify both surnames and year.
• If the authors have the same surname, the initials of the first names are
indicated. For example: A. Naumovski (2002) & M. Naumovski (2006). The
listing of such sources should be used throughout the paper regardless of the
different years.
• In cases when three, four or five authors are cited, the first indication should
contain all surnames and year. Subsequent citations should only indicate the
first author and the words "et al.". For example, the first indication is: Morrow,
Jackson, Disch & Mood (1995) and subsequent indications, only Morrow et al.
(1995).
• If there are more than five authors, the citation should be as in the case of three
to five authors in the subsequent indication, i.e. by stating the first author and
"et al.". For example: Kurelić et.al. (1975). However, the citation of
bibliographic units in the chapter “References” should list all authors.
• The citation of the paper for which no data on the author are available, the title
of the paper is indicated, instead of the surnames. For example: Ministry of
Education and Science (2008).
261
•
In exceptional cases (when the original source is unavailable), cross-referencing
is used. In parentheses the following is indicated: the author quoted, the year of
publication of the paper which contains the source, a semicolon, “by”, the
author quoted, comma, year. For example: (Momirović, Wolf & Popović, 1999;
by: Gontarev, 2007).
In the “References”
The journal uses APA standard. The most common indications of sources under
that standard are shown bellow.
• The sources are listed in alphabetical order by surname of the first author or
title of the paper if the author is unknown. If the same author appears alone
in one work and as the first author with two or more authors in other works,
his independent works should be cited first. Then, in alphabetical order of
surnames the second, the third and subsequent papers are listed. If the same
author appears more than once, the works are listed chronologically, i.e.
starting with the earliest towards the latest work.
• In cases where works are in process of publication, it is necessary to give
all information on the paper. The words "in press" should be put instead of
the publication year.
• Instead of surnames, in cases where the author is unknown, the title of the
work and other data should be indicated.
• Regardless of the number of authors of the paper, all authors are indicated.
Their names are separated by a comma and before the name of the last
author the symbol "&" is put.
• When a book (monograph) is cited, its title should be written in italic.
• When a paper published in a journal is cited, the title of the journal and the
year (volume) are written in italic.
• All bibliographic units are indicated in the original language in which the
paper is written. If the paper is not written in English, the translation of the
title in English should be indicated in squared parentheses.
The subsequent text shows examples of most common indication of bibliographic units
in the “References”.
Books (monographs)
Example:
Graton, G., & Jones, I. (2006). Research methods for sport studies. London and New
York: Routledge.
If the source is not in English, the English translation of the title is given in squared
parentheses, as well as the language from which the translation is made.
Example:
Naumovski, A. (2004). Osnovni statisti~ki metodi vo sportot. [Basic
statistical methods in sport. In Macedonian]. Skopje: Fakultet za fizi~ka
kultura, Univerzitet “Sv. Kiril i Metodij” vo Skopje.
Journals:
The citation of papers in journals is indicated by the journal title, the volume, the
number of the issue in parentheses, the first and last page of the paper.
262
Example:
Hessler, E., & Amazeen, P. (2009). Attentional demands on motor responsibility coordination. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 80(3), 510-523.
If the work is in print, in parentheses, the term "in press" is used instead of the
publication year. The volume, the number of the issue and the pages of the journal in
print must be stated.
Example:
Naumovski, A. (in press). Comparison of the predicative value of the anthropometric
and motoric latent dimensions for the success in two sport elements of basketball and
volleyball. Sport & science.
If a paper published in a Supplement is cited, the number of the Supplement is indicated
in parentheses, instead of the number of the journal.
Example:
Bala, G., Golubović, Š., & Katić, R. (2010). Relations between Handedness and Motor
Abilities in preschool children. Collegium Antropologicum, 34 (Suppl. 1), 69-75.
Chapters in books
Example:
Čokorilo, R. (2007). Emocionalni razvoj predškolskog deteta. U G. Bala (Ur.), Antropološke karakteristike i sposobnosti predškolske dece (str. 227-248). Anthropological
characteristics and abilities of preschool children. In Serbian]. Novi Sad: Fakultet sporta
i fizičkog vaspitanja,Univerzitet u Novom Sadu.
Papers in proceedings of conferences
Example:
Hughes, M., & Reed, D. (2005). Creating performance profile using perturbations in
soccer. Proceedings of 4th International Scientific Conference on Kinesiology „Science and Profession - Challenge for the Future“, Opatija, 2005, (pp. 34-53). Zagreb:
Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb.
Doctoral, Master’s and Graduate works
Example:
Gligorov, S. (2008). Prediktivna vrednost na nekoi bazi~ni motorni
testovi analizirana so razli~ni metodolo{ko - statisti~ki postapki
vrz uspehot na situacionite motorni testovi kaj ispitanici so
natprose~ni motorni sposobnosti. [Predictive value of some basic motor test
analysed by different methodological-statistical procedures on the success of the
situation motor tests with tested individuals with above-average motor capabillities. In
Macedonian.] Doktorska disertacija, Skopje: Fakultet za fizi~ka kultura,
Univerzitet „Sv. Kiril i Metodij“ vo Skopje.
The citation of undergraduate and master’s theses is identical with the citation of
doctoral dissertations. Instead of "Doctoral dissertation" the terms "Master’s thesis" and
"Graduate Wo-rk" should be used accordingly.
Electronic sources
Given the specifics of electronic resources (computer software, computer and information services, on-line sites), their indication in this text is shown by general order of the
parts of the bibliographic unit by some examples.
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On-line Abstract
The order of the elements of the bibliographic unit is as follows:
Surname, initials of the name. (Year). Title. [on-line]. Journal title, volume, first pagelast page. Abstract from: Name the file collection: name of the unit collection: unit-tag.
Example:
Mayer, A.S., & Bock, K. (1992). The tip of the tongue phenomenon: Blocking or partial activation? [on-line]. Memory and cognition, 20, 715-726. Abstract from: DIALOG
File: PsycINFO Unit: 80-16351
On-line journal, available by e-mail
The order of the elements of the bibliographic unit is as follows:
Surname, initials of the name. (Year, month). Title. [paper volume]. The journal title
[on-line serial publication], volume (number). Available by e-mail: e-mail message, text
message.
Example:
Funder, D.C. (1994, March). Jugmental processand content: Commentary on Koehler
base-rate [9 paragraphs]. Psycoloquy [on-line serial publication], 5(17). Avaliable by Email: psyc@pucc Message: Get psyc 94-xxxxx.
CD-ROM Abstract
The order of the elements of the bibliographic unit is as follows:
Surname, initials of the name. (Year). Title [CD-ROM]. Journal title, volume, first
page-last page. Abstract from: Source and number of the unit.
Example:
Mayer, A.S., & Bock, K. (1992). The tip of the tongue phenomenon: Blocking or partial activation? [CD-ROM]. Memory and cognition, 20, 715-726. Abstract from:
SilverPlater File: PsycLIT Unit: 80-16351
WWW (Internet, Web page)
The order of the elements of the bibliographic unit is as follows:
Title page. (Date). City: Publisher. Posted on day. month. year Web page: http header.
Example:
Electronic reference formats recommended by the American Psychological Association.
(19.11.1999). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Made available on
3.5.2000. From the web page: http://www.apa.org/webref.html.
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